Chp 2: Culture

Different groups express agency in different ways. Consider these images and select those that show people expressing their agency.

1st and 2nd (farm and crowd with flags)

In 2018, the average American carried ___credit cards, and U.S. credit card debt was $799 billion, an average of $___per household.

2.25, 8,733

Identify each statement about epigenetics as accurate, or not.

Accurate Statement(s) Individuals are continually adapting and evolving, even within a lifetime. Environmental factors sometimes directly affect the expression of genes. Not Accurate Statement(s) Environmental factors shape the lives of individuals, but not at the level of genes. True genetic change requires very small changes over many generations.

Match the anthropologist to his or her influential book.

Coming of Age in Samoa (1928) Margaret Mead Patterns of Culture (1934) Ruth Benedict Primitive Culture (1871) Edward Tylor

In 2003, a debate emerged in France over the right of Muslim girls to wear headscarves to public schools. Despite protests, such as the one depicted in this image, a law was passed in 2004 banning religious clothing in public schools. Identify the concepts these events and the image illustrate.

Concepts Illustrated power stratification agency Not Concepts Illustrated cosmopolitanism

Although culture takes many forms worldwide, we can recognize shared characteristics of culture as a concept. Identify the statements that describe culture.

Describes Culture Culture is learned and shared. Culture is a system. Does Not Describe Culture Culture applies to large groups only. Culture remains the same across generations.

Who first defined the concept of culture and ascribed its importance to anthropology?

Edward Tylor

Globalization has a tremendous impact on cultures worldwide, whether they are large or small. Identify the effects of globalization.

Effect of Globalization homogenization increased cosmopolitanism global flow of culture Not an Effect of Globalization trade

Identify the elements of culture.

Element of Culture values norms symbols mental maps of reality Not an Element of Culture genes

Italian political philosopher Antonio Gramsci described two aspects of power: material power and hegemony. Identify the following situations as examples of either hegemony or material power.

Example of Hegemony The media shapes what people think is normal, natural, and possible. the low number of interracial marriages in the United States, despite legal changes permitting it Example of Material Power people being controlled by government authorities using brute force against them the banning of headscarves in schools by the French government

Mental maps of reality classify and assign meaning to people and things. Identify the examples of mental maps of reality.

Example of a Mental Map of Reality race time Not an Example of a Mental Map of Reality money privacy

Culture is taught formally and informally. Identify the following sources as providing either formal or informal instruction.

Formal Instruction schools churches Informal Instruction the media social events

Identify each example of enculturation as a formal process or an informal process.

Formal Process Schools require children to sit at desks and raise hands to speak. Children learn Mandarin Chinese from their teacher. Informal Process Children learn vocabulary from listening to parents and siblings talk at home. Children develop songs and games together as they play.

Cultural values are not fixed and are often debated. Match the conflicting values to the country where they are widely contested.

India modesty vs. public displays of affection China economic growth vs. pollution United States privacy vs. security

Identify the following examples as either norms or values.

Norms laws about smoking shaking hands in greeting Values freedom of speech equal economic opportunity for all

In the aftermath of the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, survivors and students began to organize. They marched, organized, lobbied, and generated a mass movement on social media. Identify each policy initiative as one that organizers pushed the Florida legislature to adopt, or not.

Pushed Legislature to Adopt require a background check before purchasing a gun impose a waiting period for gun purchases raise the minimum age to purchase a gun Did Not Push Legislature to Adopt ban all guns launch a gun buy-back program

Identify the statements about marriage practices in the United States that are supported by the information in the graph.

Shown by Graph U.S. cultural norms still make interracial marriage seem strange. The greatest number of interracial marriages are between whites and Hispanics. Not Shown by Graph More people are marrying outside their race than in the past. Cultural norms do not influence marriage in the United States.

In Pittsburgh in 2018, a white supremacist slaughtered eleven people and injured seven more during a Saturday morning worship service at The Tree of Life synagogue. Match each aspect of culture with the element of this crime that describes it most closely.

The "tree of life" is an important religious image. symbol The gunman believed America should be a purely white nation. value Gun ownership is acceptable and legal in America norm

In many parts of the world, consumerism has become more than an economic activity. It is a way of life, in short, ____. It includes norms, values, beliefs, practices, and institutions that cultivate the ___ consumer goods to enhance one's lifestyle.

a culture, desire to acquire

Which of the following describes how anthropologists describe the primary way humans adapt to and manipulate their physical and social environments, in light of the human evolutionary past?

cultural adaptation has most replaced genetic adaptation

Popular American discourse often assigns biology the primary role in determining who we are. What does anthropological research suggest about what shapes our lives and bodies?

culture and the environment play a powerful role

What does anthropologist Lila Abu-Lughod suggest about the relationship between Egyptian television and cosmopolitanism? Consider this image, a montage of images from a day of Egyptian television programming.

even the egyptian rural poor are participating in socmopolitanism

What does the presence of the McDo rice burger on the McDonald's menu in the Philippines suggest?

global encounters can be modified to reflect local culture

Most anthropologists are ___ approaches that highlight the importance of a genetic inheritance fixed in deep evolutionary time, and are ___ approaches that emphasize the role of culture and the environment in shaping human physical and behavioral diversity.

highly critical of, supportive of

Cross-examination and critique of new theories and data drive discovery in the scientific community. When an anthropologist devises a new theory or approach, colleagues often offer up critiques that help the entire scientific community move forward. Match each anthropological approach to its critique.

ignores power dynamics interpretivist approach too general and racist unilineal cultural evolution ignores the dynamics of conflict, tension, and change within a society structural functionalism

Migration contributes and perpetuates the global flow of culture. Place the events in contemporary globalization in chronological order.

people migrate and take their cultural beliefs with them people practice their cultural belief in their new countries people travel back to their homelands to visit friends and family people bring new cultural practices to their homelands from their adopted countries

___, the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence, is often reflected in ___, the uneven distribution of resources and privileges in a society.

power, stratification

Advertising perpetuates the cycle of consumerism and the consumer culture in the West. Place the activities in the most logical order in the cycle of consumerism depicted here, starting with a person seeing an advertisement on television.

right to left: desire the lifestyle depicted in commercials, buy porducts we cannot afford, accumulate credit card debt, work more, make more money

Edward Burnett Tylor and James Frazer believed in the idea of unilineal cultural evolution, a theory that suggested culture evolved in one direction. They identified the following stages, which they believed all cultures passed through. Place the stages in order according to their theory, from most simple to most complex.

savage, barbarian, civilized

Recently, scientific researchers have been delving into how culture and human behavior are affected by our DNA. One field that studies genes is the field of epigenetics. Identify the correct description of what the field of epigenetics studies.

the ways in which gene expression is influenced by a person's environment

Anthropologists are constantly developing new approaches to studying and analyzing society and culture. Match the anthropological approaches to their correct definitions.

theory that all cultures naturally evolve from simple to complex unilineal cultural evolution a framework in which culture is a symbolic system of deep meaning interpretivist approach idea that cultures develop in specific ways due to their histories historical particularism a framework in which each element of society serves a particular function structural functionalism

Select the highlighted phrases that represent true statements about firearms in the United States.

thirty percent of individuals, More people have died in gun-related deaths since 1968 than died in all wars in US history

Match the anthropologists to the approaches that they developed or supported.

unilineal cultural evolution Edward Tylor interpretivist approach Clifford Geertz historical particularism Franz Boas