Child Psych Disorders Test Answers 1-4

Early theories about autism attributed the autistic child's behaviors to ____.

"cold" parents who may wish that the child does not exist

The IQ score cutoff changed from _______ to _______ in 1973

1 SD below the mean to 2 SDs

Recent findings estimate the prevalence of ASD worldwide to be ____.

1 per 68

The Flynn effect accounts for about a ___ point increase in average IQ every decade

3

Recent data says that, when considering all Autism Spectrum Disorders (which the new diagnostic criteria captures), _________% are average or above average in tested intelligence.

46%

Most evidence points to a heritability of intelligence of approximately:

50%

Which attachment pattern has been linked to phobias and anxiety problems?

Anxious-resistant

Which statement about children's mental health is false?

Approximately 75% of children with mental health problems receive proper services.

The child-caregiver role helps children explore their own emotions. Which style of parenting allows for the healthiest development of the child?

Authoritative

What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces overall arousal and levels of anger, hostility, and aggression?

Benzodiazepine-GABA

Which statement is true about sex differences and mental health problems in children?

Boys' externalizing problems start out higher than girls' in the early school years

Sir Francis Galton, whose work helped fuel the Eugenics movement, was the cousin of what other famous scientist?

C. Darwin

Which risk factor is most likely to increase a child's vulnerability to psychopathology?

Chronic poverty

____ explain the acquisition of problem behavior on the basis of paired associations between previously neutral stimuli (e.g., homework), and unconditioned stimuli (e.g., parental anger).

Classical conditioning models

Which of the following is not a developmental task of middle childhood?

Differentiating self from environment

Brendan is considered by his caregivers as a "slow-to-warm-up child," who is cautious in approaching novel or challenging situations. Which of the following would describe Brendan's temperament?

Fearful or inhibited

Which behavior would be characteristic of someone with issues on the internalizing behavior dimension?

Feeling sad all of the time

Which of the following is not a developmental task of infancy?

Forming close friendships within and across gender

Which of the following statements about genetics is false?

Genes completely determine behavior

__________ rates refer to the extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified time period. (e.g. how many children developed depression during their fourth grade year?)

Incidence

The two strongest predictors of adult outcomes in children with autism are:

Intelligence, language skills, and social interaction abilities

Which term describes a child's model of relationships in terms of what a child expects from others and how the child relates to others (and the world)?

Internal working model

Which description of a child would be considered "labeling" a child rather than using the more preferred "person first" language?

Karlee is autistic

Which cause of intellectual disability is associated with an involuntary urge to eat?

Prader-Willi syndrome

__________ rates refer to all cases of a disorder, whether new or previously existing, that are observed during a specified time period (All fourth graders that have depression, whether it started that year or not)

Prevalence

Cindy has recently been diagnosed with anorexia. From a biological perspective, which neurotransmitter plays a role in eating disorders?

Serotonin

A child with intellectual disability, but not autism, is more likely to display________ than a child with autism:

Smiling and eye contact

_______ relates to how children think about themselves and others, resulting in mental representations of themselves, relationships, and their social world.

Social cognition

____ has been implicated in several psychological disorders, especially those connected to a person's response to stress and ability to regulate emotions.

The HPA axis

Which statement about case studies is false?

They use controlled methods without biases.

Examples of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior indicative of ASD include which of the following?

Unusual interest in sensory aspects of environment

________________ often distinguishes children with autism from those with intellectual disability.

a deficit in joint attention and theory of mind (TOM)

An idiographic understanding of a case entails. . .

a very detailed understanding of the individual's unique characteristics, symptoms, etc.

Which of the following is a criticism of the DSM-5?

a.It gives relatively less attention to disorders of infancy and childhood than to those of adulthood. b.It lacks sufficient emphasis on situational and contextual factors. c.It fails to capture the comorbidity known to exist in child psychopathology. d.all of the above Feedback The correct answer is: all of the above

Children's problems must be considered in the context of their ____.

a.individual nature b.community/culture c.all of these d.family dynamics Feedback The correct answer is: all of these

Temperament:

a.refers to the child's organized style of behavior that appears very early in development b.shapes the child's approach to the environment and vice versa c.all of these d.is considered one of the building blocks of personality Feedback The correct answer is: all of these

Children from poor and disadvantaged families demonstrate significantly more _____ than children who are not poor

a.school problems b.hyperactivity c.all of the above d.chronic illness Feedback The correct answer is: all of the above

Children with autism may engage in self-stimulatory behavior because:

a.they crave stimulation, and self-stimulation serves to excite their nervous systems b.any of these reasons may apply c.it is frequently accompanied by some sort of reinforcement d.the environment may be too stimulating for them and engaging in self-stimulation may serve to block out and control unwanted stimuli Feedback The correct answer is: any of these reasons may apply

The ____ gland produces epinephrine in response to stress.

adrenal

An antecedent in a Functional Behavioral Assessment refers to:

an event that occurs immediately before the target behavior

Infants that explore the environment with little affective interaction with the caregiver are likely to have a(n) ____ attachment pattern.

anxious-avoidant

Generally, the emotional and behavioral problems of children with intellectual disability ____.

are considered part of the spectrum of problems coexisting with intellectual disability

The deficits of autism become increasingly noticeable:

around 2 years of age

Sharon is a psychologist who is using the ABA method with her client Katie, a difficult 6-year-old. As an ABA therapist, Sharon would focus on

behavior, antecedents, and consequences

Isabella is 3 years old, and frequently demands attention, overreacts, and refuses to go to bed. These behaviors are considered ____.

challenging, though typical because of her age

An advantage of behavior checklists over interviews is that checklists allow a clinician to ______________ while interviews typically do not.

compare results to a normative sample

Joint social attention refers to the ability to:

coordinate one's focus of attention on another person and an object of mutual interest

In ____________ research, different individuals at different ages or stages of development are studied at the same point in time.

cross-sectional

As viewed from the two-group approach, the ___________ group is usually associated with mild forms of intellectual disability.

cultural-familial

"Operationalizing" the problem in a clinical interview means:

defining the problem specifically, as with specific, observable, behavioral examples

Girls have higher rates of ____ than boys.

depression

To determine a child's competencies, it is useful to have some knowledge of ____.

developmental tasks

The ____ classification approach assumes that all children possess the same traits to varying degrees.

dimensional

The use of protodeclarative gestures ____.

directs attention (and usually enthusiasm) to an object of shared interest

The theory of mind hypothesis of autism suggests that children with autism:

do not understand others' mental states

Interventions for children and adolescents are often intended to ____.

eliminate distress and promote further development

A test in which children with ASD perform relatively well due to the nature of focusing on details of a figure rather than the overall pattern would be the:

embedded figures test

Questions about the nature and distribution of childhood disorders are frequently addressed through ____.

epidemiological research

Conduct disorder may arise from different developmental pathways, a concept known as:

equifinality

Childhood poverty is a daily reality for about one in ____ children in the United States

five

The work of Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard (1775-1838) is notable in that ____.

his orientation toward children was one of care and helping, in contrast to the times

Phenylketonuria is a(n) ____ that can cause intellectual disability if untreated.

inborn (inherited) error of metabolism

Children with autism are most likely to use:

instrumental gestures

Some of the most common co-occurring disorders in Autism are:

intellectual disability and epilepsy

In the DSM-5, the level of disability, reflecting a child's degree of difficulty, is based upon the ____.

level of impairment (and needed supports) in conceptual, social, and practical domains

In ____________ research, the same individuals are followed and studied at different ages/stages of development.

longitudinal

An integrative approach to the psychopathology of a child means that

many theories and concepts can be used to explain behavior.

A researcher investigating the relationship between maternal distress and child conduct problems found that maternal distress was related to disciplinary strategies towards the child, which in turn were related to child conduct problems. In this study, disciplinary strategies appeared to be the means through which maternal distress impacted conduct problems. Disciplinary strategies would be an example of a:

mediator variable

The ______ category of intellectual disability is overrepresented in minority groups and those of low SES.

mild

The majority of individuals with intellectual disabilities have ____ impairment.

mild

Many persons with Down syndrome function at the ____ level of disability.

moderate

In comparison to the IQ scores of normally developing children, those of infants and children with developmental delays or intellectual disability are_______ across the entire lifespan:

more stable

The assessment of childhood problems typically makes use of a(n) ____ approach.

multimethod and multi-informant

A ______________ emphasizes general inferences about a disorder that applies to large groups of individuals. We can use this information to better develop hypotheses about a specific disorder at the individual level.

nomothetic description

A clearly defined group used to compare an individual child's test score against is called a:

norm group

Most often, adaptational failure is due to a(n) ____.

ongoing interaction between the individual and environment

The tendency to focus on one feature of an object in the environment while ignoring other equally important features is called stimulus:

overselectivity

Unlike mental retardation from Fragile X syndrome (caused by a specific gene), most childhood abnormalities result from a number of different genes that all increase susceptibility. We call such influences:

polygenic

1. In the 17th and 18th centuries, children's disturbing behaviors were attributed to:

possession by the devil or other evil forces

The primary language deficit of children with ASD (who develop language) is ____.

pragmatics

With respect to attachment, most children with ASD ____.

prefer their caregivers over unfamiliar adults

To be labeled with intellectual disability, below average intellectual and adaptive abilities must be ____.

present during the developmental period (i.e. before age 18)

A person lacking central coherence:

processes information in bits and pieces but fails to see the big picture

Categorical classification systems are based primarily on ____.

professional clinical consensus regarding what symptom criteria should be used

The Rorschach test is an example of a(n) _______ test.

projective

Individual or situational factors that reduce the likelihood a child will develop a disorder (despite being at risk for psychopathology) are called _____.

protective factors

Patterns of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms shown by an individual are defined as ____.

psychological disorders

A child with an intense startle response may have problems in emotion ____.

reactivity

A child who cannot control his temper and has long tantrums, may have problems in emotion _______.

regulation

Boundaries between abnormal versus normal functioning (behavior) are:

relatively arbitrary

IQ scores among individuals without intellectual disability ("normally developing" individuals) are:

relatively stable when FIRST tested at four years of age or after

The ability to successfully adapt in the environment, despite risk factor, is referred to as ____.

resilience

Assessments are meaningful to the extent that they:

result in practical and effective interventions (i.e., have treatment validity)

A variable that precedes an outcome of interest and increases the chances that the negative outcome will occur is a(n) ____.

risk factor

Windows of time during which environmental influences on development are enhanced are called:

sensitive periods

Children with developmental language problems are less likely to show difficulties in ___________ than children with autism.

spontaneous social conversation

To be diagnosed with Intellectual Disability, a person must exhibit:

subaverage intellectual functioning and deficits in adaptive functioning

The most universally used assessment procedure with parents and children is:

the clinical interview

A child typically enters the mental health system ____.

through teachers, counselors, or parents

In terms of developmental pathways, "multifinality" refers to the observation that:

various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings