CHRL Studying - HRPA Classes
A typical tree planter should be able to plant thirty trees in an hour. You have determined the average amount of money a worker with the skills and abilities to plant trees should earn hourly is $18. What is the straight piece rate paid to your employees?
$0.60
defined benefit plan
pension plan that guarantees a specified level of retirement income (favourable to long-term employees, but employer costs are unknown; explicit benefit plan easily communicated)
Compensable factor: Responsibility
the extent to which an employer depends on the employee to perform the job as expected (decision-making authority, impact of failure, ability to perform tasks without supervision)
What is Strategy?
the formulation of organizational missions, goals, objectives, and action plans for achievement that explicitly recognizes the competition and impact of external forces
Information Technology
the hardware and software, including networking and communication technologies involved in storing, retrieving, and transmitting information
modified union shop
the individuals who were bargaining unit members at the time of certification are not obliged to join the union but must still pay due; all subsequently hired employees must join
Big data
the integration of digitized data from multiple sources and in multiple formats. This can be structured (organized into columns and rows) or unstructured (text documents, email messages, presentations, videos, etc.)
Compensable factor: Effort
the measurement of the physical, mental, or emotional exertion needed to perform a job (complexity of tasks, problem solving, degree of assistance available, etc.)
explicit knowledge
the more objective, rational, and technical types of knowledge (e.g. copyrights, patents)
Collective bargaining
the negotiation process through which the terms and conditions of employment for unionized staff are determined
Replacement Analysis
the process of finding employee for key managerial positions. All about NUMBERS and LETTERS. numbers(when would you be ready e.g. 1 = in 1 year) and letters (ABC—A is great; B is good/okay; C is eh). So top candidate would be 1A
Acquisition
the purchase of one company by another
Industrial relations
the study of employment relationships and issues, often in unionized workplaces
Andragogy
the study of teaching adults
Employee relations
the study of the employment relationship between employers and individual employees, usually in nonunion settings
What is the main purpose of the HRIS?
to provide accurate and timely information to 'users' of the system
Merger
two organizations combine resources and become one
pay bands
used as a broader term that encompasses several pay grades. They are used to distinguish the level of compensation given to certain ranges of jobs.
profit-sharing plan
variable pay plans requiring a corporate profit target to be met before any payouts occur
Preventive Mediation
where parties seek to improve communication and develop problem-solving mechanisms
Human capital theory
The collective sum of employees' attributes, experience, knowledge, and commitment invested in the organization
Individual Spot Awards
-Viewed as highly or moderately effective -Awarded for exceptional performance
Organizational effectiveness
The concept of how effective an organization is in achieve the outcomes the organization intends to produce
Scenario Planning Process
1. Develop scenarios e.g. examine environment, key trends and uncertainties. 2. Develop strategies to match each scenario. 3. Identify core competences that are required for each scenario. 4. Use of strategies developed if key trends and uncertainties turn out to be true.
Instructional System Design Model
1. Needs Analysis (organizational, task, and person analysis); 2. Training Design and Delivery (objectives, content, methods, and principles); 3. Training Evaluation (criteria, design)
Arbitration Process
1. Submission 2. Hearing (the sides state their case) 3. Award (legally binding)
Lewin's Change Model
1. Unfreezing (initial problem identification) 2. Changing (action planning and implementation, and assessment) 3. Refreezing (reinforcing the change--assessment, ongoing monitoring, learning from process)
If turnover was 5% last year and is now 7.5%, how much did the turnover increase?
50%. There is a 2.5% difference between 5 and 7.5. 2.5 is half of 5, therefore it increased by 50%
How many main pictograms are there within WHMIS?
9
Low-cost leader strategy
overall low-cost provider of a product/service that appeals to a broad range of customers (e.g. Walmart)
Management Rights Clause
A clause in a collective bargaining contract that gives management the right to control products and services the company makes or delivers, and the right to determine the method and use of employee discipline
open shop
A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment, but requires all members to pay dues
Return on Investment (ROI)
A comparison of the cost of a training program relative to its benefits. This involves dividing the net benefit by the cost of the training program.
Income statement
A financial statement showing the revenue and expenses for a fiscal period.
Balance sheet
A financial statement that reports assets, liabilities, and owner's equity on a specific date.
Bankruptcy (restructuring strategy)
A formal procedure in which an appointed trustee in bankruptcy takes possession of a business' assets and disposes of them in an orderly fashion
Rucker Plan
A gain-sharing plan where a ratio is calculated that expresses the value of production required for each dollar of total wage bill
Nominal Group Technique
A group decision-making method in which individual members meet face to face to pool their judgments
Job Family
A group of individual jobs with similar characteristics (e.g. marketing, office support, technical)
job
A group of tasks performed by one person that makes up the total work assignment of that person (e.g. CSR)
Utility analysis
A method of determining the gain or loss that results from different approaches (i.e. it evaluates the pros and cons of two or more different options)
defined contribution plan
A pension plan that establishes the basis on which an employer will contribute to the pension fund (favourable to short-term employees, and employer costs are known up front; unknown benefit level is difficult to communicate)
Delphi Technique
A process in which the forecasts and judgments of a selected group of experts are solicited and summarized to determine future HR demand, through questionnaires (long process)
union shop
A provision found in some collective bargaining agreements requiring all employees of a business to join the union within a short period, usually 30 days, and to remain members as a condition of employment.
Culture
A set of important belief's that members of a community share
Asymmetric Information
A strike theory. Parties may strike or lockout as a way to see if the other side is bluffing in negotiations
Total Joint Cost Theory
A strike theory. Strikes are more likely to happen when the cost of the strike is relatively low for both parties (i.e. neither party cares much if a strike happens)
Accident Theory
A strike theory. Strikes are the result of errors made at the bargaining table; misunderstanding of bargaining goals (e.g. maybe the union reps come with one goal but the group they represent did not want those goals)
Self-Service
A technology platform that enables employees and managers to access and modify their data via a web browser from a desktop or centralized kiosk
Mental Model
A way we interpret knowledge; mental models are deeply engrained assumptions that influence how we understand the world and take action
Lost-time injury
A workplace injury that results in the employee missing time from work
What are some programs that can be offered to employees to help adjust to job loss?
Advance notification of layoffs; severance pay and extended benefits; education and retraining programs; outplacement assistance
What is the succession management process?
Align plans with business strategy, identify skills needed, identify high-potential employees, provide development opportunities, monitor
HRPA rules of Professional Conduct apply to which groups?
All members of HRPA, whether they are responsible for HRM policies for organization or act as a consultant to an organization, whether as employees or as independent practitioners
grievance
An alleged violation of the collective agreement and a claim for redress of any damages
Retained earnings
An amount earned by a corporation and not yet distributed to stockholders.
Skills and management inventories
An individualized personnel record for managers that include all elements in the skills inventory with the addition of info on specialized duties
Labour relations
The study of employment relationships and issues between groups of employees (usually in unions) and management; also known as union-management relations.
learning organization
An organization skilled at creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge, and at modifying its behavior to reflect new knowledge and insights. (it is constant, continuous, and consistent)
Movement analysis
Analyze personnel supply, specifically the ripple effect that promotions or job losses have on the movement pattern of employees
What is an expatriate?
Any individual who gives up residence in his/her home country to take up residence in a foreign country
Collective Agreements
Are the results of the collective bargaining process. The primary function is to set out terms and conditions of employment. It regulates the relationships between workers, unions and management
Regression Analysis
Assumes that a linear relationship exists between one or more independent (casual or predictor) variables which are predicted to affect the dependent (criterion) variable, future HR demand for human capital
Supply
Availability; the source of workers to meet demand requirements
Broadbanding
Combining several salary grades or job classifications with narrow pay ranges into one band with a wider salary spread. The purpose is to provide more flexibility to manage career growth and administer pay
What is the purpose of the Personal Information Protection and Electronics Document Act (PIPEDA)?
To lay out how organizations must handle the personal information of its employees and customers
What are the 7 main principles in the Code of Ethics?
Competence, Legal Requirements, Dignity in the Workplace, Balancing Interests, Confidentiality, Conflict of Interest, and Professional growth and support
5C Model of HRM Impact
Compliance (with laws in regards to what data and records need to be kept); Client Satisfaction (internal and external); Culture Management; Cost Control (ROI/ROE); Contribution
What are the worker's responsibilities in regards to OHSA?
Complying with OSHA; properly using safety gear; reporting hazards; reporting contraventions of the act
What are the four C's for downsizing?
Comprehensive planning, communication, credibility, and compassion
We have a demand of 300 individuals. Our supply is 250 individuals. Are we in a surplus or deficit?
Deficit
Rules of Professional Conduct
Define member behaviours, the 'dos and donts' of professional practice
Tight labour market
Demand is high but supply is low
Host-based policy (compensation policy option)
Employee gets paid same as host country counterpart
Region-based policy (compensation policy option)
Employee gets paid the same as region they are in
What is the difference between employee relations and industrial relations?
Employee is usually nonunion; industrial is usually union
What is an example of a soft goal?
Employee satisfaction
Home-based policy (compensation policy option)
Employee will not lose money when at host country
Equity/Human Rights Legislation
Basic purpose is to prevent discrimination. Bona fide occupational qualification allows employers to legally discriminate
What are the employer's responsibilities under the OHSA?
Ensuring equipment is provided and properly maintained; appointing a competent supervisor; informing workers of possible hazards; posting OSHA; preparing and maintaining H&S policy and reviewing it annually
What are the supervisor's responsibilities under the OHSA?
Ensuring workers comply with OHSA; ensuring workers wear safety equipment; advising workers of hazards; providing written instructions; taking every reasonable precaution to ensure protection of workers
What are the four types of knowledge acquisition?
Environmental scanning, formal learning (training and development), informal learning (by trial and error, spontaneous and task-specific; 70% of employees learn this way), and communities of practice
What are the four factors in hazard identification?
Ergonomic, Human (this one is #1 in errors regarding hazards), Situational, Environmental
What are the steps in strategic planning process?
Establish the mission/vision/values; Develop objectives; Analyze external environment (SWOT); Determine the competitive position; Identify the competitive advantage; Implement the strategy; Evaluate
Ethics
Ethics entails making decisions about what is acceptable and unacceptable with regard to an organization's people and process
Red-circle rates
payment rates above the maximum of the pay range (think of a traffic light. red light is top. green circle is bottom which means Lagging)
What are the four levels of data?
Level 1 Basic Data (number of positions; headcounts); Level 2 Operational Data (training days, number of grievances); Level 3 Employee data (levels of engagement, turnover); Level 4 Organizational data (correlations between turnover and sales; between engagement and unit performance)
What are the five levels of training analysis?
Level 1: Reactions Level 2: Learning Level 3: Behaviours Level 4: Results Level 5: ROI
On a balance sheet, where is HR payroll listed under?
Liabilities/expenses
What smethods would you use for short term, mid term, and long term?
Markov analysis and movement analysis = long term; trend analysis = mid term. delphi technique = short term
Occupational illness
any abnormal condition or disorder caused by exposure to environmental factors associated with employment
hazard
any condition or changing set of circumstances that has potential to cause an injury
What is the difference between case study and case incident?
Case study is a "What if" scenario. Case incident is based off something that did happen
Aligning HR strategy with business strategy can be done in a number of ways. Which is considered the best method?
Combination of both in a form of a reciprocal relationship
Expatriates (expats)
any individual who gives up residence in his/her home country to take up residence in a foreign country either temporarily or permanently
How many hours does a full-time equivalent (FTE) mean?
Depends on how the company defines it. One employee working a full-time schedule or several people fulfilling the duties of 1 full-time position is FTE.
Personal Information Protection and Electronics Act
Describes how organizations must handle the personal information of its employees and its customers (governs public sector and federally regulated)
What are the steps in forecasting?
Determine demand requirements, assess internal supply, determine the net demand requirements that must be met from external supply sources (i.e. is the org in a surplus or deficit), develop HR plans and programs to address surplus or deficit
According to the HRPA Competency Framework, Organizational Effectiveness can be described as...
Developing potential initiatives that align culture and values with organizational strategy
Broad differentiation strategy
Differentiate the product offerings from rivals' that appeal to a broad range of buyers
Compensable factor: Working conditions
Difficult or unhealthy aspects of the conditions in which the work is done (i.e. hazards, stress)
Knowledge dissemination
Distribution and sharing of knowledge.
What are the four types of corporate growth stratgies?
Domestic strategy, Multidomestic strategy, Multinational strategy, Global strategy
What are some environmental factors to consider when formulating strategy?
Economic climate; globalization; political factors; technological factors; demographic factors; social/cultural factors
What is the difference between efficiency and effectiveness in metrics?
Efficiency is usually tied to a metric (a number). Effectiveness is how happy we feel about something
ADDIE model
Five-step instructional design process that governs the development of learning programs. Analysis/Design/Develop/Implement/Evaluate
Event-based forecasting
Forecasting concerned with changes in the external environment (e.g. COVID-19, recessions, etc.)
Process-based forecasting
Forecasting not focused on a specific internal organizational event but on the flow or sequencing of several work activities
Transaction-based Forecasting
Forecasting that focuses on tracking internal change instituted by the organization's managers (e.g. I do not need XYZ project, so this project group is not needed)
Trend Analysis
Forecasts labor demand through historical changes in an organizational index such as sales.
structural capital
Formal systems and informal relationships that allow employees to communicate, solve problems, and make decisions (e.g. processes and policies; organizational chart)
ABC Company merged with XYZ organization. ABC wants to do a sales training program for XYZ. Would you recommend a formal or informal approach?
Formal, because the company wants to give the information now
Accident
any unwanted event that causes harm to people, property, or processes
Employment Equity
Four targeted groups: women, aboriginal, disabled, and visible minorities. The purpose is to correct imbalances of occupational segregation
gain sharing plans
Groups of employees share in any savings realized through their efforts to reduce costs and increase productivity. Three different types: Scanlon, Rucker plan, and Improshare
Internal fit (effective HR strat component)
HR must fit with other internal functional areas, such as marketing, and among all HR programs
Organizational fit (effective HR strat component)
HR programs must align with overall strategy of the org
Headcount Ratio
HR to employee ratio. For example if you have 1000 employees and 10 people in HR, you have 1 to 100.
What recruitment option should a company use when implementing a Polycentric HRM approach?
Host country nationals
What are the four types of intellectual capital?
Human Capital (KSAs), Renewal Capital (intellectual property), Structural Capital (formal systems and informal relationships that allow employees to communicate and solve problems); Relationship Capital (org's relationship with supplies, customers, and competitors)
Strategic International Human Resources Management
Human resource management issues, functions, policies, and practices that result from the strategic activities of multinational enterprises and that affect the international concerns and goals of these enterprises
Workplace Label
Identifies WHMIS class of the material. This is required when the product is removed from its original contained to be used or distributed.
How should you identify risks?
Identify, assess, develop strategies, implementation and communication, and monitor. Must involve EVERYONE.
Domestic strategy
In a canadian (domestic) market
What is the difference between mentoring and coaching?
In mentoring the focus is narrower and focused on the career development of junior employees. Participation is generally voluntary in mentoring. Mentoring involves giving advice/counselling whereas Coaching tells the junior employee what to do
What are the three types of grievances?
Individual (only applies to one person); Group (a combination of similar grievances seeking a common redress); and Policy (question of interpretation of agreement and applies to all members)
Occupational injury
Injury that results from a work-related accident in the work environment (e.g. a cut, fracture, sprain)
What does the midpoint represent in the compensation system?
It represents the midpoint to the minimum and maximum in a pay grade (Not band).
What are the three job evaluation methods?
Job ranking (raters arrange jobs according to value to the company); Job classification (grades are defined to describe a group of jobs); Point method (numerical values are assigned to specific job components, sum of values provides quantitative assessment of job's worth)
Polycentric
Key management positions are claimed by people from the host country
Kirkpatrick's Hierarchical Model
LI. Trainees report positive reactions to a training program (Level 1 = Reactions) L2. Trainees learn the training material (Level 2 = learning). L3. Trainees apply what they learn in training on the job (Level 3 = behaviours]. L4. Training has a positive effect on organizational outcomes (Level 4 = results]. Level 5 refers to return on investment (ROI], which is designed to assess the financial benefit of training to the organization (e.g. increased productivity, reduced costs)
Why measure Human Resources Metrics?
Labour costs are most often a firm's largest controllable cost.
direct labour costs
Labour costs that can be specifically and exclusively identified with a particular product
How would you address surplus at a company?
Layoffs, job sharing, hiring freeze
What is the difference between Lead, Lag, and Match?
Lead = ahead of market pay; Match = average pay of competitors; Lag = behind average market pay rates
Off-the-job instructional methods (training)
Lecture, discussion, case study, audio-visual methods, case incident, behaviour modeling, role play, games, simulations, action learning
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS)
Legislation is based on 3 elements: labels (designed to alert worker of the hazardous product); Safety Data Sheets (outlining products ingredients and procedures for safe handling); Employee training
practice standards
Mandatory (shall/must words); are recommended guidelines for members to follow but may not depending on the situation
Which forecasting techniques are for supply?
Markov Analysis, Linear Programming, skills and management inventories, succession analysis, movement analysis, vacancy models
What is the difference between mean, median, and mode?
Mean is the average. Median is the middle number. Mode is the number that appears most often.
Mentoring
Method in which a senior member of an organization takes a personal interest in the career of a junior member
Emergency Preparedness
Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery
What must HRM professionals do?
Must adhere to any statutory acts, regulations or by laws which relate to the field HRM, as well as civil and criminal laws regulations and statutes that apply in their jurisdiction
Return on Equity (ROE)
Net Income/Total Equity
International growth
New customers/markets internationally
Incremental growth
New products/services, bit by bit growth
Is a grievance a violation?
No, it is an ALLEGED violation and claim for redress of any damages. It provides a forum for resolution of disputes.
Which forecasting technique provides a long-run qualitative forecast where experts meet and give their assessments about the future?
Nominal group technique
Which demand forecasting technique would you use to determine your requirements over the next 1-2 weeks?
Nominal group technique as it is quicker
Joint Health and Safety Committees
Non-adversarial atmosphere where management and labour can work together to ensure a safe and healthy workplace
What are the differences in dismissal for unionized and non-unionized workers?
Non-union: may be outright or "constructive." They can take action through ESA or common law through courts. Best outcome is reasonable notice or money in lieu; Unionized: can see redress including reinstatement, cases are handled through the grievance procedure with burden of proof on employer, substantial protection against arbitrary dismissal
What organizational initiative provides a program of counselling and job-search assistance for workers who have been terminated?
Outplacement
Vacancy Models
Over a year, look at compensation level/hierarchy level
What recruitment option should a company use when implementing an Ethnocentric HRM approach?
Parent country nationals
With regards to training, What does the 'itch' refer to?
Perceived training need
Attitudes
Perception or opinions about organizational characteristics
What makes up a training objective?
Performance - what will the trainee be able to do; Condition - tools/times/situation trainees is expected to work with; Criteria - the level of acceptance that performance will be judged
Capital cost allowance
the amount allowed to be deducted from income by tax authorities for deprecation calculation purposes
What are the three stages of hazard control?
Precontact control (before an event); Contact control (during an event); Postcontact control (after an event)
John Smith lied that they have professional liability insurance. Under which competency would that fall?
Professional Practice
What variable pay alternative would be included in an organizational performance pay plan?
Profit-sharing (key word is organizational--this is better for organization-wide)
What are the top two factors in training adults?
Readiness (adults are interested in learning subjects having relevance to their personal/work lives), and Motivation (adults respond better to internal vs external motivators)
Which term refers to the process by which employees on layoff can be rehired?
Recall
practice guidelines
Recommended (should/might words)
What is the difference between recruitment and selection?
Recruitment is sourcing candidates. Selection is hiring/making an offer (including onboarding)
How would you address deficit at a company?
Recruitment, recalling laid-off, recalling retirees
What are the four components of the Rules of Professional Conduct?
Registration; Regulation of Professional Conduct; Complaints, investigations & discipline; Appeals ando ther internal review mechanisms
Risk formula
Risk = probability times consequences times exposure (this is probability of an injury expressed as a percentage... they might assign categories 1,2,3 to the three different areas and rate).
If HR specialists use multiple predictor estimates of the future demand for personnel based on a variety of differing assumptions about how future events will unfold, what type of forecasting technique or analysis are they using?
Scenario forecast
Code of Ethics
Sets out the principles that guide your member conduct and tend to be more directional than specific
What do we offer people who are downsized?
Severance, extended benefits ,education and retraining programs, etc. Look into ESA for this
Regarding professional liability insurance, do HRPA members need to have it?
Shall have professional liability insurance adequate for their situation
enterprise-wide systems
Systems that allow companies to integrate information across operations on a company-wide basis (HRIS can be a part of this--but it would also hold documents and information on processes)
Training Objectives
Statements describing what the trainees should be able to do as the result of training. Example: Trainee will be able to put on a tire (performance) within a 15 minute time frame (condition) and it does not fall off (criteria)
What are the three levels of metrics?
Strategic (e.g. Revenue pet FTE, turnover rates), HR operations (e.g. HR to employee ratio, HR cost, time to fill), and Leading indicators (e.g. leadership survey scores, engagement survey scores, L&D investment per employeee)
Strategy
Strategy is the formulation of organizational missions, goals, objectives and action plans for achievement that explicitly recognizes the competition and the impact of outside environmental forces.
HR Metrics
Summary measures of HR outcomes that are relevant to the performance of the HR function. For example: cost of recruitment, time-to-hire, and turnover rate.
Multidomestic strategy
Supplies two markets/countries
Wagner Act (1935) also known as the National Labor Relations Act
The act states that employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form or join labour organizations, and to collectively bargain through representatives of their choosing. IT also defined unfair labour standards. It was the first major modern US law to deal with the legal issue of workers' employment right as it relates to unions.
pedagogy
The art of teaching children, but can be used for adult too (e.g. learning by listening and doing)
Learning blueprint
The intent is that those who have the qualifications can instruct the course if the original trainer is unable to
human capital
The knowledge, skills, and abilities of employees that have economic value.
Workforce Planning
The overall process of linking workforce strategies to desired business outcomes.
Succession management
The process of ensuring that pools of skilled employees are trained and available to meet the strategic objectives of the organization (key word here is pools)
Key performance indicators (KPIs)
The quantifiable metrics a company uses to evaluate progress toward critical success factors
What are the three basic rights employees have as it related to health and safety?
The right to know (about potential hazards), the right to participate (e.g. reporting unsafe work), the right to refuse unsafe work. Volunteers have these rights as well.
Divestiture (restructuring strategy)
The sale of a division or part of an organization
Liquidation (restructuring strategy)
The termination of a business, plants are closed, and the sale of its assets
cost per hire
The total amount of money spent to fill a job vacancy.
Grievance Mediation
The use of a neutral third party as one step in a grievance procedure. The mediator, in a confidential process, facilitates the parties developing a resolution of the grievance themselves and thus avoiding arbitration.
What is the difference between formal and informal learning?
There are five factors to consider: control, relevance, timing, structure, and outcomes. Informal learning is controlled by the learner, has high relevance, is used immediately, unstructured, and no specific outcomes. Formal learning is controlled by the organization, relevance varies, there is a timing delay between learning and using knowledge, highly structured, and with specific outcomes
strategy implementation
Those activities that employees and managers of an organization undertake to enact the strategic plan, to achieve the performance goals
Multinational strategy
Three or more markets/countries
What is the main purpose of an Human Resource Information Management System (HRIS)?
To provide accurate and timely information to users of the system
On-the-job training
Trainee receives instruction and training at workstation from a supervisor or experienced coworker. Useful for small businesses; often misused with potential transfer of bad habits, unqualified trainer, not well structured
Which section of a lesson plan would include the following statement? "Employees will be able to drive an automobile in a safe manner while following all applicable driving rules"
Training objective
What should the Lesson Plan include?
Training objectives, trainees and instructor, time allocation and location, classroom requirements and seating, training materials and equipment, trainee supplies and handouts
Which forecasting techniques are for demand?
Trend Analysis, regression anaysis, delphi technique, nominal group technique, scenario planning process
What are the four types of corporate restructuring strategies?
Turnaround, Divestiture, Liquidation, and Bankruptcy
John Smith goes into a bank and shoots the security guard. What type of workplace violence would this be?
Type 1, as he has no legitimate relationship to the organization
What are the 4 types of workplace violence?
Type 1: committed by someone with no relationship to the organization, often while committing another criminal act; Type 2: committed by clients or customers of the organization; Type 3: committed by coworkers; Type 4: Committed by spouse or partner of the victim
Sarah Jane works at Walmart and has Saturdays off. On Saturday, she goes into her Walmart and assaults an employee. What type of Violence is this?
Type 3 violence, as it was committed by coworkers.
Asynchronous Learning
Type of e-learning in which participants access information at different times and in different places.
Synchronous learning
Type of e-learning in which participants interact together in real time.
Global strategy
Typically one head office and branch offices that look after strategy within the different zones
Ethnocentric
Typically seen in a domestic going into a multidomestic (belief that key management from parent company is best for the other locations)
What are the three elements of Lewin's Model of Change?
Unfreeze/change/refreeze
Time Series Models
Uses past data to predict future demand; can be a simple moving average or a weighted moving average
What is the overall difference between utility analysis, audit, and benchmarking?
Utility compared gain/loss of different options; Audit measures only one plan against itself (i.e. this is what we predicted would happen, this is what actually happened); Benchmarking compares to other organizations
relationship capital
Value derived from relationships with customers, suppliers, etc.
When can a worker refuse to work?
When any machine or tool is likely to danger themselves or others; the physical condition of the workstation is likely to endanger; if anything contravenes the Act; if workplace violence is likely to harm them;
When can you divulge confidential information?
When required by law and/or when serious harm is imminent
Competitive advantage
characteristics of a firm that enable it to earn higher rates of profits than its competitors by utilizing its resources
Strategic Planning
describes the organization's future direction, performance targets, and approaches to achieve the targets in a formal, written statement
Standards of Practice
detailed guidelines for specific professional activities.
Geocentric
Whoever is the best--whether from parent company, host company, or a third country national (i.e. an employee from a third location in the company)
lump-sum bonuses
a bonus is received for meeting individual goals but no change is made to base salary
Professional Practice
a cluster of competencies related to the ability to conduct oneself in a professional manner and to exhibit high levels of professionalism in all contexts and situations
market share
a company's product sales as a percentage of total sales for that industry. Measures organization effectiveness
Linear Programming
a complex computer based procedure. Enables HR planners to calculate "what if" scenarios
HR Dashboard
a display of a series of HR measures, showing human resource goals and objectives and progress toward meeting them
Improshare plan
a gain-sharing incentive plan based on the number of hours a firm expects to take to reach a certain level of output
Scanlon Plan
a gainsharing program in which employees receive a bonus if the ratio of labor costs to the sales value of production is below a set standard
Audit
a measurement method that assess progress against plan (e.g. You plan for a 145% increase after training, but then get a 167% increase.)
Markov Analysis
a method of forecasting internal labour supply that involves tracking the pattern of employee movements through various jobs (moving means staying in job, promoted, demoted, quit, fired, etc.)
Benchmarking
a process by which a company compares its performance with that of high-performing organizations
Pay ranges
a set of possible pay rates defined by a minimum, maximum, and midpoint of pay for employees holding a particular job or a job within a particular pay grade
Task
a specific statement of what a person does (e.g. Answers the telephone)
ratio analysis
a straightforward method of examining the relationship between an operational index (e.g. sales) and the demand for labour
Merit pay
a system of linking pay increases to ratings on performance appraisals (this is expensive and does not achieve the goal of improving employee performance). For example, if employee meets minimum standards they get a guaranteed 2% increase each year.
Rand Formula
a union security provision in which employees do not have to join the union but all employees must pay dues
closed-shop union
a union to which all employees must belong and which the employer formally recognizes as their sole collective bargaining agent
Precontact Control
addressing issues before an incident or accident occurs
Turnaround strategy (restructuring strategy)
an attempt to increase the viability of an organization
Incident
an unwanted event that might have a negative impact on the people, property, or process involved
Revenue Budgeting
anticipated revenues and costs
HR Forecasting
ascertaining the net requirement for personnel by determining the demand for and supply of human resources now and in the future
Working Capital
calculated as current assets less current liabilities and represents the monies the organization must with with in the short-term
Time to hire
calculated from the date a job is posted to the date a job is accepted by the new employee. Measures efficiency
What is the concept that uses data to demonstrate a linkage between training and post-training behaviours?
casual evaluations
nominal variables
categorical variables that do not have numerical values (e.g. gender, race)
What is Workers Compensation?
compensates victims of workplace accidents or illness. Is a "no fault" system. Employers pay into fund based on H&S records of industry and firm. Known as WSIB in Canada
A focused, or market-niche strategy: lower cost
concentrating on a narrow buyer segment and outcompeting rivals on the basis of lower cost (e.g. Old Navy)
What are the years for the following: current forecast, short-run forecast, medium-run forecast, long-run forecast?
current: now/immediate; short: 1 - 2 years; medium: 2 - 5 years; long: more than 5 years
Total Rewards
encompass not only compensation and benefits, but also personal and professional growth opportunities and a motivating work environment that includes recognition, job design, and work-life balance
Pay equity
equal pay for work of equal value; attempts to redress gender discrimination in pay; NOT equal pay for equal work. Criteria used to evaluate includes skill, effort, responsibility, and working conditions
Cost cutter strategy
focus on efficiency; Compensation systems: focus on competitors labour costs--increase variable pay, emphasize productivity
communities of practice
groups of employees who work together, learn from each other, and develop a common understanding of how to get work accomplished
Ratio variables
numbers have meaningful starting and ending points and the intervals between numbers are meaningful and represent the same quantity (e.g. number of units sold)
Ordinal variables
numbers indicate positions relative to other items, but intervals between numbers do not represent the same quantity (e.g. Likert scales)
Business intelligence
the applications and technologies for gathering, storing, analyzing, and providing access to data to help users make better business decisions
Competency-based pay
highly structured pay system that identifies the competencies employees need to master to be eligible for pay raises. There are core competencies (taken from the mission statement), competency sets (grouping of factors that translate core competency into observable behaviour--e.g. business understanding) and competency indicators (observable behaviours that indicate the level of competency within a competency set. e.g. identifies opportunities for savings)
Occupational Health and Safety
identification, evaluation, and control of hazards in the work environment
contact control
identifying ways in which a hazardous situation can be prevented from becoming worse and harming workers
earnings-at-risk plans
incentive plans sharing profits in successful years and reducing bas pay in unsuccessful years
Growth (strategy type)
includes incremental, international, mergers, and acquisitions
Restructuring (strategy type)
includes turnaround, divestiture, liquidation, and bankruptcies
Customer-Focused strategy
increases customer expectations; Compensation systems: customer satisfaction incentives
Third-country national
individuals from a third country who have intensive international experience and know the corporate culture from previous working experience with corporate branches in the third country
parent country nationals
individuals from headquarters who are highly familiar with the firm's products and services, as well as with its corporate culture
host-country nationals
individuals from the country where an overseas subsidiary is located (extremely familiar with foreign cultural environment)
Renewal captial
intellectual property (E.g. copyright logos)
open systems thinking
interaction with external environment and internal subsystems. Systems thinking is an approach to problem-solving that sees complex entities as a series of components with each part interacting with and influencing the rest.
Knowledge Repositories
inventories of knowledge that organizations compile and store, which can easily be retrieved (e.g. links to documents, taped presentations)
Coaching
one-on-one individualized learning experience in which a more experienced and knowledgeable person is formally called upon to help another person develop their insights and techniques pertinent to the accomplishments of their job
intellectual capital
the collective brainpower or shared knowledge of a workforce.
tacit knowledge
knowledge that cannot be codified; concerns knowing how to do a certain task and can be acquired only through active participation in that task (i.e. people's wisdom)
shrinkage
losses experienced by retailers due to shoplifting, employee theft, and damage to merchandise
Stability (strategy type)
maintaining the status quo (i.e. neutral/do-nothing strategy). Companies do not wish to see their company grow and so their strategic HRM practices remain constant
Kaplan's Balanced Scorecard
measurement of organizational performance in four equally important areas: financial goals (how do we look to stakeholders), customer perspective (how do clients see us), internal processes (what must we excel at), and innovation and learning (how can we improve)
Best-cost provider strategy
more value for the money by emphasizing both low cost and upscale difference (E.g. Honda)
Integrative Bargaining
negotiation that seeks one or more settlements that can create a win-win solution
Distributive Bargaining
negotiation that seeks to divide up a fixed amount of resources; a win-lose situation
Focused (or Market Niche) Strategies
niche members a product/service customized to their tastes (e.g. Rolls-Royce)
Interval variables
numbers have meaningful intervals, and the intervals represent the same quantity, but the starting point of zero is arbitrary (e.g. temperature)
What are techniques to develop management?
promotions, job rotations, special assignments, formal training, mentoring and coaching, succession management
union security clause
provision that recognizes union, rights for union officials, collection of dues, and membership (closed vs open-shop)
postcontact control
putting in place medical and cleanup operations and ensuring that the event cannot be repeated
Compensation
refers to all forms of financial returns and tangible services and benefits employees receive as part of an employment relationship
Contracts are governed by
the common law, except when modified by statutory or administrative law
EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization)
represents the money, in cash, made by an organization from its operations
Shareholder Equity
represents the total of retained earnings plus the original investment made by the shareholders to start the organization
Demand
requirement, what the org's projected requirement is
indirect labour costs
salaries of factory supervisors and wages of stores department staff that cannot be specifically identified with a product
Pay Grades
sets of jobs having similar worth or content, grouped together to establish rates of pay
Universal Compensable Factors
skill, effort, responsibility, working conditions
Amortization expenses
the depreciation costs assigned to capital assets for the period
Strategy formulation
the entire process of conceptualizing the mission of an organization, identifying the strategy, and developing long-range performance goals
Expense budgeting
the expenditures associated with an accounting period, project, or initiative
Compensable factor: Skill
the experience, training, abilities, and education required to perform a job (e.g. higher specialized knowledge might result in higher compensation)
Innovator Strategy
stresses new products and short response time to market trends. Compensation systems: rewards innovation, market-based pay, flexible with no job descriptions
Development
the acquisition of KSAs required to perform future job responsibilities and in the long-term achievement of individual career goals and organizational objectives (long-term)
Training
the acquisition of KSAs to improve performance in one's current job (short-term)
Forecasting supply techniques
• Staffing tables • Markov analysis • Skills inventories • Management inventories • Replacement charts • Succession planning
Forecasting demand techniques
•Trend analysis • Managerial estimates • Delphi technique
