Child Development Mid-Term

The maximum score a newborn can receive on the Apgar scale is

10

Kevin's toddler potbelly has started to disappear, and his abdominal muscles have become tight. His torso and limbs have started to grow longer than before. His head continues to be comparatively larger than his other body parts, and he looks slender, stronger, and muscular. Kevin is most likely ________ old.

3 Years

The neonatal period refers to the first ________ of life and is a time of transition from the uterus to independent existence.

4 weeks

Babies born after ________ weeks are considered postmature.

42

Rey can descend a long stairway without help. He can start running quickly, turn suddenly, and stop immediately while playing outdoor games with his peers. He can easily hop a distance of 16 feet on one foot. He even manages to jump over a 3-feet-wide stretch. In the context of gross motor skills in early childhood, Rey is most likely ________ old.

5 years

According to the Community Paedriatics Committee (2005), enuresis that persists beyond age ________ is likely to be related to poor self-concept or other psychological problems.

8 to 10

What percentage of births in the United States occur in a hospital?

98.7%

Which of the following is true about adopted children?

Adopted children are more likely to be African American, American, Asian, American Indian, or Alaska Native than the general population.

The leading cause of infant mortality in the United States is

Birth Defects

Mark is born during the 39th week of gestation, and he weighs 4 pounds. Patrick is born during the 36th week of gestation, and he weighs 4.5 pounds. Which of the following statements is true?

Both Mark and Patrick are low-birth-weight babies.

Which of the following is a similarity between prenatal assessment techniques of amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling?

Both procedures provide definitive evidence of a genetic issue.

Which of the following is a true statement about the physical characteristics and development of neonates?

Boys tend to be slightly longer than girls.

According to Piaget, the ability to group things into categories does not appear until around 18 months. Which of the following weakens Piaget's argument?

Brain imaging has found that basic components of the neural structures needed to support categorization are functional within the first 6 months of life.

In the context of physical growth in early childhood, identify a true statement about the brain.

By age 3, the brain is approximately 90 percent of adult weight.

Which of the following is TRUE about enuresis?

Children and their parents need to be reassured that enuresis is common and not serious

According to Sova et al. (2013) and Flammarion et al. (2011), identify a true statement about food allergies.

Children who suffer from food allergies are, on average, smaller and shorter than children without food allergies.

________ is a type of learning in which a response to a stimulus is elicited after repeated association with a stimulus that normally elicits the response.

Classical Conditioning

The fathering roles differ depending on

Culture

Which of the following is true of poverty in the United States?

Currently, approximately 20 percent of children under the age of 18 live in poverty.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about epigenesis?

Epigenetic changes are highly likely to occur during critical periods of developments such as puberty.

True or False Newborns are governed by the superego.

False

True or False Normative influences are unusual events that have a major impact on individual lives because they disturb the expected sequence of the life cycle.

False

Which of the following ways is used by hospitals to humanize childbirth?

Fathers or partners are allowed to be present in the birthing room as coaches.

Which of the following is true of males and females in the prenatal stage of development?

Females are conceived less frequently than males.

Which of the following is true about the fetal stage of prenatal development?

From about the twelfth week of gestation, fetuses swallow and inhale some of the amniotic fluid in which they float.

Kumar, an Indian, is appointed as a caregiver for a U.S. toddler named Sam. The toddler was being taken care of by a nanny of American origin for the past 3 years. While taking care of Sam, Kumar keeps asking him how his previous nanny used to look after him. Based on the results obtained from a series of cross-cultural studies, instead of doing this, which of the following should Kumar do to make the transition as smooth as possible for Sam and effectively contribute to Sam's cognitive development?

He should continuously motivate Sam with praise and excitement.

According to psychoanalytic theory, the ________ operates under the pleasure principle.

ID

________ is a form of learning in which, during a critical period in early development, a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, usually the mother.

Imprinting

A study found that babies born in the United States to foreign-born mothers had a lower incidence of infant mortality than those born to native mothers. The researchers who conducted the study concluded that this is likely because foreign-born mothers are healthier than U.S.-born mothers. Which of the following, if true, challenges this conclusion?

Infant mortality rates are the same regardless of the nationality of the mothers when family income is accounted for.

Which of the following statements best illustrates the proximodistal principle of infant development?

Infants learn to use their arms before they can grasp objects with their fingers.

In the context of early sensory capacities, identify a true statement about pain.

Infants show a decreased pain response when they are held or cuddled.

In the context of physical growth in early childhood, which of the following statements is true about the corpus callosum?

It allows improved coordination of the senses.

Which of the following is true about amniocentesis?

It carries only a slightly higher miscarriage risk than noninvasive procedures.

What purpose does the layer of fat serve in a newborn baby?

It helps maintain body temperature.

Which of the following is true about artificial insemination?

It involves injecting sperm into a woman's vagina, cervix, or uterus.

Which of the following is NOT true of an embryo?

It is 10 weeks old

In the context of the psychometric approach to child development, which of the following is the function of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development?

It is a widely used developmental test designed to assess children from 1 month to 3½ years.

In the context of the psychometric approach to cognitive development, which of the following statements is true about the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)?

It is an instrument to determine the influence of the home environment on children's cognitive growth.

In the context of the cognitive neuroscience approach to cognitive development, which of the following statements is true of the prefrontal cortex?

It is believed to control many aspects of cognition.

Identify a true statement about explicit memory.

It is conscious or intentional recollection of facts, names, and events.

In the context of Skinnerian psychology, identify a true statement about reinforcement.

It is most effective when it immediately follows a behavior.

In the context of medical and behavioral assessment of newborns, which of the following is the function of the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)?

It is used to identify strengths and vulnerabilities in neurological functioning in infants.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about implicit memory?

It most commonly pertains to habits and skills.

Which of the following is an advantage of electronic fetal monitoring?

It provides valuable information in high-risk deliveries.

Who among the following is most likely to show a preference for using one hand over the other?

Kevin who is 4 year is old

Who among the following is most likely to keep his or her head erect while being held or supported in a sitting position?

Leo, who is 4 months old

Lian is a 10-year-old child. She has no facial dimples although both her parents do. Yuan, her uncle, states that the presence or absence of dimples is a homozygous characteristic. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the absence of dimples in Lian?

Lian has received two recessive alleles of the trait from her parents.

Which of the following conditions is caused in babies when expectant mothers suffer from a calorie deficit?

Low birth weight

________ refers to the unfolding of a universal, natural sequence of physical changes and behavior patterns.

Maturation

Which of the following statements is true about intelligence?

Monozygotic twins are more alike in intelligence than dizygotic twins.

Which of the following is true about sleep patterns in preschool children?

More than half of U.S. parents or caregivers report that their child stalls at bedtime.

Which of the following statements is true about trends in childbirth in the United States?

Most births today are attended by physicians.

Donna's family consists of her biological parents and her younger sibling, Sam. Their family also has a pet dog. Given the information, Donna's family is most likely to be categorized as a(n)

Nuclear Family

Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance?

Nyle, a curly-haired man, and Clara, a straight-haired woman, have a baby with wavy hair.

Why does parenthood affect marital satisfaction?

Parents experience multiple stressors.

In the context of the three major domains of development, which of the following is an aspect of psychosocial development?

Personality

Which of the following statements is true about sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

Research strongly supports a relationship between SIDS and sleeping on the stomach.

Who among the following is least likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia?

Rey, who was born in August, a summer month

In the context of psychopathology, identify a true statement about schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is an example of the interaction of heredity and genetics.Correct

According to UNICEF (2015), which region has the highest level of undernutrition?

South Asia

Which of the following statements is true about fertilization?

Sperm are ejaculated in the semen at sexual climax and get deposited in the vagina.

Which stage of labor usually lasts the longest?

Stage one

________ is the death of a fetus after 20 weeks.

Stillbirth

Susan, a 5-year-old, had a nightmare. Which of the following is most likely to have triggered the occurrence of the nightmare?

Susan watched an action-packed movie the night before.

Which of the following statements is true about temperament?

Temperament is relatively consistent over the years.

Which layer of the embryo will develop into the digestive system and respiratory system?

The Endoderm

Which stage of prenatal development is signaled by the beginning of the appearance of bone cells?

The Fetal Stage

Prenatal development begins with

The Germinal stage

In the context of sex-linked inheritance of defects, identify a true statement about chromosomes.

The Y chromosome carries fewer genes than the X chromosome.

Emily and Alan are expecting a baby. Identify a situation that would result in Emily and Alan having a healthy and normal boy child.

The Y chromosome from Alan's sperm pairs with the X chromosome in Emily's ovum.

Identify a true statement about infant mortality.

The chief causes of neonatal death worldwide are preterm birth complications, childbirth complications, and sepsis.

Which of the following statements is true of brain development in infancy and childhood?

The corpus callosum grows dramatically during childhood, reaching adult size by age 10

According to the cephalocaudal principle, which of the following is true of the prenatal period of development?

The embryo's head is half the length of the body at 2 months of gestation.

In the context of physical growth in early childhood, which of the following is true about growth between ages 3 and 6?

The head is still relatively large, but the other parts of the body continue to catch up.

In the context of assisted reproductive technologies, which of the following statements is true about ovum transfer?

The procedure involves fertilizing a donor egg from a fertile younger woman in the laboratory and implanting it in the prospective mother's uterus.

Which of the following describes psychosocial development occurring during the adolescent stage of development?

The search for identity become central

Which of the following statements is true about early sensory capacities?

The senses of smell and taste begin to develop in the womb.

Azuna supports the view that some characteristics are influenced by both heredity and environment. Noam, her friend, disagrees with her. Which of the following views would Noam support?

The socioeconomic status of a society seldom influences children's propensity for obesity.

Which of the following characterizes infants and toddlers?

The use of symbols develops by the end of the second year

Which of the following is a similarity between sleepwalking, sleeptalking, and night terrors in early childhood?

They all occur during slow wave sleep.

In the context of chromosomal abnormalities, which of the following is a characteristic of females born with Turner syndrome?

They are usually infertile.

True or False Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which a response to a stimulus is elicited after repeated association with a stimulus that normally elicits the response.

True

When 3-month-old Jason is held in an upright posture with his feet touching the ground, he raises one foot and then the other. This scenario illustrates the ________ reflex.

Walking

In the context of infertility, which of the following statements is true about women's fertility?

Women's fertility begins to decline in their late 20s.

Mikhail, a 20-year-old man, suffers from learning disorders. He has small testes and underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics. He recently found out that he is sterile. In the context of chromosomal abnormalities, which of the following chromosome patterns is Mikhail likely to have?

XXY

In the context of gross motor skills, young children develop best when they are

actively engaged in unstructured free-play.

Reproductive maturity occurs during

adolescence.

Leyla, a 37-year-old woman, is 16 weeks pregnant. Her partner, Miguel, is a known carrier of Down syndrome. They opt for a diagnostic test to reveal whether their child has Down syndrome. With the guidance of ultrasound, Leyla's health care provider withdraws a sample amount of the fluid that surrounds the fetus for testing. In the context of prenatal diagnostic tests, which of the following procedures is illustrated in this scenario?

amniocentesis

Obesity is a serious problem among U.S. preschoolers. A key to preventing obesity may be to make sure older preschoolers

are served appropriate food portions.

Research using operant conditioning techniques has illustrated that

babies are able to use contextual cues, such as scents, to retrieve memories.

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Section on Breast-feeding (2005) recommends that

babies be exclusively breast-fed for 6 months.

Today, children in many developed countries are growing taller and maturing at an earlier age than children did a century ago. This is most likely due to

better nutrition.

Which of the following increases the risk of tooth decay in early childhood?

bringing bottles to bed

Cultural context influences the way caregivers contribute to the cognitive development of children. Unlike in middle-class urban communities, in rural communities in developing countries,

children frequently observe and participate in adults' work activities.

Esther is 11 weeks pregnant. She opts for a diagnostic test to reveal whether her baby has Tay-Sachs disease as she has a family history of the genetic condition. At the hospital, her health care provider uses the ultrasound image as a guide and removes sample tissues from the projections of the membrane surrounding the fetus for analysis. In this scenario, Esther is most likely undergoing

chorionic villus sampling.

Noah, a 10-month-old boy, cries whenever he sees his mother holding a purple bowl with baby food. He starts crying even when his mother takes the bowl to wash it. He associates the purple bowl with his feeding time. In the context of the behaviorist approach to cognitive development, this scenario is an example of

classical conditioning.

Kyra is a biology teacher in middle school. During a class, she describes a part of the brain to her students. She tells her students that the part acts as a bridge between the left and the right hemispheres of the brain and helps in effective communication. Kyra is most likely describing the

corpus callosum.

The risks of gaining too much weight during pregnancy include

delivery by cesarean section

In the context of the information-processing approach to cognitive development, which of the following happens when a baby has gone through a continued exposure to a stimulus and is then presented with a new stimulus that captures the baby's attention?

dishabituation

Selena is 10 weeks pregnant. In one of her previous prenatal assessments, doctors suspected an abnormality in the fetus. To diagnose the abnormality, doctors insert an endoscope into Selena's uterus through the abdominal wall for a direct look at the embryo. The endoscope is passed under ultrasonic guidance. In this scenario, Selena is most likely undergoing

embryoscopy.

Unlike operant conditioning, classical conditioning

enables infants to anticipate an event before it happens.

Which of the following is used to block nerve pathways that carry pain signals to the brain during labor?

epidural blocks

In the context of influences on development, nonnormative influences are

events that touch only certain individuals.

Nicholas and Kaitlyn, a middle-aged couple, have been married for 7 years and have three children. Nicholas believes in a big family and wants to have another child. Kaitlyn agrees to it even though she is worried about the additional responsibilities. In this scenario, Nicholas and Kaitlyn would most likely

experience a decline in their marital satisfaction.

A Zygote is

fertilized egg

Landon is a middle-aged farmer. His young sons accompany him when he goes to the fields. Landon tells them about the processes involved in farming and assigns them minor tasks, which they happily complete. Moreover, his sons observe and engage in other work activities to help their father with the various stages of cultivation. In the context of the social-contextual approach to cognitive development, this scenario best illustrates

guided participation.

Neward Toys has introduced new toys for 4- to 12-month-old toddlers. The toys are made of blocks of nontoxic wood and are modeled as various animals. Toddlers can grasp the toys and feel the toys' shapes. In this scenario, the toys are most likely designed to help toddlers heighten their

haptic perception.

All the individuals who were middle school students in New York City during the collapse of the World Trade Center shared a common experience at a formative time in their lives. This group of individuals is referred to as a(n)

historical generation.

Keith, a high schooler, takes a shower daily after his baseball practice. He also brushes his teeth twice a day. He has been following this routine for the past 10 years. In the context of the cognitive neuroscience approach to cognitive development, this scenario best illustrates

implicit memory.

Which of the following has contributed to the reduction in childbirth risks?

improvements in prenatal assessment and care

Which of the following factors increases the likelihood that a woman will have an underweight baby?

inadequate prenatal care

Research conducted by Cicchino and Rakison (2008) on causality suggests that

infants' ability to identify self-propelled motion is linked to the development of self-locomotion.

Anna throws a ball toward Marco, her 4-year-old son, and he tries to hit it with a bat. She observes that Marco is unable to hit the ball even after several tries. When she writes something on a blackboard, he seems to find it difficult to copy it. Anna also notices that he often seems to bump into things. In this scenario, Marco's brain is most likely facing a problem related to the process of

integration.

In the context of overweight in infancy, pediatric experts recommend that

iron-enriched solid foods be introduced gradually between ages 6 and 12 months.

From an evolutionary perspective, bonding is necessary because

it enables parents to take care of a helpless infant so that the infant survives and reproduces.

In the context of gross motor skills in early childhood, most 3-year-olds are able to

jump a distance of 15 to 24 inches.

Which of the following problems associated with fetal alcohol syndrome persists throughout childhood?

memory deficits

Roma and Matthew have type 2 diabetes. Nelly, their 10-year-old child, is obese. They follow a sedentary lifestyle and do not encourage Nelly to exercise. Nelly prefers sugary beverages and high-fat foods. When Roma and Matthew notice that Nelly gets frequent infections and her healing process is slow, they take her to a doctor. After diagnosis, the doctor informs them that Nelly has type 2 diabetes, a result of the interaction between her inherited predisposition to insulin resistance and her lifestyle. This scenario illustrates the concept of

multifactorial transmission.

Events that occur at about the same age for people around the world, such as starting school, are called

normative age-graded influences.

Paula is a 2-year-old girl who lives with her grandparents. Whenever she puts her toys back in their place after she is done playing with them, her grandparents smile at her and give her a tight hug. Paula soon realizes that putting toys back in their place is likely to result in her being rewarded with smiles and warm hugs, so she increases this behavior. This scenario best illustrates

operant conditioning.

Annette, who is a toddler, first started crawling, then started standing, and is now taking her first steps. This aspect of Annette's development is best categorized as

physical development.

Tara is 3 years old. In the context of fine motor skills in early childhood, she should be able to

pour milk into her cereal bowl

In the United States, which of the following has been identified as the most common cause of intellectual disability and the leading preventable cause of birth defects?

prenatal exposure to alcohol

Which of the following factors is most strongly associated with later risk of obesity in children in the United States?

prenatal tobacco exposure

Which of the following is a result of chronic stress in pregnant women?

preterm delivery

Which of the following conditions in children is linked to advancing paternal age?

schizophrenia

The ________ examines the environment's effects on the learning process.

social-contextual approach

In the context of the psychometric approach to child development, early interventions become effective if they are

tailored to individual needs.

The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) primarily assesses

the amount of intellectual stimulation and support observed in a child's home.

Which of the following suggests that typical babies develop the same skills in the same order because they are built approximately the same way and have similar physical challenges and needs?

the dynamic systems theory

The period of development from conception to birth is referred to as

the prenatal period

In the context of conception, mitosis is

the process by which the nonsex cells divide in half over and over again to replicate DNA.

Children should remain in car or booster seats until

they reach a certain height and weight.

Among children ages 1 to 4, which of the following is the leading cause of unintentional injury deaths in the United States?

traffic accidents

Which prenatal screening test allows direct access to fetal DNA?

umbilical cord sampling

Grace, an 11-month-old baby, has a hanging toy in her crib, but she does not look at the toy as she is bored of it. However, when her mother hangs a new toy, she starts to look at the new toy with amusement. In the context of the information-processing approach to cognitive development, this scenario best illustrates

violation of expectations.

_______ is the least developed sense at birth.

vision

In a study conducted in Uganda, France, and the United States by Gardiner and Kozmitzki (2005), the fact that the pace of motor development responds to certain cultural factors was proven by observing babies'

walking.