CHM 124 Final exam 2021
Which of these is a structural isomer of cyclohexane?
1-hexene
Which is the correct name for this compound?
4-chloro-2-methylbutanoic acid
Which is true of a pair of structural isomers? They have the same....
chemical formula
This compound is an example of which of these functional groups?
ketal
Which functional group is represented in this molecule?
phosphoanhydride
Which is the best explanation for the fact that the weak base isopropyl amine is miscible with water? (Kb = 2.7 x 10-4)
the hydrocarbon chain is small, and the amine group can give and receive H-bonds
What is the electron group geometry of the carbon labeled #2?
three groups, trigonal planar
In saturated hydrocarbon chains, the carbon atoms...
will all be tetrahedral
Identify the electron group geometry at each of the carbon atoms indicated in the molecule below.
1 = trigonal planar, 2 = tetrahedral, 3 = linear
Which of these structural isomers could not have cis and trans geometric stereoisomers?
1,1-dibromopropene
Which of these structural isomers could not have cis and trans geometric stereoisomers?
1,1-dichlorocyclopentane
Which of these structural isomers is also capable of cis/trans geometric stereoisomerism?
1,2-dibromo-1-hexene
Which of these structural isomers is also capable of cis/trans geometric stereoisomerism?
1,2-dimethylcyclopropane
These organic substances contain different functional groups, but have very nearly the same molecular mass. Which would you predict to have the highest boiling point?
1-butanol
A student used a butyl substituent (i.e.,n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl) to name an alkene. What is the correct IUPAC name for the molecule the student called n-butyl ethene?
1-hexene
Which of these is not correct IUPAC nomenclature for an alkene?
1-methyl-1-butene
Which is the major product of this alkene addition reaction?
1-methylcyclobutanol
Ethyl amine has a base ionization constant Kb = 4.3 x 10-4. The Kb can be converted into a pKa as shown: pKa = -log (Kw/Kb) = -log (1.0 x 10-14/4.3 x 10-4) = 10.6 Which solution below would have a pH = 10.6 = pKa?
1.5 M ethyl amine and 1.5 M ethyl ammonium chloride
Which of these molecules contains an anhydride linkage?
(i only)
Which of these molecules contains an ester linkage?
(i only)
Which of these molecules contains an amide linkage?
(i) only
Which of these molecules contains an amide linkage?
(ii only)
Which of these molecules contains an anhydride linkage?
(ii) only
Which of these molecules contains an ester linkage?
(iii) only
Which products form when this disulfide is reduced?
(pentagon)-SH and CH3-SH
The water solubility of ethers is comparable to that of alcohols with the same number of carbon atoms. One ether molecule can participate in how many hydrogen bonds with water molecules?
2
If a sample of this compound was treated with an excess of bromine solution, how many bromine atoms would be added to each molecule?
2 to the ring, 6 to the chain
Common names of ketones are like those of ethers: list the alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon, then add the word ketone. Given this information, which of these is the correct IUPAC name for the compound with the common name: sec-butyl tert-butyl ketone?
2,2,4-trimethyl-3-hexanone
Which of these C5H10 structural isomers would you expect to have the lowest boiling point?
2,3-dimethyl-2-butene
A student named a compound: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-2-butene. Although this represents the connectivity of the molecule, it is not a valid IUPAC name. Which is the correct IUPAC name for this compound?
2,3-dimethyl-2-pentene
Which is the major product obtained from the dehydration of 2,3-dimethyl-3-pentanol?
2,3-dimethyl-2-pentene
Two functional group reactions are performed in sequence. Reaction #1: Dehydration of 1-butanol. Reaction #2: Addition of HBr to the product of Reaction #1. Which would be the major final product?
2-bromobutane
Two functional group reactions are performed in sequence. Reaction #1: Addition of water to 1-hexene. Reaction #2: Oxidation of the product of Reaction #1. Which would be the major final product?
2-hexanone
What alkane product is formed when 4-methyl-1-pentene undergoes hydrogenation?
2-methylpentane
Three functional group reactions are performed in sequence. Reaction #1: Reduction of pentanal Reaction #2: Dehydration of the product of Reaction #1. Reaction #3: Addition of water to the product of Reaction #2. Which would be the major final product?
2-pentanol
Which product would be obtained from the reaction shown below?
2-pentanol
Alcohols have higher boiling points than alkanes with a similar number of carbon atoms, due to the alcohol's ability to hydrogen bond. The hydroxyl group of an alcohol is capable of participating in how many hydrogen bonds?
3
Which of these seven-carbon carboxylic acids should have the lowest boiling point?
3,3,4-trimethylbutanoic acid
A student named a compound: 2-ethyl-2,4-dimethylhexane. Although this represents the connectivity of the molecule, it is not a valid IUPAC name. Which is the correct IUPAC name for this compound?
3,3,5-trimethylheptane
Which alkyne could serve as the starting material for this addition reaction?
3,3-dimethyl-1-butyne
These molecules all contain eight carbon atoms. Which is not a structural isomer of the other three?
3,3-dimethyl-1-hexyne
Which is the major product of this alkene addition reaction?
3-bromo-2,2,3-trimethylpentane
Two functional group reactions are performed in sequence. Reaction #1: Addition of water to 3-hexene. Reaction #2: Oxidation of the product of Reaction #1. Which would be the final product?
3-hexanone
Markovnikov's rule doesn't apply when predicting the preferred product of addition of HBr to which alkene?
3-hexene
These molecules all contain ten carbon atoms. Which is not a structural isomer of the other three?
3-isopropyl-5-methyl-1-hexyne
Which correctly lists these four compounds in order of increasing boiling point (from lowest to highest)?
3-methylbutane < 3-pentanone < 3-pentanol < 3-methylbutanoic acid
If a sample of this compound was treated with an excess of bromine solution, how many bromine atoms would be added to each molecule?
4 to the ring, 6 to the chain
Which is the correct IUPAC name for this compound?
4-ethyl-6,7-dimethyl-2-octyne
Carboxylic acids have high boiling points because of their hydrogen bonding capability. One carboxylic acid group can participate in how many hydrogen bonds?
5
Carboxylic acids have higher boiling points and water solubilities than alcohols with a similar number of carbon atoms. A carboxylic acid functional group can participate in how many hydrogen bonds?
5
Which is the correct IUPAC name for this compound?
5,7-difluoro-2,3-dimethyldecane
A student draws an alkyne by drawing an ethyne, then attaching an alkyl substituent to each of its two carbons. What is the IUPAC name of the alkyne created by adding methyl and isobutyl groups to the carbons of ethyne?
5-methyl-2-hexyne
A student draws an alkyne by drawing an ethyne, then attaching an alkyl substituent to each of its two carbons. What is the IUPAC name of the alkyne created by adding ethyl and sec-butyl groups to the carbons of ethyne?
5-methyl-3-heptyne
How many pi-bonding electrons does this molecule have?
6
Which accurately describes the pi-bonding electrons in this molecule?
8 local, 6 delocalized
Which chemical reagent would you use to prepare 1,2-dibromopentane from 1-pentene?
Br2
In organic compounds, which non-metal atom will typically have one bond and three lone pairs?
Bromine
Which correctly lists these compounds in order of increasing strength of inter-particle attractive forces?
CH2=CH2 < CH3F < KF
Which of these compounds would have the highest boiling point?
CH3-CH2-CH2-NH3+Cl-
Which correctly lists these molecules in order of increasing strength of inter-particle attractive forces?
CH3CH2=CH2CH3 < CH3CH2CH2F < CH3CH2CH2OH
Which is the organic product of the reaction of ethylammonium chloride with aqueous sodium hydroxide?
CH3−CH2−NH2
Which carbon atom in this molecule is most oxidized (highest oxidation state)?
Carbon #2
EXAM 2: Aromatic, Alcohols, Aldehydes, and Ketones
EXAM 2:Aromatic, Alcohols, Aldehydes, and Ketones
EXAM 3: Acid, Base, pH, Buffers, Amines, Amides, Carboxylic Acids
EXAM 3:Acid, Base, pH, Buffers, Amines, Amides, Carboxylic Acids
EXAM 4: Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates
EXAM 4:Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein
In the organic molecules below, which functional groups are capable of receiving, but not offering, hydrogen bonds?
G only
In the organic molecules below, which of the labeled hydrocarbon groups are capable of decolorizing bromine?
Groups B and E
2-butanone can be converted to di-sec-butyl ether via a multi-step reaction sequence. Which is the correct sequence of reagents/reaction conditions?
H2 / Pt, then H2SO4 / 140oC
Which chemical reagent would you use to prepare pentane from cis-2-pentene?
H2 gas, Pt
This organic functional group conversion requires more than one reaction step. Which is the correct sequence of reagents/reaction conditions?
H2O / H2SO4, then [O]
1-pentanol can be converted to 2-pentanone in a multi-step reaction sequence. Which is the correct sequence of reagents/reaction conditions?
H2SO4 / 180oC, then H2O / H2SO4, then [O]
Which chemical reagent would you use to prepare 2-bromopentane from 1-pentene?
HBr
This compound is an example of which of these functional groups?
Ketal
In this OWL plot of molar mass vs. boiling point temperature, the boiling point of pentane (36 oC) is marked with the letter X. Given what you've learned about the factors that affect the boiling point of an organic molecule (mass, molecular shape, surface area, polarizability), which of the points labeled A, B, C, D, E would you predict to be the boiling point temperature of butane?
Point A
In this OWL plot of molar mass vs. boiling point temperature, the boiling point of pentane (36 oC) is marked with the letter X. Given what you've learned about the factors that affect the boiling point of an organic molecule (mass, molecular shape, surface area, polarizability), which of the points labeled A, B, C, D, E would you predict to be the boiling point temperature of 1-chlorohexane?
Point E
This molecule contains a double bond that is capable of cis/trans geometric stereoisomerism.
True
In the molecule below, the functional group labeled "D" would have
a negative charge in basic solution
In the molecule below, the functional group labeled "A" would have
a positive charge in acidic solution
A thioester functional group can be created by the condensation of
a sulfhydryl and a carboxylic acid
The condensation of a carboxylic acid with a sulfhydryl group will produce:
a thioester linkage
In the molecule below, the functional group labeled "A" can
accept a proton to become a cation
This compound is an example of which of these functional groups?
acetal
This organic functional group conversion requires more than one reaction step. Select the: reaction conditions for Step 1 functional group of the intermediate reaction conditions for Step 2
acid/high heat, alkene, acid and water
This organic functional group conversion requires more than one reaction step. Select the: reaction conditions for Step 1 functional group of Intermediate 1 reaction conditions for Step 2 functional group of Intermediate 2 reaction conditions for Step 3
acid/high heat, alkene, acid and water, alcohol, acid/gentle heat
This organic functional group conversion requires more than one reaction step. Select the: reaction conditions for Step 1 functional group of Intermediate 1 reaction conditions for Step 2 functional group of Intermediate 2 reaction conditions for Step 3
acid/high heat, alkene, acid and water, alcohol, oxidize
Which would be the most unmistakable way to distinguish between samples of the structural isomers 1-hexene and cyclohexane?
add a dilute solution of elemental bromine
When an ester is hydrolyzed in the presence of a strong base, the products would be
alcohol and carboxylate ion
When an ester is hydrolyzed in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, the products would be
alcohol and carboxylic acid
A phosphoester functional group could be created by the condensation of
alcohol and phosphoric acid
Consider the relative boiling points of pure samples of organic substances. For which functional group(s) does intermolecular hydrogen bonding elevate boiling point?
alcohols and carboxylic acids
Which best explains why the water solubility of aldehydes can be higher than those of alcohols and alkanes with the same carbon chain length?
aldehydes can't offer hydrogen bonds to water, but they can receive them, and the carbonyl group is a strong dipole
Ionones, such as this structure with formula C13H20O, are known as "rose ketones." They have fragrance of roses and violets, and are found in a number of essential oils. Of the 13 carbon atoms in this ionone, how many are participating in sigma bonds?
all 13 carbons
Which functional group(s) can act as "hydrogen-bonding tugboats," assisting in the water solubility of organic substances?
all of these groups
Which alkane reactant would consume the most oxygen gas when undergoing complete combustion?
all would consume the same amount
Consider the four weak acids listed below. Which would not exist primarily as an anion in aqueous solution at a pH = 5.4?
alloxanic acid, Ka = 2.3 x 10-7, pKa = 6.6
Which best explains why the boiling points of ethers are closer to those of alkanes with comparable mass than to those of the isomeric alcohols?
although the ether has a weak dipole, the molecules can't hydrogen bond with one another
When an amide is hydrolyzed in the presence of a strong base, the products would be
amine and carboxylate ion
Which family of compounds is able to act as a weak electrolyte in aqueous solution?
amines
When an amide is hydrolyzed in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, the products would be
ammonium ion and carboxylic acid
The condensation of a carboxylic acid with a secondary amine will produce:
an amide linkage
The condensation of a carboxylic acid with a hydroxyl group will produce:
an ester linkage
Which of these weak bases is the weakest electrolyte in aqueous solution?
aniline, Kb = 4.0 x 10-10
The naproxen (Aleve) molecule has a carboxylic acid with a pKa = 4.15. Blood pH is 7.4; stomach pH is 1.2. Which statement correctly describes the predominant form of naproxen molecules in these different environments?
anion in blood
Consider the factors that affect the water solubility of un-ionized organic molecules. Which best describes functional groups that benefit from the ability to receive hydrogen bonds offered by water molecules?
any groups with an oxygen or nitrogen atom
In its proton ON form (as compared to proton OFF) a six-carbon amine would:
be a cation
In its proton OFF form (as compared to proton ON) a six-carbon amine would:
be less water-soluble
In the molecule below, the functional group labeled B can ....
be reduced with hydrogen gas
In its proton ON form (as compared to proton OFF) a six-carbon carboxylic acid would:
boil at a lower temperature
Which of these organic compounds would you predict to have the lowest water solubility?
butane
In the molecule below, the functional group labeled E...
can be oxidized to ketone
In the molecule below, the functional group labeled "A" ....
can condense with a carboxylic acid
In the molecule below, the functional group labeled "E" ....
can condense with a carboxylic acid
Which carbon atom in this molecule is most reduced (lowest oxidation state)?
carbon #7
Which of these are the usual products of a hydrocarbon combustion?
carbon dioxide, water vapor
Which is not an attribute of the carbon-carbon bonds in a benzene ring?
carbons are sp3 hybridized
When considering the factors that increase boiling point, which functional group benefits from the ability to both give and receive hydrogen bonds?
carboxylic acids
The diazepam (Valium) molecule has an amine group with a pKa = 3.40. Blood pH is 7.4; stomach pH is 1.2. Which statement correctly describes the predominant form of diazepam molecules in these different environments?
cation in stomach
1-heptene and cycloheptane are structural isomers of one another (C7H14). Consider a simple chemical test you could use to distinguish one isomer from the other: adding bromine to 1-heptene will produce a __________ solution adding bromine to cycloheptane will produce a __________ solution
colorless; reddish-brown
What does the term saturated mean when applied to hydrocarbon molecules? They...
contain all carbon-carbon single bonds
What does the term unsaturated mean when applied to hydrocarbon molecules? They...
contain one or more double bonds
Which is the correct name for this compound?
diisopropyl amine
Which of these organic compounds would you predict to be most lipid-soluble (least water soluble)?
diisopropyl ether
Which is the correct name for this compound?
dimethyl phenyl ammonium chloride
Which is the correct name for this compound?
dimethylammonium butanoate
Which of these six-carbon compounds would you predict to be most water-soluble?
dipropyl ammonium chloride
In the molecule below, the functional group labeled "D" can
donate a proton to become an anion
Which organic compounds would be needed to synthesize the structure shown below?
ethanol, methanol, propanal
If a 0.10 molar solution is made of each one of these weak bases, which of the four solutions would have the highest concentration of hydroxide ions?
ethyl amine, Kb = 4.3 x 10-4
Which of these isomers would be classified as a tertiary amine?
ethyl dimethyl amine
The ammonium salt ethyl propyl ammonium chloride is more water-soluble than the parent amine because:
ethyl propyl ammonium and chloride ions have +, - charges; water molecules have δ+, δ- charges
Which is the correct name for this compound?
ethylammonium benzoate
In this condensed structure, the lone pairs of electrons are not drawn, but are understood to be there. How many lone pairs of electrons does this molecule have?
five
What is the electron group geometry of the oxygen labeled #1?
four groups, tetrahedral
Which functional group(s) in the molecule below can be reduced by hydrogen gas?
groups C and D
Carboxylic acids and amines, the organic derivatives of ammonia, are classified as weak acids and bases because they
have a limited ability to ionize in water
This compound is an example of which of these functional groups?
hemiacetal
This compound is an example of which of these functional groups?
hemiketal
Which of these seven-carbon carboxylic acids should have the highest boiling point?
heptanoic acid
In which compound is the carbon at the functional group most reduced (lowest oxidation state)?
hexane
In which compound is the carbon at the functional group most oxidized (highest oxidation state)?
hexanoic acid
Consider the properties of pentane and 2,3,4-trimethylpentane. Of the two, 2,3,4-trimethylpentane would have the
higher mass and higher boiling point
Consider the properties of pentane and octane. Of the two, octane would have the
higher mass and higher boiling point
Consider the properties of 2-pentanone and 2-propanone. Of the two, 2-propanone should have a
higher water solubility, but lower boiling point
Which is the key attractive force that must be overcome for a phenol to boil, and transition from liquid to gas?
hydrogen bonds
In general, alkynes have slightly higher boiling points and densities than structurally equivalent alkanes. To which inter-particle force can you attribute this difference?
instantaneous dipole-dipole interactions
Which is the key attractive force that must be overcome for an alkene to boil, and transition from liquid to gas?
instantaneous dipole-dipole interactions (IDDI)
Which is the key attractive force that must be overcome for an alkyne to boil, and transition from liquid to gas?
instantaneous dipole-dipole interactions (IDDI)
Which is the key attractive force that must be overcome for benzene to boil, and transition from liquid to gas?
instantaneous dipole-dipole interactions (IDDI)
When an ammonium carboxylate salt melts, and transitions from solid to liquid, what is the KEY attractive force that must be overcome?
ionic bonds
In the molecule below, the functional group labeled C...
is created by condensing alcohols
In the molecule below, the functional group labeled B...
is created by oxidizing a secondary alcohol
In the molecule below, the functional group labeled D...
is near the top of carbon's 'oxidation ladder'
What functional group would result from the treatment shown below?
ketone
Which definition of oxidation is most helpful when considering the extent of oxidation of the three classes of alcohols?
loss of bonds to hydrogen
Consider the properties of pentanal and 2,3,4-trimethylpentanal. Of the two, pentanal would have the
lower mass and lower boiling point
Consider the properties of pentane and octane. Of the two, pentane would have the
lower mass and lower boiling point
Consider the properties of 1-pentanol and 1-propanol. Of the two, 1-pentanol should have a
lower water solubility, but higher boiling point
Which of these weak acids is the strongest electrolyte in aqueous solution?
malonic acid, Ka = 1.5 x 10-3
Which compounds would be needed to synthesize the structure shown below?
methanol and 2-propanone
Which of these is a structural isomer of cis-2-butene?
methylcyclopropane
Why do so few aqueous solutions of organic compounds conduct electricity?
most organics do not dissociate into ions
Alkanes with halogen substituents are sometimes named as "alkyl halides." Which of these four-carbon alkyl halides would you expect to have the highest boiling point?
n-butyl bromide
Alkanes with halogen substituents are sometimes named as "alkyl halides." Which of these four-carbon alkyl halides would you expect to have the highest boiling point?
n-butyl iodide
Consider the four weak bases listed below. Which would exist primarily as an anion in aqueous solution with pH = 11?
none will be anionic
Consider the four weak acids listed below. Which would exist primarily as a cation in an aqueous solution with pH = 1.4?
none would be cationic
Determine the relationship between the two molecules in this pair of structures. These compounds are:
not isomers at all
In the organic molecules below, which functional groups are capable of both giving and receiving hydrogen bonds?
only A, C and D
An amide functional group can be created by the condensation of
only a primary or secondary amine and a carboxylic acid
Consider the four weak bases listed below. Which would not exist primarily as a cation in aqueous solution at neutral pH?
only aniline, Kb = 4.0 x 10-10, pKa = 4.60
Consider the four weak bases listed below. Which would primarily exist as a cation in an aqueous solution with pH = 9?
only caffeine, Kb = 1.4 x 10-4, pKa = 10.1
In organic compounds, which non-metal atom will typically have two bonds and two lone pairs?
oxygen
Which product will be formed when this molecule is treated with an oxidizing agent?
pentagon-C=O-CH3
Which correctly lists these four compounds in order of increasing water solubility (from least soluble to most soluble)?
pentane < diethylether < 1-butanol < propanoic acid
Which is true of a pair of geometric stereoisomers? They have different ....
physical properties
In this OWL plot of molar mass vs. boiling point temperature, the boiling point of pentane (36 oC) is marked with the letter X. Given what you've learned about the factors that affect the boiling point of an organic molecule (mass, molecular shape, surface area, polarizability), which of the points labeled A, B, C, D, E would you predict to be the boiling point temperature of 2,2-dimethylbutane?
point B
Why are the boiling points of tertiary amines lower than those of isomeric primary and secondary amines?
primary and secondary amines can hydrogen bond with one other; tertiary amines cannot
Which organic compound is most likely to be miscible with water?
propanal
Which organic compounds would be needed to synthesize the structure shown below?
propanal, methanol, ethanol
How could a carboxylic acid group be converted into a carboxylate ion?
raise the pH
How could an ammonium ion be converted into the corresponding amine?
raise the pH
Which of these alkene reactions would obey Markovniknov's rule?
reactions c and d
Cycloheptane and 1-heptene are structural isomers of one another (C7H14). Consider a simple chemical test you could use to distinguish one isomer from the other: adding bromine to cycloheptane will produce a __________ solution adding bromine to 1-heptene will produce a __________ solution
reddish-brown; colorless
Consider the properties of hexanal and 2,3-dimethylbutanal. Of the two, hexanal would have the
same mass and higher boiling point
Consider the properties of octane and 2,3,4-trimethylpentane. Of the two, octane would have the
same mass and higher boiling point
Consider the properties of 2-pentanol and ethyl propyl ether. Of the two, ethyl propyl ether would have the
same mass and lower boiling point
Consider the properties of octane and 2,3,4-trimethylpentane. Of the two, 2,3,4-trimethylpentane would have the
same mass and lower boiling point
Which is the best description of molecules that are geometric stereoisomers?
same structure, but different spatial arrangement
Which class of alcohol is most likely to form with addition of water to 1-pentene?
secondary
Which functional group is produced when a ketone undergoes hydrogenation?
secondary alcohol
Consider the properties of 2-butanol and diethyl ether. Of the two, diethyl ether should have a
similar water solubility, but lower boiling point
Consider the properties of tert-butyl alcohol and butyl alcohol. Of the two, tert-butyl alcohol should have a
similar water solubility, but lower boiling point
A phenol has how many delocalized pi-bonding electrons?
six
Which is the correct name for this compound?
sodium 3-chloropropanoate
The carboxylate salt sodium pentanoate is more water-soluble than the parent carboxylic acid because:
sodium and pentanoate ions have +, - charges; water molecules have δ+, δ- charges
Which type of orbital overlaps to form the sigma bonds between carbon atoms in a benzene ring?
sp2 hybrid orbitals
Molecules that are structural isomers of one another would have different
structural connectivity of atoms
Determine the relationship between the two molecules in this pair of structures. These compounds are:
structural isomers
Which class of alcohol is most likely to form with addition of water to 3-methyl-2-pentene?
tertiary
What is the electron group geometry and hybridization state of the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group of a primary alcohol?
tetrahedral, sp3
What is the electron group geometry and hybridization state of the central carbon atom in a hemiketal?
tetrahedral, sp3
What is the electron group geometry and hybridization state of the nitrogen atom in a secondary amine?
tetrahedral, sp3
What is the electron group geometry and hybridization state of the oxygen labeled #1?
tetrahedral, sp3
Which statement correctly compares the N-H and O-H groups?
the O-H- - -O hydrogen bond is stronger than the N-H- - -N hydrogen bond
Which is the best explanation for the fact that the weak acid propanoic acid is miscible with water? (Ka = 1.4 x 10-5)
the carboxyl group can give and receive H-bonds, and the hydrocarbon chain is short
Which does not affect the boiling point of an organic compound?
the mass of the sample that is boiling
Which is good predictor of the water solubility of organic molecules?
the ratio of hydrogen-bonding and hydrocarbon groups
The CHM 124 syllabus included questions about the compounds ethanol (CH3-CH2-OH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Ethanol is miscible with water; sodium hydroxide forms saturated aqueous solutions. Which correctly explains why concentrated solutions of sodium chloride are saturated?
the solution contains the maximum amount of solute
Alkenes have four groups of atoms bonded to the two carbons of the carbon-carbon double bond. What is required for an alkene to be capable of cis-trans geometric stereoisomerism?
the two groups bonded to each carbon atom are different from one another
Which statement correctly describes the properties of most organic compounds?
their water solubility depends on the relative proportion of polar and nonpolar groups
Why doesn't hydrogen bonding occur between molecules of aldehydes or ketones?
there is no hydrogen atom on the carbonyl oxygen atom
Which statement correctly describes the properties of ionic compounds?
they are electrolytes in aqueous solution
Which statement does not correctly describe the properties of most organic compounds?
they are electrolytes in aqueous solution
What is the electron group geometry of the carbon labeled #3?
three groups, trigonal planar
What is the electron group geometry of the nitrogen labeled #4?
three groups, trigonal planar
Which of these six-carbon compounds would you predict to be least water-soluble (most lipid soluble)?
triethyl amine
What is the electron group geometry and hybridization state of the carboxyl carbon in an ester linkage?
trigonal planar, sp2
What is the electron group geometry and hybridization state of the nitrogen labeled #4?
trigonal planar, sp2
Which correctly lists these four compounds in order of increasing boiling point (from lowest to highest)?
trimethyl amine < ethyl methyl amine < propyl amine < 1-propanol
Which type of orbital overlaps to form the pi bonds between carbon atoms in a benzene ring?
unhybridized p orbitals
Which best explains why the water solubility of ethers is closer to that of their isomeric alcohols than to that of alkanes with comparable carbon chain length?
unlike alcohols, ethers can't offer hydrogen bonds to water, but they can receive hydrogen bonds
