Chp 16 Reconstruction
Which amendment to the Constitution officially ended slavery, or "involuntary servitude," in the United States?
Thirteenth Amendment
Why was there a shortage of agricultural workers in the South during Reconstruction?
Thousands of emancipated blacks left the South to pursue opportunities in the North.
The first Radical plan for Reconstruction was contained in what proposed legislation?
Wade-Davis Bill
What first symbolized the transfer of initiative in Reconstruction from the executive to the legislative branch?
Congress overriding President Johnson's veto of the Civil Rights Act and the extension of the Freedmen's Bureau
What effect did Reconstruction have on public schooling for African Americans?
Education for blacks remained underfunded and segregated.
Why did President Andrew Johnson say he vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866?
He doubted whether blacks were qualified for citizenship
What was President Johnson's stand on the Fourteenth Amendment?
He urged southern states to reject the amendment
How did President Lincoln dispose of the Wade-Davis Bill?
He used the pocket veto.
What was the immediate result of violence inspired by the Ku Klux Klan?
It enabled the Republicans to retain control of the national government.
What was accomplished by the Second Reconstruction Act passed in July 1867?
It ensured black suffrage by placing the army in charge of voter registration.
What was the first accomplishment of the Fourteenth Amendment?
It overruled the Dred Scott case defining citizenship.
How did sharecropping help shape the social system of the postwar South?
It tied the southern economy to agriculture, particularly cotton.
Why did supporters of women's suffrage oppose ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment?
It would subject elite, educated women to the rule of base and illiterate males, especially immigrants and blacks.
What changes did former slave women face in their personal relationships with husbands during Reconstruction?
Most traded slavery for patriarchy.
What did President Lincoln's plan for the admission of Louisiana to the Union not require that might have been expected?
abolition
The Fifteenth Amendment
established native birth or naturalization as a definition of national citizenship.
What did blacks most expect from government?
public services, especially universal education
What was the intent of the Tenure of Office Act?
to prevent the president from firing a cabinet member without consent of the Senate
President Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction required 10 percent of what group to swear future loyalty to the United States?
voting population of a state in 1860
What effect did reports of violence against freed people in the South have on many people in the North?
They thought that presidential Reconstruction was too lenient and a more harsh policy was necessary
How many voters would have had to swear allegiance to the Union under the Wade-Davis Bill?
a majority
By 1867, a majority of Republicans thought the only way to avoid a lengthy military occupation of the South was to
allow all adult black males to vote.
What group finally decided the presidential race in 1876 in favor of the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes?
an appointed electoral commission composed of a majority of Republicans
Northerners who came south in the aftermath of the Civil War to introduce reforms or capitalize on opportunities were known as
carpetbaggers.
The policy that President Lincoln established toward slaves abandoned by owners on sea islands along the southern coast
declared them liberated.
What group had the most to gain from the Banks Plan?
established planters, who obtained guaranteed labor for little cost
Under the sharecrop system,
family units often worked the land.
According to the Banks Plan,
former slaves signed year-long contracts and earned a small percentage of the crop, or $3 per month
Most blacks who held elected office in southern states during Reconstruction
had been free in the prewar period.
Under the sharecrop system,
landowners provided land, tools, seed, and work animals.
Military voting registrars
registered more blacks than whites in the South.
What is meant by the term "redemption"?
restoration of local, white control in former Confederate states
Southern whites who collaborated with Republicans during Reconstruction were called what?
scalawags
Southerners who collaborated with northerners after the Civil War were known as
scalawags
What labor system for former slaves developed soon after plantation owners reclaimed their land after the Civil War?
sharecrop system
What system developed to employ former slaves in agricultural jobs in the South?
sharecropping
What was considered the only legal method of emancipation prior to ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment?
state emancipation
Part of the "gospel of prosperity" advocated by southern Republicans involved
tax abatements to corporations doing business in the South
Why did Congress create the Freedmen's Bureau in 1865?
to assist in the distribution of confiscated land to former slaves
What was the principal goal of terrorist organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan?
to restore white supremacy in the South
What percentage of voters in 1860 did President Lincoln require to swear loyalty to the Union before initiating Reconstruction in a state?
10 percent
What group formed the backbone of the Republican Party in the South during Reconstruction?
African Americans
According to the Black Codes enacted by southern legislatures,
African Americans were guaranteed full and equal civil rights.
What criticism did Radical Republicans have of the Freedmen's Bureau?
Agents sided with landowners against the interests of freed people too often.
Other than the Freedman's Bureau, what group sent educators to the South to teach literacy skills to former slaves?
American Missionary Association
What group first organized educators to teach literacy skills to former slaves?
American Missionary Association
What laws passed by southern legislatures attempted to establish rules for former slaves?
Black Codes
What criticism did southern whites have of the Freedmen's Bureau?
Bureau agents kept them from complete domination of freed people.
The directors of what corporation bribed congressmen to obtain railroad construction funds?
Credit Mobilier
Who headed the Freedmen's Bureau?
General Oliver Otis Howard
Who led the Freedmen's Bureau?
General Oliver Otis Howard
Who was the Democratic Party's nominee for president in 1872?
Horace Greeley
What did the Reconstruction of Act of March 2, 1867, provide?
It established former Confederate states as territories and divided them into military districts
Other than getting laborers to work their land, how did the sharecrop system benefit landowners?
It reduced their risk when cotton prices were low.
Why did Radicals call for the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson?
Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act
What was the model for "redeeming" southern states from Republican control?
Mississippi Plan
What was the first significant postwar attempt to organize working people into a labor organization?
National Labor Union
What effect did reports of violence against freed people have on Congress?
Moderate Republicans were radicalized.
Those who advocated a harsh peace for the South and citizenship for former slaves were called what?
Radical Republicans
What did the Republican Party's nomination of Ulysses Grant for president in 1868 signify?
a retreat of the Republican Party from radicalism