Child Psych E3 review
B
A child who is sitting next to another child & playing with similar toys but doesn't interact with the other child is engaging in A. solitary independent play B. parallel play C. associative play D. disruptive play
D
A person with an identification with a gender other than the natal gender is considered to be a. gender nonconforming b. gender reversal c. transsexual d. transgender
C
A suggestion for parents of children with a difficult temperament would be to a. be patient because children easily outgrow the characteristics of a difficult child as they get older. b. frequently expose the child to novelty because this is the best way to help them become more flexible about what happens to them. c. try to keep the child's environment regular and predictable and give the child plenty of time to adapt to changes. d. let the child spend time with other children who have more easy going temperaments.
A
Harry Harlow's research with macaque monkeys raised with surrogate mothers led him to conclude that a. it was contact comfort that created the mother-infant attachment bond. b. attachment was unique to the human mother-infant relationship. c. forming an attachment depends upon reduction of the hunger drive. d. attachment was related to the resolution of the Oedipal complex.
D
In adolescent friendships, we usually see a. a large amount of competition, jealousy, and gossiping. b. friendship groups that bring together adolescents with very diverse characteristics. c. a fairly wide age range within the peer group, on the order of 4 to 6 years between the youngest and oldest member. d. similarity on demographic characteristics, and also in attitudes, values and activity preferences.
A
In determining an adolescent's self-esteem, we need to consider a. the discrepancy between the adolescent's ideal self and real self, as well as the importance of the domain of the comparison to the individual. b. physical attractiveness is as important to this individual as it is to most adolescents. c. whether the individual has a large but loosely-connected group of peers or a small, tight network of friends. d. whether there has been an upward or a downward trend to the changes in the adolescent's self-esteem in the recent past.
B
In research conducted in the United States, the incidence of bullying peaks in a. grade 3 and 4. b. in middle school, grades 6 to 8. c. after the start of high school in grade 9. d. in late adolescence.
C
In the Strange Situation experiment, anxious avoidant infants react to their mother's return by: a. greeting her warmly. b. crying. c. ignoring her. d. showing an ambivalent blend of positive and negative behaviors.
C
Natalie is an athletically gifted basketball player who is called "stuck up" by peers and is someone a lot of the girls want to be friends with. Natalie is very selective in who she associates with and picks on peers she doesn't like. Natalie would be considered to be a __________ child. a. popular-prosocial b. rejected-withdrawn c. popular-antisocial d. rejected-aggressive
B
Why do individuals from collectivist cultures develop visual perspective-taking earlier than individuals from individualistic cultures? a. Individuals in collectivist cultures are more advanced socially than those in individualistic cultures. b. Individuals in collectivist cultures value interdependence more than those in individualistic cultures. c. Individuals in collectivist cultures are more egocentric than those in individualistic cultures. d. Individuals in collectivist cultures use "I" statements before those in individualistic cultures.
C
Young children who engaged in pretend play with their parents that involved responding effectively to each other's cues had a. higher academic success in elementary school. b. lower levels of acting out behavior in preschool. c. higher social competence with peers in preschool. d. lower levels of aggressive behavior in preschool.
A
when a red mark is placed on the nose of a two-year-old and the child sees herself in a mirror, the child will react by touching her own nose when she a. understands that the image in the mirror is a reflection of her. b. frequently sees strange marks on her own face c. thinks there is a different child in the mirror d. knows that she can take the initiative to clean up her own face.
A
"beautiful, smart, helpful, fast runner" would be more typical of children in a(n) a. individualistic culture. b. collaborative culture. c. collectivist culture. d. communist culture.
C
According to Erikson, the developmental crisis of adolescence is the crisis of a. initiative versus guilt. b. foreclosure versus diffusion. c. identity versus role confusion. d. intimacy versus isolation.
B
According to James Marcia, before an adolescent can achieve an identity they must a. filter out information that that does not interest them and focus only on one specific identity choice. b. engage in a period of active explorations of their alternatives and make a personal commitment to the choice they make. c. find a mentor who will coach and guide them and build a social network. d. build a strong sense of their self-esteem and seek out activities that they enjoy and can succeed at.
A
An adolescent who has not spent time thinking about her future and is not concern is in a. identity diffusion. b. foreclosure. c. moratorium. d. identity deferral.
D
An inability to play because emotions prevent the kind of free expression is a. play paralysis. b. play disturbance. c. play inhibition. d. play disruption.
D
Anxiety is... a. pathological. b. easier to deal with than fear. c. experienced by young children and not adolescents. d. anticipation of something that may or may not happen.
A
As we look at temperament throughout childhood and adolescence, based on research we could say that a. there is a tendency for temperament to be stable over time, although smaller changes can occur. b. temperament is a very unstable characteristic, especially during childhood. c. there is seldom, if ever, any noticeable changes in temperament as children get older. d. if there is going to be a change in temperament, it is most likely going to occur during adolescence.
A
Carol Gilligan has argued that women a. use a different type of morality than men when making moral decision. b. reason at a lower moral level than men. c. can reason about moral dilemmas at a higher level than men. d. move through the stages of moral development more slowly than men.
C
Cross-cultural research on emotions has found that a. basic emotions emerge at about the same time in infants around the world, but Western infants are much more fearful and angry than other infants. b. surprisingly we find large difference in the early emotions that infants express as we compare one country to another. c. basic emotions are remarkably similar around the world, but how we experience and show emotions can differ from one culture to another. d. different parts of the brain are responsible for controlling emotions in different infants.
A
During middle childhood, self-esteem is influenced by a. social comparison. b. self- representation. c. social learning. d. attributions.
C
Emotional intelligence involves all of the following except a. controlling one's own emotions. b. understanding one's own emotions. c. altering temperament to fit the situation. d. understanding the emotions of others.
C
Fear is... a. always healthy. b. harder to deal with than anxiety. c. a response to a real event. d. experienced by adults but not children.
C
Gender segregation in play starts by _________, is usually __________ for boys, and is ____________ likely to happen in the child's own neighborhood than in school. a. infancy; weaker; more b. kindergarten; weaker; less c. age 3; stronger; less d. middle childhood; stronger; more
A
Girl bullies tend to engage in a. emotional and psychological intimidation. b. association with boys who are also regarded as bullies. c. physical intimidation. d. antisocial behaviors that isolate themselves from others.
B
How does Sandra Bem's views of gender development differ from Kohlberg's views? a. Gender stability does not appear until adolescence. b. Gender concepts do not follow stages and are learned from your particular society. c. Young girls and boys follow the same path of gender development, not different trajectories. d. The stages of gender development do not happen at the same ages as what Kohlberg proposed.
A
In Phinney's stages of ethnic/racial identity development, a person in the moratorium stage is most likely to say, a. "I think people should know what Black people had to go through to get to where we are now." b. "People put me down because I'm from Mexico, but I don't care anymore. I can accept myself more." c. "My past is just there; I have no reason to worry about it. I'm American now." d. "I don't go looking for my culture. I just go by what my parents say and do, and what they tell me to do, the way they are."
B
Jeffrey is an infant who has a mother that smiles at him often, plays with him, but doesn't pick him up when he cries. When he is sleepy, she tries to get him to stay awake to read books. When he is sad, she tries to make him laugh. Jeffrey most likely has developed a(n) ______ attachment a.resistant b.anxious ambivalent c.anxious avoidant d.disorganized/disoriented
B
Max is a baby with a difficult temperament. His parents have never kept a strict schedule, eating at different times, and having different caregivers take care of Max. Max does not adapt well and his development is compromised. Chess and Thomas describe this as a __________ issue. a. regulation b. goodness of fit c. social referencing d. patterning
A
Preschoolers are most likely to form friendships with children who a. enjoy the same kinds of play activities as they do. b. will imitate whatever they do. c. are older and bigger than they are. d. will be reliable or trustworthy friend.
C
The difference between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder is that a. oppositional defiant disorders are associated with harm to others and destruction of property. b. conduct disorders are easier to treat than oppositional defiant disorder. c. conduct disorders are more serious and include violations of the rights of others and societal norms. d. oppositional defiant disorders usually do not need any intervention and go away on their own.
A
Recursive thinking involves the ability to a. think about what others are thinking that you are thinking. b. understanding the reversal of thought. c. take the perspective of another person and understand their motivation. d. stop thinking about intrusive thoughts.
B
There is some evidence that children develop a theory of mind at a young age if their parents a. read to the child a great deal. b. discuss emotions with the child. c. are firm and consistent in their discipline. d. give the child a lot of opportunities to make their own decisions.
D
The Strange Situation is a way to a. determine whether a mother has bonded with her infant. b. measure the amount of guilt or shame and infant feels when she misbehaves. c. document the change in an infant's emotional responsibilities. d. assess the quality of an infant attachment to his mother.
C
The highest stage of moral development in Kohlberg's theory is the a. conventional level. b. postformal level. c. post conventional. d. abstract level.
A
The stages of play proposed by Parten depended on _______________ but the ones described by Piaget depended on ________________. a. social skills; cognitive development b. cognitive development; social maturity c. social maturity; emotional development d. emotional development; physical maturity
A
Today 3-year-old Chandra is going for her first flight on an airplane. As the engines begin to roar, the plane vibrates as it picks up speed, and as it finally lifts off the ground, she looks at her mother's expression. Her mother is smiling as she looks out of the window, so Chandra thinks that flying must fun and begins smiling herself. This is an example of a. social referencing. b. sympathy. c. empathic feelings. d. emotional intelligence.
B
Waiting in line is a typical behavior in the United States. John and Andrew have been waiting in line for 24 hours to get tickets to a concert. They offered to let their friend Michael jump in line with them (even though he didn't wait at all). Michael said that he wouldn't feel right about doing that and went and stood at the end of the line (knowing that the tickets will probably sell out before he gets to the ticket counter). Michael is demonstrating the __________ domain of social knowledge as it relates to moral development. a. personal b. social-conventional c. autonomous d. moral
A
What concept best explains why the media has a negative impact on an adolescent's self-esteem? a. social comparison b. self-imaging c. secondary referencing d. social referencing
C
What is the difference between anxiety and an anxiety disorder? a. Typical anxiety will not respond to medication, anxiety associated with a disorder does. b. Anxiety involves a component of fear whereas an anxiety disorder does not. c. Anxiety disorders involve levels of anxiety that interfere with daily living and cause distress. d. Anxiety disorders are hereditary, typical anxiety is not.
B
What type of therapy has been shown to be effective in helping adolescents with depression change their maladaptive behaviors and help them change the way they think about and deal with their problems? a. Family therapy b. Cognitive behavioral therapy c. Psychotherapy d. Immersion therapy
B
When a baby feels safe and secure in the presence of the caregiver to who she is attached; she can a. work on her cognitive development. b. use the caregiver as a secure base and begin to exploring the environment. c. does not rely on caregiver d. indiscriminately attach to any other person that the baby encounters.
C
When a child is diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder, the child a. indiscriminately will go to any person who is available. b. forms attachments sequentially. c. is incapable of forming an attachment relationship with anybody. d. will never be able to successfully an attachment.
C
When a child prefers to play alone, rather than with other people, it a. is a good indicator of adjustment problems. b. means that the child does not have a secure attachments. c. can be for a number of reasons, some problematic but others not. d. is associated with a diagnosis of autism.
C
When a person has a self- perceived similarity to others of the same, gender, they are displaying a. gender centrality b. gender contentedness c. gender typicality. d. membership knowledge.
D
Which theory of attachment did Harlows's (1969) monkey studies help to support? a. the drive- reduction theory. b. the associative- learning theory. c. the social theory. d. the evolutionary/ ethological theory.
D
While you are sitting with your friends in the cafeteria at lunchtime, someone who is walking past your table splashes some juice on your shoulder. You get angry because you figure that he was trying to embarrass you in front of your friends. This is an example of a. egocentric thinking. b. recursive thinking. c. a faulty theory of mind. d. a hostile attribution bias.