Child Growth & Development Chap 37
Infection or inflammation caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens stimulates the release of _____________ _____________ (interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon)
endogenous pyrogens
The parents of a child voice concern to the nurse that they believe their child has Lyme disease but their physician won't do the proper testing. The nurse reviews the chart to determine if specific testing for the disease has been performed. Which tests is the nurse looking for?
enzyme immunoassay (EIA) immunofluorescent assay (IFA) Western immunoblot
_______________ in their children is one of the most common reasons parents seek medical attention
fever
What is the most important way to prevent the spread of infection?
hand washing
Second line of defense; respond to larger and more severe infections than neutrophils by phagocytosis; leukemias and lymphomas; chronic inflammation
monocytes
Antipyretics are often used to lower fever and increase comfort. They decrease the temperature set point by inhibiting the production of ___________.
prostaglandins
Any person who cannot resist the pathogen
susceptible host
A condition in which bacteria invade the joint space, most often the hip or knee. It can occur at any age but usually occurs in children younger than 3 years old.
Acute Septic Arthritis
An adolescent comes to the emergency room with high fevers, chills, rigors and sweats. Malaria is suspected. When taking the health history, what question should the nurse ask first?
"Have you traveled outside North America?"
The father of a child with mononucleosis is concerned with his child's fever and cough. The father asks when antibiotic therapy will begin. What is the best response by the nurse?
"Mononucleosis is a viral infection so an antibiotic isn't used. We address the symptoms with appropriate therapy."
A child has been diagnosed with hookworm. The nurse is teaching the parent about the treatment for the condition. Which statement made by the parent confirms that further education is needed?
"My child can play outside bare footed when treatment is done."
Parents bring their 9-year-old child to the clinic for a well-child visit. They are concerned because several children in the neighborhood have developed Lyme disease and ask for suggestions on what to do to reduce their child's risk. What would be appropriate for the nurse to suggest?
1. Wearing protective clothing when playing in wooded areas. 2. Inspecting the skin closely for ticks after the child plays in wooded areas. 3. Contacting the health care provider if there is any area of inflammation that might be a bite.
How long is the incubation period for measles?
10-12 days
A nurse is assessing a neonate with sepsis. The nurse understands that most commonly the cause involves:
Bacteria
Respond to allergic disorders and hypersensitivity reactions; used to study chronic inflammation
Basophils
______________ immunity is generally functional at birth
Cellular immunity
The process by which an organism is spread
Chain of infection
The pediatric nurse knows that there are a number of anatomic and physiologic differences between children and adults. Which statement about the immune systems of infants and young children is true?
Children have an immature immune response.
Ability for a disease to spread to others
Communicability
A pseudomembrane forms over the pharynx, uvula, tonsils, and soft palate. The neck becomes edematous and lymphadenopathy develops. The pseudomembrane causes airway obstruction and suffocation.
Diphtheria
The mother of a 10-year-old child diagnosed with rubella asks what can be done to help her child feel better during her illness. What information can be provided?
Encourage rest and relaxation
The nurse is preparing to administer acetaminophen to a 4-year-old child to provide comfort. Which precaution is specific to antipyretics?
Ensure proper dose and interval.
Respond to allergic disorders, parasitic infections, and chronic immune responses
Eosinophils
rash or skin eruption
Exanthem
What is the leading cause of neonatal sepsis and death?
Group B streptococcus
Caused by viruses belonging to enterovirus genus. Coxsackie A viruses (especially A16) is the most common. Transmitted by direct contact with infected fecal, oral secretions; spread mostly through saliva.
Hand, Foot, Mouth disease
_________________ immunity occurs when the body encounters and then develops immunity to new diseases
Humoral immunity
________________ occurs when normal thermoregulation fails, resulting in an unregulated rise in core temperature
Hyperthermia
Nursing students are learning about the infectious process. They correctly identify the first stage of an infectious disease to be which period?
Incubation period
transferred by fomite or vector; spread by droplet or air-borne transmission
Indirect transmission
Any agent capable of causing infection; examples: bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, protozoa, and fungi
Infectious agent
The most common reported vector-borne disease in the United States, is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Bull's eye rash forms around bite.
Lyme disease
Main source of producing an immune response; respond to viral infections (measles, rubella, chickenpox, infectious mononucleosis); tumors
Lymphocytes (B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells)
A contagious disease caused by Paramyxovirus, is characterized by fever and parotitis (inflammation and swelling of the parotid gland), is spread by airborne droplets or contact with infected droplets.
Mumps
A child is brought to the emergency department by his parents. The parents report that he stepped on a rusty nail about a week and a half ago. The child is complaining of cramping in his jaw and some difficulty swallowing. The nurse suspects tetanus. When assessing the child, the nurse would be alert to which muscle groups being affected next?
Neck
First line of defense upon invasion of bacteria, fungus, cell debris, and other foreign substances
Neutrophils
The nurse is assessing a child who presents with a history of fever, malaise, fatigue, and headache. The nurse notes a bulls-eye rash on the child's right leg. Which action will the nurse take?
Notify the primary health care provider.
A bacterial infection of the bone and soft tissue surrounding the bone. S. aureus is the most common infecting organism.
Osteomyelitis
An acute respiratory disorder characterized by paroxysmal cough and copious secretions
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
_____________ may indicate a serious bacterial infection (often N. meningitidis)
Petechiae
A way for the pathogen to enter the host; examples: skin and mucous membranes, respiratory tract, urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive tract
Portal of entry
A way for the pathogen to exit the reservoir; examples: skin and mucous membranes, respiratory tract, urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive tract
Portal of exit
A place where the pathogen can thrive and reproduce; examples: human body, animals, insects, food, water, inanimate objects (e.g., stethoscopes)
Reservoir
Never give aspirin to children to reduce fever, due to the risk of?
Reye syndrome
____________ ______________ is an infection resulting from group A streptococci. It usually occurs with a group A streptococci throat infection (i.e., strep throat) or rarely streptococcal skin infection
Scarlet fever
A systemic overresponse to infection resulting from bacteria and viruses, which can lead to hypotension, low blood flow, and multisystem organ failure.
Sepsis
Doxycycline and other tetracyclines are not normally used in children younger than 8 years due to the risk of?
Teeth staining
A 9-month-old child has been admitted to rule out sepsis. Which finding offers the most support to the presence of this disorder?
The child has had 8 ounces of formula in the past 24 hours.
The nurse is reviewing the assessment data from a 4-year-old child admitted to the hospital for management of early onset sepsis. Which finding supports the diagnosis?
The child is irritable.
Diseases caused by infectious agents that are transmitted directly or indirectly from animals or vectors, such as ticks, mosquitos, or other insect vectors to humans.
Zoonotic/ Vector borne infections
Body-to-body contact
direct transmission