Child Development Revel Chapter 9 Module

What is an important difference between more and social conventional rules

Conventional rules are viewed by children as more open to change than moral rules

A 4-year-old boy who adamantly believes that only boys can be firefighters and only girls can be nurses is applying ___ to the classification of these two careers

his gender schema

The fact that in the afternoon child care is associated with rising levels of cortisol and staying at home with falling levels of cortisol

indicates that at least some children may experience child care as stressful

The prevention studies focusing on annual family check-up meetings with researchers provided interventions to high-risk children who showed problem behavior as toddlers and lived in adverse family and socioeconomic conditions. A key finding was that

interventions were successful in reducing conduct problems through age 9.5 years

Young children's self-assessments of their abilities and personality traits are often characterized by an overconfidence known as

positivity bias

A child asks for some candy in the car ride to the grocery store and starts crying when denied. Her father calmly explains that they are stopping at the store to buy groceries for dinner, and not candy. He tells his daughter she is expected to hold his hand and walk through the store quietly. Which parenting technique did this father use

the father established family routines and responsibilities

A mutually responsive orientation at ages 1 to 2 years differs from secure attachment in infancy in that it consists of

warmth and responsiveness as well as the establishment of rules

Young children display more advanced emotions, such as embarrassment, pride, and shame, between ages ___. These self-conscious emotions are crucial to human interaction

18 and 24 months

A mother asks her 3-year-old son to keep his food on the table and reminds him when he "accidentally" knocks it off. When he throws food at his sister, she explains to him that this is against the rules because it makes things dirty and hurts his sister's feelings. This parenting style would be classified as

authoritative

The finding that many Chinese parents use a style that is more demanding and less overtly affectionate than the average Western (European or Euro American) parent

can be viewed as a culturally influenced variation on authoritative parenting

Each of the following has been found in laboratory studies to be an effective emotion regulation strategy in the preschool years except

comforting the child with physical affection

Although the total amount of aggressive behavior decreases between 4 and 8 years of age, as a proportion of aggressive behavior, instrumental aggression ___ and reactive aggression ___

declines; increases

Parents promote gender typing not only by modeling gender stereotyped roles around the house, but also by praising gender-typical play and ignoring (or failing to reward) gender-atypical play, a process known as

differential reinforcement

Children who can guess what a character described as selfish might do next in a story appear to have a level of understanding of other people's

dispositional traits

Four-year-old Lisa meets a cuddly-looking dog at the park. She has a dog at home, and in the past she has impulsively petted unfamiliar dogs. However, before petting the dog, she asks the dog's owner if it's OK. Lisa is demonstrating

effortful control

According to Vygotsky, sociodramatic play with peers may have benefits for

executive functioning

Children's emotional knowledge is greater when parents

label and explain emotions

High-quality child care is linked to ___ and ___

low levels of aggression; high levels of social competence

Girls exposed to male sex hormones prenatally may tend to show

masculine play preferences

According to research, what should a father who wants to increase prosocial behavior in his 3-year-old boy do

model prosocial behavior or help the child regulate his emotions

Parenting intervention studies can be used to

show that changes in parenting style may be causally linked to changes in child behavior

With regard to personality type, overcontrolled children are ___ and undercontrolled children are ___

shy but obedient; impulsive and emotional

In contrast to older children, who regard friends as having a long-term relationship based on trust, preschool-age children regard friends as

someone to share toys and have fun with, possibly over several days or weeks

Which method of parental correction has been frequently and consistently associated with negative outcomes, such as higher externalizing behavior (e.g. aggression and antisocial behavior), reduced quality of parent-child relationships, and elevated child mental health problems

spanking