CIS420 Chapter 5

An organization may initiate information technology projects for several reasons, but the most important reason is to support ____.

business objectives

Administrative activities are often involved in ____, such as archiving project files, closing out contracts, documenting lessons learned, and receiving formal acceptance of the delivered work as part of the phase or project.

closing processes

Project ____ management involves generating, collecting, disseminating, and storing project information.

communications

A preliminary or rough cost estimate is developed in the ____ phase, and an overview of the work involved is created.

concept

The longest path through a network diagram that determines the earliest completion of a project is called the ____ path.

critical

The project communications management knowledge area maps to the ____ process group through the activity of information distribution.

executing

The project procurement management knowledge area maps to the ____ process group through the activities conducting procurements.

executing

____ the project involves taking the actions necessary to ensure that activities in the project plan are completed.

executing

Examples of ____ include acquiring and developing the project team, performing quality assurance, distributing information, managing stakeholder expectations, and conducting procurements.

executing processes

According to the Standish group, which of the following factors contributes most to the success of information technology projects?

executive support

The ____ step in the planning process is to tie the information technology strategic plan to the organization's overall strategic plan.

first

Projects involve ____ project management process groups.

five

A ____ is the hierarchy most people think of when picturing an organizational chart.

functional organizational structure

Project managers have the least amount of authority in a pure ____.

functional organizational structure

Project ____ management is concerned with making effective use of the people involved with the project.

human resource

The ____ focuses on producing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of the people.

human resources frame

In the ____ phase, the project team creates a definitive or very accurate cost estimate, delivers the required work, and provides performance reports to stakeholders.

implementation

The ____ model provides for progressive development of operational software, with each release providing added capabilities.

incremental build life cycle

During ____ processes for a new project, the organization recognizes that a new project exists, and completes a project charter as part of this recognition.

initiating

The project integration management knowledge area maps to the ____ process group through the activities of developing project charters.

initiating

____ include defining and authorizing a project or project phase.

initiating processes

____ is a monitoring and controlling process.

integrated change control

Project ____ management is an overarching function that affects and is affected by all of the other knowledge areas.

integration

A ____ is a meeting held at the beginning of a project so that stakeholders can meet each other, review the goals of the project, and discuss future plans.

kick-off meeting

The ____ is often held after the business case and project charter are completed, but it could be held sooner, as needed.

kick-off meeting

A(n) ____ focuses on long-term goals and big-picture objectives, while inspiring people to reach those goals.

leader

____ tools are often recommended for small projects and single users.

low-end

Many organizations assert that using project management provides advantages, such as ____.

lower costs

In early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually ____ and the level of uncertainty is ____.

lowest; highest

A(n) ____ often deals with the day-to-day details of meeting specific goals.

manager

Some people say that ____ achieve the vision of a project.

managers

In a ____, personnel often report to both a functional manager and one or more project managers.

matrix organizational structure

The project procurement management knowledge area maps to the ____ process group through the activity of administering procurements.

monitoring and controlling

The project scope management knowledge area maps to the ____ process group through the activities of scope verification and scope control.

monitoring and controlling

The project time management knowledge area maps to the ____ process group through the activity of schedule control.

monitoring and controlling

A common ____ is reporting performance, where project stakeholders can identify any necessary changes that may be required to keep the project on track.

monitoring and controlling process

The outputs of ____ include change request status updates, project management plan updates, and project document updates.

monitoring and controlling the project work

In the example of the project of building a house, the project sponsors would be the potential ____.

new homeowners

____ refers to the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment.

open-systems focus

____ is a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization.

organizational culture

The ____ characteristic of organizational culture describes the degree to which management's decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people within the organization.

people focus

The project cost management knowledge area maps to the ____ process group through the activities of estimating costs and budget determination.

planning

____ is crucial in information technology projects because once a project team implements a new system, it takes a considerable amount of effort to change the system.

planning

____ include devising and maintaining a workable scheme to ensure that the project addresses the organization's needs.

planning processes

The ____ assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups.

political frame

Many organizations are now using enterprise or project ____ management software to help manage projects.

portfolio

A ____ is a collection of project phases.

project life cycle

A ____ can have many different job descriptions, which can vary tremendously based on the organization and the project.

project manager

In the example of the project of building a house, the ____ would normally be the general contractor responsible for building the house.

project manager

In a ____, program managers report to the CEO.

project organizational structure

Project managers have the most authority in a pure ____.

project organizational structure

Project ____ management ensures that the project will satisfy the stated or implied needs for which it was undertaken.

quality

Quality metrics are an output of project ____.

quality management

It is good practice to focus on the ____ of meetings.

results

Project ____ management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project successfully.

scope

What works on one project may not work on another, so it is essential for project managers to continue to develop their knowledge and ____ in managing projects.

skills

Achieving high performance on projects requires ____, otherwise called human relations skills.

soft skills

The project ____ usually provides the direction and funding for the project.

sponsor

A ____ is an approach to help increase the support of stakeholders throughout the project.

stakeholder management strategy

A ____ is a document that includes details related to the identified project stakeholders.

stakeholder register

____ are the people involved in or affected by project activities and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponents of the project.

stakeholders

____ should serve as the foundation for deciding which projects to pursue.

strategic planning

In a ____ matrix organizational structure, the project manager controls the project budget and has moderate to high authority.

strong

The ____ focuses on different groups' roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management.

structural frame

During the Cold War years of the 1950s and '60s, ____ continued to be key in refining several project management techniques.

the military

In an interview with two chief information officers (CIOs), both men agreed that the most important project management skills seem to depend on ____.

the uniqueness of the project and the people involved

____ is a planning process falling under the Project Integration Management knowledge area.

develop project management plan

____ is a planning process falling under the Project Scope Management knowledge area.

develop project management plan

____ involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project.

developing the project charter

In the ____ phase, the project team creates more detailed project plans, a more accurate cost estimate, and a more thorough WBS.

development

____ is an iterative software development process that focuses on team productivity and delivers software best practices to all team members.

RUP

A research report showed that the U.S. spends ____ on projects every year.

$2.3 trillion

In ____, Henry Gantt developed the famous Gantt chart as a tool for scheduling work in factories.

1917

The Manhattan Project cost almost $2 billion in ____.

1946

The term "systems approach" emerged in the ____.

1950s

By the ____, the U.S. military and its civilian suppliers developed software to assist in managing large projects.

1970s

Most trade schools, colleges, and universities did not start offering degrees in computer technology, computer science, management information systems, or other information technology areas until the ____.

1970s

A research report showed that the U.S. spends the equivalent of ____ percent of the nation's gross domestic product on projects every year.

25%

According to the Standish Group study describing what factors contribute most to the success of information technology projects, ____ percent of successful projects are led by experienced project managers.

97%

____ was an early project management software product that helped managers analyze complex schedules for designing aircraft.

Artemis

Many companies have realized that information technology is integral to their business and have created a vice president or equivalent-level position for the head of information technology, often called the ____.

CIO

The Project Management ____, a Web site for people involved in project management, provides an alphabetical directory of more than 300 project management software solutions.

Center

"All project leaders use a shared road map, focusing on key business aspects of their projects while integrating goals across all parts of the organization" describes the ____ best practice for project delivery.

Develop a streamlined project delivery process

____ project management software integrates information from multiple projects to show the status of active, approved, and future projects across an entire organization.

Enterprise

____ tools, sometimes referred to as enterprise project management software, provide robust capabilities to handle very large projects.

High-end

In the ____ stage, organizations tie information technology strategy to mission and vision of organization and identify key business areas.

Information Technology Strategy Planning

A PMO, or Project ____ Office, is an organizational group responsible for coordinating the project management function throughout an organization.

Management

Most people agree that the modern concept of project management began with the ____.

Manhattan Project

Just as passing the CPA exam is a standard for accountants, passing the ____ exam is becoming a standard for project managers.

PMP

PMI provides certification as a Project Management ____ (PMP), someone who has documented sufficient project experience and education, agreed to follow the PMI code of professional conduct, and demonstrated knowledge of the field of project management by passing a comprehensive examination.

Professional

The ____ model requires heavy user involvement, and developers use a model to generate functional requirements and physical design specifications simultaneously.

RAD life cycle

The ____ model uses an approach in which developers work with an evolving prototype.

RAD life cycle

____ is a problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of the system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs.

Systems analysis

____ describes a holistic view of carrying out projects within the context of the organization.

Systems thinking

The ____ provides a basis for creating the project schedule and performing earned value management for measuring and forecasting project performance.

WBS

The ____ process involves gaining stakeholder and customer acceptance of the final products and services and bringing the project, or project phase, to an orderly end.

closing

A Gantt chart is a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a ____ format.

calendar

Because a project requires resources, often from various areas, many projects cross ____ or other boundaries to achieve their unique purposes.

departmental

The limitations of scope, time, and cost goals are sometimes referred to as the ____.

triple constraint

The ____ model assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined.

waterfall life cycle