Cigarettes In American Culture Exam 1
Ernest Ditcher
"Why Do We Smoke Cigarettes?"
Carl Avery Werner
-"The Triumph of the Cigarette" -supported cigarette smoking -published after WWI
Supreme Court breaks up the Tobacco Trust
-1911 -went from a monopoly to an oligopoly -no decline in the prices of tobacco
Philip Morris
-1933 -market his brand Philip Morris -best known product in 1927 was Marlboro which was made specifically for women -used medical claims to gain consumers -became the"big five"
Johnnie Morris
-43 in tall dwarf that advertised for Philip Morris
Benjamin Belt
-President of Lorillard -mimicked Hill in generating public attention for his new brand Old Gold -"Eat a chocolate. Light an Old Gold, and Enjoy both!" -first to use comic strips in national advertising -offered contestants who solved a puzzle the chance to win thousands of dollars -became the big four -1924
Big Three and their creators
-RJ Reynolds; Camel -Liggett and Myers; Chesterfield -American Tobacco Company; Lucky Strike
Albert Lasker
-advertising director for "Lucky Strikes" -convinced that testimonials from prominent women would be effective in discrediting social mores against women smoking -Ad: For a Slender Figure-Reach for a Lucky Instead of a Sweet
James Bonsack
-created the first machine that mass produced cigarettes
Tobacco Trust
-established a virtual monopoly -five fierce competitors joined under Duke's authority -facilitated Duke's aggressive program of consolidation and integration of the industry -Duke's business expanded internationally
James Buchanan Duke
-first successful entrepreneur -almost single handedly invented the modern cigarette -installed modernized machinery in order to mass produce cigarettes -"aggressive advertiser" -encouraged customers to collect trading cards which was explicitly advertised to children -marketing campaigns centered on premiums, coupons, and collecting cards
RJ Reynolds
-founder of camel cigarettes -became the first truly national cigarette brand -unlike duke, offered no promotions -new throughout the country ran ads
George Washington Hill
-head of the American Tobacco Company in the 1920s -created "toasting tobacco" in order to sell his brand of cigarettes "Lucky Strikes" -"toasting" apparently made his brand a superior and safer product -Lasker and Hill were eager to advertise directly to women -hated by the candy industry
Edith Nilson Lowe
-letter to NY times -approved cigarette smoking for soldiers -1918
Lucky Strikes marketing towards Women
-made explicit appears to both style and beauty -hired well known female figures to advertise -"For Slender Figure-Reach for a Lucky Instead of a Sweet" -cigarettes acted as "torches of freedom"
World War 1
-marked a critical watershed in establishing the cigarette as a dominant product of modern consumer culture
Edward Bernays
-nephew of Sigmund Freud -Hill enlisted in his efforts and acted as a PR -blurred the lines between advertising and news -employed surveys -staged an event where he hired women to smoke in public -product placement in movies -fundraised charity events that made the color green more fashionable
Raymond Loewy
-redesigned the Lucky Strike pack for American Tobacco -changed the package color to white because he made it sound as if they were giving up the green dye for soldiers who needed it. Also made a target on both sides
Lucy Page Gaston
-woman's Christian temperance union worker and journalist -emerged as national leader of growing anti-tobacco movement -founder of Chicago Anti-Cigarette League
The following are examples of public relations strategies EXCEPT: 1. Advertising campaigns promoting a brand 2. Behind the scenes planning of public events 3. Product placement in movies
Advertising campaigns promoting a brand
which company became #1 by 1930 because of their targeting of women smokers?
American Tobacco
the first successful modernized, nationalized cigarette brand was ___
Camel
who of the following people approved of cigarette smoking? 1. Lucy Gaston 2. Henry Ford 3. Carl Avery Werner
Carl Avery Werner
the "Big Three" cigarette brands in the 1920s were
Chestfield, Lucky Strike, and Camel
Edith Nilson Lowe worked to discourage soldiers from smoking cigarettes
False
a much smaller proportion of American soldiers were cigarette smokers in World War II compared to WWI
False
like the American Tobacco Company, Philip Morris was also one of the "big three" companies that emerged with successful national brands by the 1920s
False
the head of American Tobacco in this time period was ____
George Washington Hill
the creator of the machine that first mass produced cigarettes was ___
James Bonsack
The "Big Five" brands of cigarettes that emerged by the 1940s included: 1. Newport 2. Winstons 3. Marlboro 4. Old Gold
Old Gold
a noticeable number of women started to smoke before tobacco companies published advertisements that featured women smoking
True
before cigarettes were mass-produced, tobacco was a significant commodity in the US
True
after the US supreme court broke up the Tobacco Trust in 1911____
an oligopoly emerged
Pro Bono Publico
bright leaf chewing tobacco which was produced by W. Duke Sons and Company
in 1925, the year Carl Avery Werner published his article "The Triumph of the Cigarette" ___
ciagrette smoking was socially acceptable for men, but not yet for women
the chapter title "pro bono publico" refers to a cigarette brand
false
World War I ___
increased cigarette consumption
one similarity between cigars and cigarettes in the early 20th century was : 1. successful mass prodcution 2. strong labor unions for the factory workers 3. popularity among high-status, elite men
none of those
Raymond Lowery ___
redesigned the Lucky Strike pack for American Tobacco
Buck Duke ___
successfully produced and sold cigarettes, but did not predict how dominant they would become among tobacco users
Bernay's campaigns to prommote Lucky Strike cigarettes did NOT include ___
the "Reach for a Lucky" advertising campaign
state and local laws against cigarette smoking were ineffective in decreasing cigarette consumption
true