Child Psych Test 2

Observational Learning

Also known as social learning(infants between 6 and 9 months develop the ability to imitate

Reflexes

born able to grasp, rooting, sucking etc

Social Knowledge

Infants learn about people and their behavior, 12 month old infants understand people's goals and intentions

Pre-Reading Skills

0-5 ○ Learning concepts of print ○ Learning about letters of the alphabet ○ Developing Phonemic Awareness Correlated with later reading abilities

What part of the face do 1 month olds look at? 2 month olds?

1 month olds tend to focus on the outline of the face 2 month olds, infants look a lot more at the eyes and mouth

How old are children with they produce words?

10-15 months of age, know more words than caregivers think, just can't necessarily say them

Beginning School Years- reading

1st and 2nd grade • Developing Phonological Recoding ○ Converting the visual form of a word into its verbal speech-like form and using the speech-like form to determine the word meaning Aka sounding out a word

Early School years reading

2nd and 3rd grade • Develop Word Identification and Automatization ○ Visually-based retrieval ○ Processing the word'd meaning by its visual form Aka knowing a word by sight Strategy choice process- children choose the fastest approach(easy words visual based retrieval, hard words sound out or phonological recoding)

Middle School Years reading

4th through 8th Focus shifts from decoding to reading comprehension

Babbling

6-10 months, more of a conversation, cant make full words but using intonation, gesturing, sounds that are made in that language, taking turns in conversation

Cooing

6-8 weeks, variation in tone, just general usage of vocal chords

Later School years

8th-12th solely reading comprehension

Question 37: Which statement is an example of experience-expectant processes? A.Children who are born with cataracts that are not removed early enough will have permanently impaired vision. B.Rats that are trained to use just one limb to get a food reward have increased dendritic material in the particular area of the motor cortex that controls the movement of that limb. C.Individuals are able to remember the details of a magazine article after they have read it. D.All of these statements are examples of experience-expectant processes.

A

7 primary mental abilities model

A more differentiated view of intelligence as a few basic abilities: Word fluency, verbal meaning, reasoning, spatial visualization, numbering, rote memory, and perceptual speed. created by thurstone.

Dual Representation

A symbolic artifact must be represented mentally in 2 ways at the same time--both as a real object and as a symbol for something other than itself Ie drawing a stick figure and saying it is me

Question 41: Kevin and his mother are playing with a squeaky toy. Kevin's mother squeezes the toy in front of him and then hides it under a blanket. Kevin has fun finding the toy under the blanket and then giving it back to his mother. After several rounds of this game, Kevin's mother hides the toy behind a pillow instead of under the blanket. Rather than looking behind the pillow, however, Kevin lifts the blanket to look for the toy. Which statement is true? A.Kevin is making the A-not-B error. B.Kevin is approximately 6 months old. C.Kevin does not know the toy still exists. D.All of these statements are true.

A. Kevin is making the A-not-B error

Question 39: The study in which cells located in the eye region of a frog embryo were moved to its belly demonstrated which property of cell functions? A.The location of a given cell after migration determines its function. B.The genetic makeup of a cell before migration determines its function. C.The genetic makeup of a given cell after migration determines its function. D.The location of a given cell before migration determines its function.

A. THe location of a given cell after migration determines it's function

Fluid Intelligence

Ability to think on the spot and to solve problems--declines with age. Most basic of the intelligence as a few basic abilities.

Conditioning

Associating a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a response

Question 22: Which behavior is an example of rehersal?A.Improvement over time in one's ability to remember a ten-digit phone number one has dialed several times. B.Repeating a phone number several times between looking it up and dialing it. C.Intentionally focusing on the last four digits of the phone number when looking it up. D.All of these behaviors

B

Question 23: Epigenetics is MOST relevant to which relationship?A.Child's genotype -> Child's phenotype B.Child's environment -> child's phenotype C.Child's environment -> Child's genotype D.Child's phenotype -> Child's environment

C

Question 9: Which statement provides an example of centration. A.Fiona gives her newborn brother her favorite doll when he is crying. B.Michelle pretends to have a sword fight using a stick as a sword. C.Andrew thinks a big empty box is heavier than a small box full of rocks. D. Bradly yells at his father from another room, "See, Daddy, I did it."

C Andrew thinks a big empty box is heavier than a small box full of rocks.

Genes code for: A.Specific behaviors B.Traits C.The production of proteins. D.The construction of DNA

C the production of proteins

Question 19: Which of the following conditions is most likely to be diagnosed among Opioid-exposed infants at birth? A.Facial Deformity B.SIDS C.NAS D.FASD

C. NAS

Question 8: Cole was born with nonfunctioning hands and must use his feet for most tasks that are typically done with one's hands. Considering experience-expectant plasticity, the MOST likely thing that will happen to the area of Cole's cortex that would normally process sensory information from the hands is that the area will: A.Atrophy as a result of synaptic pruning. B. Interfere with the functioning of nearby areas of the brain. C.Disintermediate. D.Reorganize to process sensory information from his feet.

D Reorganize to process sensory info from his feet

Experience-Expectant Plasticity

Development of brain based on experience humans typically have

Stereopsis

Each eye has a different visual representation and stereopsis does the work of bringing these two visual fields together

Intelligence as a single trait(g)

Each individual possesses a certain amount of g(general intelligence) This part of intelligence is common to all intellectual tasks Measures of g correlates Indicators of school achievement Info processing speed The speed of neural transmission in the brain

Phonemes

Elementary units of sound that distinguish meaning How many phonemes? □ If-- 2 □ Add--2 □ Ant--3 □ Bean--3 Lamp--4

Empiricists on Concepts

Empiricists argue that concepts arise from basic learning mechanisms

Perceptual Narrowing

Experience fine tunes our development and our capacity to perceive things changes over time(i.e. we loose the ability to distinguish between some sounds in other languages because we haven't used them)

Crystallized intelligence

Factual Knowledge about the world that increases with age. most basic of the intelligence as a few basic abilities.

Generative

Finite number of sounds/symbols can be used to create an infinite number of sentences and ideas

Discovery of affordances via relations between body and surrounding object(what type of learning?)

How we can relate to an object or the possibility that an object offers and how we learn to interact with different objects Steps afford climbing, large objects afford being pushed, balls afford being rolled, liquids afford pouring Perceptual Learning

Concepts

General ideas or understandings used to group together objects, events, qualities, or abstractions that are similar in some way

Infant Directed speech

High, affectionate tone Extreme intonation Slow speech

Auditory Depth

How near or far a sound is from us(baby sitting in the dark will lean back at approaching sound

Perception

How we make meaning of our senses--essentially, how we interpret input and make meaning of it

Multiple Intelligence THeory

Howard Gardner, people have 8 types of intelligence □ Linguistic □ Logical-mathematical □ Spatial □ Musical □ Naturalistic □ Bodily-Kinsesthetic □ Intrapersonal Interpersonal

Overregularization

I "growed up", because you are learning the rules of language but applying them too broadly

Fast Mapping

In cognitive psychology, fast mapping is the term used for the hypothesized mental process whereby a new concept is learned (or a new hypothesis formed) based only on a single exposure to a given unit of information. Basically, known word maps to known object, so unknown word must map to unknown object.

Perceiving music

Infants can perceive music similar to adults Pitch Timbre Tempo Prefer consonant intervals over dissonant intervals

Optical Expansion

Infants have a sense--when an object is growing larger, they perceive it as growing closer

Locomotion

Infants move in different ways at different ages Around 8 months of age, infants begin to crawl Around 11 to 12 months of age infants begin to walk

Other race effect at Infant, 3 months, and 9 months

Infants show no preference based on race By 3 months, infants show a preference for their own race(they look longer at a face that resembled their own race) By 9 months, infants struggle to discriminate between other race faces

Intelligence as numerous processes

Intelligence is not just one thing but a multitude

Empiricists on THeory of mind

Interactions with other people are crucial for developing theory of mind, and general info processing is necessary for this

Pictoral Cues

Interposition Relative size Convergence of lines 7 month-old infants use pictoral cues How do we know? Baby who is interacting with objects and blinking(depth perception) This begins around 1 month Reaching 7 months

Integrated Model of Intelligence

John Carroll--proposed an integration of competing views of intelligence in his three-stratum theory of intelligence.

Differentiation of Stable Elements(What type of learning?)

Key process= Differentiation of stable elements Looking for what remains constant Ie matching faces with tone(angry vs happy Perceptual Learning

Physical Knowledge

Knowledge of gravity and support. Infants gradually learn that gravity exists

Pragmatic Development

Knowledge of how language is used, understanding conventional convos like the fish is ready to eat means we are eating fish not that the fish is gonna eat dinner

Wernicke's area

Language comprehension

Broca's Area

Language production

Operant Conditioning

Learning contingency between one's own behavior and the consequences that result(string to babies leg etc)

Scale Models

Must be able to understand that an object represents a separate and usually larger space Big snoopy and little snoopy example-- 2 yo cannot use scale models to inform them about real spaces, 3 yo could

Nativists on Concepts

Nativists argue that innate understanding of concepts plays a central role in development

NAS

Neonatal abstinence syndrome(drug withdrawal syndrome that occurs primarily among opioid-exposed infants after birth)

The IQ

Overall quantitative measure of child's intelligence relative to that of other children

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov's dogs

Auditory localization

Perceiving the location of sound(newborns turn head, 4 month olds turn head and search visually)

Strategizing in Reading

Picking out what's most important, comprehension monitoring(rereading something that doesn't make sense)

Reaching

Prereaching- clumsy reaching movements found in 3 months and older 7 month old infants begin to reach more stably 10 month old infants make adjustments based on the object they are reaching for

Sensing

Processing of basic info from the external world by receptors in the sensory organs

Habituation

Repeatedly presenting an image until the infants response decreases

Syntax

Rules about how words are combined, essentially grammar and parts of speech

Visual Acuity

The sharpness of our visual perception

Morphemes

Smallest unit of meaning in a language ie ○ Morphemes: smallest unit of meaning in a language ○ Used to express meaning in a language ○ Girl-1 Girl + s-2 Essentially, it cannot be divided without changing the meaning of the word Example: The Umpire s talk ed to the play er s

3 stratum theory

Stratum III (general intelligence): g factor, accounts for the correlations among the broad abilities at Stratum II. Stratum II (broad abilities): 8 broad abilities—fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, general memory and learning, broad visual perception, broad auditory perception, broad retrieval ability, broad cognitive speediness, and processing speed. Stratum I (specific level): more specific factors under the stratum II

A-Not-B Error

Tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last seen, not last hidden

Nativists on Theory of Mind

There is a theory of mind module, a hypothesized brain mechanism devoted to understanding other human beings

Voice Onset Time

Time Between air coming from lips and cords vibrating

Object knowledge

Traditional view from piaget, measuring object knowledge with habituation and violation of expectation, infants as young as 3.5 months of age look longer at impossible event bc it surprises them

Word Segmentation

Utterances of words often come in strings of words without pauses...babies are hearing a constant stream of sound and the brain is calculating the probability of hearing certain sounds together

Active learning

We learn by doing! when shown 2 objects and asked to choose by pointing, infants learned more about the object they chose

Telegraphic speech

children combine words for sentences at age 2(ie eat cookie...means i would like to eat the cookie"

Conversations begin as...

collective monologues. child takes turn in conversation but doesn't respond to what other person said

perceptual narrowing

developmental changes in which experience fine-tunes the perceptual system

Mutual exclusivity

for every one object, there is one word to describe it. known word maps to known object, and unknown word must go to unknown object. ie know dog see dog and sheep, they say sheep so sheep must be the one that is not a dog

Children are influenced by their

genotype, immediate environment(attending school, reading at home etc), sociocultural status, and broader social factors(poverty)

Overextension

happens when trying to convey something with a limited vocab... ie May use dog to refer to all animals--they know that things are different, but they don't know the words for them yet

What is needed for language?

input--->process--->output

Perceptual Constancy

refers to the tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness despite the stimuli changes that occur.

Human Brain and Critical period

the age you are exposed to english directly correlates with how well you know english grammar

Centration

the tendency to focus on a single, perceptually striking feature of an object or event

Sustained conversation improves...

through the preschool years

True or False: Infants prefer watching humans over random moving objects

true

Preferential Looking

two stimuli are placed side by side. if the infant looks longer at one researcher can infer that the child can discriminate and it has preferences

Object Segregation

two-month-olds use common motion to segregate objects. Older infants and adults use world experience.

Theory of Mind

well-organized understanding of how the mind words and how it influences behavior By 18 months children are beginning to understand the connection between other people's desires and their specific actions; pencil box example; Wimmer and perner 1983 •Children watch while Maxi (a puppet) puts his chocolate in one cupboard and leaves.•While Maxi is gone, his naughty brother moves the chocolate to a different cupboard.•Maxi comes back and wants his chocolate.•Children are asked: "Where will Maxi look for his chocolate?" •At 3-4 years, most children wrongly predict that Maxi will search in the new place.•By 5 years, most children correctly predict that Maxi will search (fruitlessly) in the old place.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children ○ Consistent with Carroll's three-stratum framework § General ability § Several moderately general ability categories § A large number of specific skills ○ Yields overall score and separate scores on 5 general abilities § Verbal comprehension § Visual-spatial processing § Working memory § Fluid reasoning Processing speed

Sternberg's Theory

○ Based on the view that intelligence is the ability to achieve success in life within one's sociocultural context § Focus: □ Build on strengths □ Compensate for weakness □ Select environments that promote success ○ Success depends on the three types of abilities § Analytic--linguistic, mathematic and spatial skills § Practical--Reasoning about everyday problems § Creative--intellectual flexibility and innovation