Chpt 10 Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood (questions)

The term that developmentalists increasingly use to refer to both child abuse and neglect and the diverse conditions under which they occur is child abuse. neglect. maltreatment. punishment.

maltreatment.

According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing? (Select all that apply) Social loafing Division of labor Gender stereotyping Social hierarchy

Division of labor Social hierarchy

Authoritarian parenting lacks which of the following? Punishment Dialogue between parent and child Restrictions on the child Directives from parent to child

Dialogue between parent and child

Using the term child maltreatment in place of child abuse acknowledges the fact that maltreatment includes diverse conditions. financial requirements. a social impact. personal influence.

diverse conditions.

The majority of children in divorced families ______ adjustment problems. do not have significant suffer from have no have major

do not have significant

On average, siblings between the ages of 2 and 4 have a conflict once every 10 minutes. 30 minutes. hour. 2 hours.

10 minutes.

Self-conscious emotions develop around the age of 12 months. 18 months. 2 1/2 years. 3 1/2 years.

18 months.

By what age do most children acquire a sense of being male or female? 2 years 4 years 5 years 7 years

2 years

Match the age to the stage in Piaget's theory of moral development. 4 to 7 years of age 7 to 10 years of age 10 years of age and older Autonomous morality Transition between the two stages Heteronomous morality

4 to 7 years of age: Heteronomous morality 7 to 10 years of age: Transition between the two stages 10 years of age and older: Autonomous morality

Between what ages do sibling conflicts tend to decrease in frequency? 1 to 3 years of age 2 to 4 years of age 4 to 5 years of age 5 to 7 years of age

5 to 7 years of age

Approximately how many U.S. children are victims of child abuse? 50,000 100,000 700,000 1 million

700,000

Custodial ______ (mothers/fathers) experience a much more substantial loss of their predivorce income, in comparison with custodial ______ (mothers/fathers).

Blank 1: mothers Blank 2: fathers

Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply) Egocentric behavior due to inflated self-worth Cheerfulness and self-control Self-reliance and achievement orientation Friendliness with peers

Cheerfulness and self-control Self-reliance and achievement orientation Friendliness with peers

What is by far the most common form of child maltreatment? Physical abuse Emotional abuse Sexual abuse Child neglect

Child neglect

What are the four main types of child maltreatment? Spanking Child neglect Physical abuse Sexual abuse Emotional abuse

Child neglect Physical abuse Sexual abuse Emotional abuse

Match the type of child maltreatment with the correct definition or example. Child neglect Emotional abuse Physical abuse Sexual abuse Incest, rape, or fondling of genitals. Psychological, verbal, or mental acts or omissions that could cause serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems. Infliction of physical injury. Failure to provide for child's basic needs.

Child neglect: Failure to provide for a child's basic needs Emotional abuse: Psychological, verbal, or mental acts or omissions that could cause serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems Physical abuse: Infliction of physical injury Sexual abuse: Incest, rape, or fondling of genitals

Which of the following factors influence the risk of and vulnerability to negative consequences of divorce for a child? (Select all that apply) Child's personality and temperament Length of parents' marriage Child's outside interests Child's predivorce adjustment Custody situation

Child's personality and temperament Child's predivorce adjustment Custody situation

Negative consequences of divorce are more likely to occur in which of the following? (Select all that apply) Children who are not socially mature Children who are not responsible Children who have easy-going temperament Children who do not have an easy temperament

Children who are not socially mature Children who are not responsible Children who do not have an easy temperament

What two executive functions are most called on when children engage in perspective taking? (Select all that apply) Cognitive inhibition Emotion regulation Cognitive flexibility Self-monitoring Attention

Cognitive inhibition Cognitive flexibility

Research has shown some children from divorced families are more likely to have which of the following? (Select all that apply) Drug issues Depression Secure attachments Academic problems High self-worth Anxiety

Drug issues Depression Academic problems Anxiety

Which of the following theories states that children appraise marital conflict in terms of their sense of security and safety in the family? Emotional security theory Psychodynamic theory Cognitive theory Social-cultural theory

Emotional security theory

Which of the following are among the possible biological influences in gender development? (Select all that apply) Evolution Chromosomes Hormones Observation and imitation Socialization

Evolution Chromosomes Hormones

Which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents? (Select all that apply) Failure to initiate activity Anxiety about comparing themselves with others Unhappiness and fear Weak communication skills Immaturity and lack of self-control

Failure to initiate activity Anxiety about comparing themselves with others Unhappiness and fear Weak communication skills

T or F Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home.

False Reason: Children of working mothers are more egalitarian and less likely to engage in gender stereotyping.

T or F When it comes to parenting and child development, the most important factor is the quantity of time that parents spend with children.

False Reason: It is not just the quantity of time parents spend with children that is important for development—the quality of the parenting is also very important.

T or F To be classified as child maltreatment, harm to the child from physical abuse must be intentional.

False Reason: The parent or other person may not intend to hurt the child, but it is child maltreatment nonetheless.

Most child maltreatment in the U.S. is done by whom? Friends Strangers Extended family Parents

Parents

Who do young children identify with most during the initiative-versus-guilt stage? Siblings Teachers Friends Parents

Parents

According to Erikson's developmental stages, which emotion lowers self-esteem in young children? Jealousy Fear Anger Guilt

Guilt

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions? Guilt Embarrassment Tear Pride Shame

Guilt Embarrassment Pride Shame

Which of the following are possible reasons that parents should stay in unhappy, conflicted marriages? If parenting would become more inept after the divorce If conflict between the couple would increase after the divorce If conflict among family members would increase after the divorce If children would have to move out of their neighborhood after the divorce

If parenting would become more inept after the divorce If conflict between the couple would increase after the divorce If conflict among family members would increase after the divorce

In which parenting style are parents highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them? Indulgent Authoritative Neglectful Authoritarian

Indulgent

Among ______, the authoritarian style does not appear to suppress child development, but encourages a sense of self and identity that are embedded in the family and require respect and obedience. African Americans Native Americans non-Latino whites Latinos

Latinos

Children who exhibit the poorest adjustment to parental divorce are those that have been involved in how many parental divorces? None One Multiple

Multiple

Which of the following are characteristic of children raised by indulgent parents? (Select all that apply) Noncompliance Difficulty with self-control Lack of respect for others Fear and low self-esteem

Noncompliance Difficulty with self-control Lack of respect for others

Which of the following is characterized by the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person? Self-understanding Perspective taking Mind reading Role reversal

Perspective taking

A child who uses a hairbrush as a microphone while singing is engaging in what type of play? Practice Social Pretense/symbolic Constructive

Pretense/symbolic

What type of play are children engaging in if they pick up a building block and pretend to be talking on the phone? Interactive Pretense/symbolic Parallel Practice

Pretense/symbolic

After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotion? Self-defeating Self-conscious Raw Moral

Self-conscious

Which of the following are characteristic of children whose parents are neglectful? (Select all that apply) Social incompetence Inability to handle independence Prosocial behavior Immaturity Self-control Low self-esteem

Social incompetence Inability to handle independence Immaturity Low self-esteem

Which key elements are important to improving the adjustment of children of divorce? The use of the authoritative parenting style Being sure the divorced parents live within close proximity to one another A harmonious relationship between the divorced parents Multiple daily phone contact between the children and the out-of-home parent

The use of the authoritative parenting style A harmonious relationship between the divorced parents

Which of the following is true of the problems seen in children from divorced homes? Their problems may be the result of the marital conflict that led to the divorce. The actual separation of parents is usually the genesis of the problems. Their problems tend to go away once they are no longer subject to the marital conflict. Their problems do not arise until divorce is imminent.

Their problems may be the result of the marital conflict that led to the divorce.

Which of the following are important functions of peer relationships? (Select all that apply) To provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family To provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities To isolate and punish children who may be antisocial, violent, or withdrawn To reinforce parental judgments and discipline styles

To provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family To provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities

T or F Gender-typing is fueled by gender schemas.

True

T or F One of the most important functions of peer relations during childhood is to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.

True

T or F Few developments in society in the past 50 years have had a greater impact on children than television, digital gaming, and the Internet.

True Reason: The persuasive capabilities of television, gaming apps, and the Internet are staggering.

Which of the following most characterizes authoritative parenting? Punitive style Limited demands and controls Verbal give-and-take Demands for respect for parental work and effort

Verbal give-and-take

The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other. dictatorship; democracy acceptance; demand allowance; demand acceptance; possessiveness

acceptance; demand

According to Freud and Erikson, play helps the child master language and communication. exploration and creative thought. anxieties and conflicts. centration and conservation.

anxieties and conflicts.

Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others. authoritative authoritarian indulgent neglectful

authoritarian

According to Baumrind, children whose parents are ______, are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, and achievement oriented.

authoritative

With few exceptions, ______ parenting has been associated with child competence in research across a wide range of ethnic groups, social strata, cultures, and family structures. authoritative authoritarian indulgent neglectful

authoritative

Heteronomous moralists judge the righteousness or goodness of behavior by the convenience of the action. whether or not they agree with the rule. considering its consequences. the intentions of the actor.

considering its consequences.

According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ social roles of women and men. contrasting competitive evolutionary inherited

contrasting

With regard to quick-fix parenting strategies, they have successfully reinvented parenting. good parenting takes time and effort. they recognize the time-honored strategies of parenting. good parenting can be done quickly and conveniently.

good parenting takes time and effort.

According to Freud, the foundation of moral behavior is suppressed sexual urges. the combination of parental support and biological foundations. the need to be loved and admired. guilt and the desire to avoid feeling guilty.

guilt and the desire to avoid feeling guilty.

Children of indulgent parents often have difficulty controlling their own behavior. show patterns of truancy and delinquency. demonstrate more compliance than other children. are more respectful of others.

have difficulty controlling their own behavior.

According to Baumrind, the ______ parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.

indulgent

Recent research has shown that gender differences have a ______ pronounced and ______ consistent impact on a child's adjustment to divorce than previously believed. more; less less; less more; more less; more

less; less

After a divorce, each of the following is more likely to be experienced by mothers than fathers except increased workload. loss in predivorce income. job instability. loss of child custody.

loss of child custody.

Compared with what was previously thought, research now shows that young children are more psychologically aware of themselves but not others. less psychologically aware of themselves and others. more psychologically aware of others but not themselves. more psychologically aware of themselves and others.

more psychologically aware of themselves and others.

Freud believed children began to develop gender identities around the age of 5 or 6; developmentalists believe gender-typing occurs at birth. around the same time. much later. much earlier.

much earlier.

Research indicates that it is the ______ of parents' work that has the greatest impact on children's development, not whether one parent or both parents work outside the home. newness frequency opportunity nature

nature

Children raised by _____ parents tend to have poor self-control, low self-esteem, and have trouble with peer relationships and immaturity.

neglectful

Running, jumping, sliding, and throwing balls are examples of games. constructive play. social play. practice play.

practice play.

Many experts on play consider the ______ years the "golden age" of symbolic/pretense play. middle school elementary school preschool high school

preschool

Social play increases dramatically during the ______ years. high school middle school elementary school preschool

preschool

According to Erikson, as a young child's conscience governs initiative, feelings of guilt negatively impact social desirability. body image. self-esteem. academic performance.

self-esteem.

Freud believed preschool children developed a(n) ______ the opposite-sex parent. cognitive likeness with psychological dependency upon sexual attraction to emotional repulsion for

sexual attraction to

According to social cognitive theory, one of the main keys to gender development is the interaction between the child and the gender schema. social environment. social schema. genetic environment.

social environment.

With the rate of employment for mothers on the rise in the United States, statistics show that one of every ______ mothers with children under the age of 5 is in the labor force. two three four five

two

The psychoanalytic theory purports that gender typing occurs in response to rewards and punishment of imitation behavior. because of biology. unconsciously. before birth.

unconsciously.