Civil Rights

What were the results of the Japanese American Citizens League's struggle for the citizens who were interned during World War II?

- President Reagan signed a bill providing $1.2 billion in reparations - congress repealed a section

Which events helped create momentum for equality of African Americans in the first half of the twentieth century?

- Supreme Court decisions declaring some type of segregation unconstitutional - African American soldiers returning home after fighting in World War II

Which of the following did proponents of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) argue regarding the strict scrutiny test?

- The constitution should be amended to explicitly guarantee equality of rights under the law regardless of sex - the test should be used in sex-based discrimination cases

What important discriminatory issues were women raising by the 1960s?

- Women were unable to obtain credit without having a male cosign the loan - men had better employment opportunities and higher pay - men had more educational opportunities

Which considerations are now required due to the ADA?

- an employer must consider reasonable accommodations - a public school must consider access

In the 1800s, what limitations were faced by women who graduated from college and aspired to a career?

- career choices were largely limited to teaching, nursing, social, or missionary work - choosing a career meant giving up the possibility of marriage

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered citizen have organized to fight for equal rights provisions in which of the following areas?

- employment - housing - marriage

In the post-Reconstruction South, what tactics were used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote?

- grandfather clauses that exempted white voters from literacy tests or poll taxes - whites-only primaries to select party nominees - literacy tests that were designed to be more difficult for African-Americans - poll taxes, or fees, required for voting

Which of the following assertions resulted from the Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Stanford

- public opinion turned in favor of a war bring about emancipation - citizens, not slaves, had the legal right to bring lawsuits in court - scott was not a u.s. citizen

Inherent characteristics

- race -religion - national origin - sex

Latinos include those whose families hail from which of the following locations?

- the Caribbean - South America - Central America

Which of the following are events that eroded feelings of white goodwill toward the civil rights movement?

- the aftermath of the assassination of Martin Luther King in Memphis, Tennessee - the urban riots in Watts

The Montgomery bus boycott was considered a success because

- the protests garnered national media attention and public sympathy - the Supreme Court ruled that segregated buses were unconstitutional

Arrange the following event in chronological order, starting with the earliest attempt to achieve women's suffrage

1. The national american women's suffrage association urges voter to boycott candidates who oppose women's suffrage 2. President Woodrow WIlson wins reelection 3. suffrage activists who have been arrested and jailed engage in a hunger strike 4. persistent media pressure increases support for women's suffrage 5. the nineteenth amendment is ratified

events related to the evolution of same-sex marriage in chronological order

1. defense of marriage act 2. president Obama's speech in support of same-sex marriage 3. United States v. Windsor 4. 17 states and the District of Columbia allowing same-sex couples to marry

following achievement of the civil rights movement in chronological order from first to last

1. ending segregation in public schools 2. barring racial discrimination in accommodations and private employment 3. desegregation in housing

arrange the waves of the women's rights movement from its earliest attempt.

1. the movement wins women the right to vote via the 19th amendment. 2. the movement expands women's civil rights through litigation and legislation 3. Feminist groups fight intersectionality and multiple forms of discrimination by helping low income women overcome economic barriers.

Which amendment outlawed slavery in 1865?

13th amendment

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 seek to rectify?

It mandated federal intervention in any country in which less than 50% of eligible voters were registered. It banned discriminatory voter registration practices.

What did Plessy's attorneys argue during his case before the Supreme Court in 1896?

Louisiana state segregation laws violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Fourteenth Amendment states that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of laws."

Which Supreme Court Case decreed that state governments, not the U.S. Constitution established voting rights?

Minor v. Happersett

Despite southern opposition, which of the following was passed by Congress in 1820 to deal with slavery in the newly acquired western territories?

Missouri compromise

Which landmark Supreme Court case declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Reconstruction Era

Time after the Civil War between 1866 and 1877, when the institutions and infrastructure of the South were rebuilt

de jure segregation

a type of segregation that is mandated by law, which is unconstitutional in the United States

heightened scrutiny test

for sex-based discrimination was established by the Supreme Court in Craig v. Boren in 1976

indian self-determination and education assistance act

granted greater autonomy for indian tribes and gave them more control of their assests

19th amendment

granted women the right to vote

2000s

important issues include spousal rights for gays and lesbians, voting rights, and immigration policy

Civil rights are government protections against discrimination based on

inherent characteristics

Under the intermediate scrutiny test (also known as the heightened scrutiny test), sex-base discrimination

is legal if the government can prove that it is substantially related to the achievement of an important public interest

Indian Removal Act

law passed by Congress which called for the forced relocation of all native peoples to lands west of the Mississippi

Black Codes

laws passed immediately after the Civil War by the confederate states that limited the rights of "freemen"

Declaration of Senitiments

listed many rights and opportunities that the law did not guarantee women, including the right to vote, and educational and employment opportunities equal to those of white men

14th amendment

mandates the same privileges and immunities for all citizens and due process protections for all people

When did most of the momentous victories made by civil rights activists finally begin

mid-twentieth century

which association, founded in the early twentieth century, focused on the inequalities brought forth by the separate but equal doctrine

national association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP)

Which characteristic is considered under the ordinary scrutiny test rather than the strict or intermediate scrutiny tests?

age

Affirmative action policies impose which of the following organizational requirements

an organization must make intentional efforts to diversify its workforce by providing equal opportunity to all classes of people

In 1971, using the ___ scrutiny test established in 1873 Bradwell case, the court ruled that discriminatory treatment of women was unconstituional

ordinary

Civil Rights Act of 1872

passed by Congress, and also known as the Anti-Ku Klux Klan Act, made it a federal crime to deprive individuals of their rights, privileges, and immunities

1973 Rehabilitation Act

prohibited discrimination against people with disabilities in federally funded programs

suspect classifications

refers to distinctions based on race, religion, national origin, and gender that are assumed to be illegitimate or discriminatory

In the 1930s, the NAACP argued that states had violated the equal protection clause by failing to make what available to African Americans

schools

de facto segregation

segregation caused by the fact that people tend to live in neighborhoods with others of their own race, religion, or ethnic group

At the time that the U.S. Constitution was adopted, how did some states continue to permit persons of African descent to be enslaved?

some of the most important provisions of the new federal constitution treated enslaved African Americans as property

In the Grutter v. Bollinger case, the Supreme Court used the

strict scrutiny test

When a law potentially discriminates based on inherent characteristics, the courts use which test to determine the legality of the law?

strict scrutiny test

Initially the battles for women's voting rights took place at the state level of government because

the Constitution reserved for the states the authority to determine who had the right to vote

Interesectionality

the experience of multiple forms of oppression simultaneously

Which part of the world today are known for higher rates of women and children being forced into slavery in prostitution rings?

the former Soviet Union and Asia

For Asian Americans the "glass ceiling" refers to

the underrepresentation of Asian Americans from the very top job leadership positions

Which state passed a law making it a state crime for aliens not to carry their registration documents with them?

Arizona

Which influential figure began his or her civil rights work as a community organizer in 1952, encouraging Mexican American to vote and educating them about their civil rights?

Cesar Chavez

white primary

used in the South as one strategy to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote

Which landmark case upheld a lower court's ruling that Latinos are a racial minority group and are therefore covered by laws protecting the rights of minority groups

Corpus Christi Independent School District v. Cisneros

Constitutionally imposed responsibilities are called

civil rights

hate crime

crime committed against a person, property, or society as a whole where the offender is motivated by his or her bias against the victim because of race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity

In terms of inherent characteristics, people disagree about whether or not the list should also include of the following categories?

disability, sexual orientation, age

Affirmative action policies have been used by ____ to expand opportunities for women and minority group members.

educational institutions, employers

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 mandates equality in which of the following areas?

employment

Areas that have been affected by the civil rights movement

employment, voting rights, education, housing

13th amendment

ended slavery throughout the United States and prohibited it in the future

Indian Civil Rights Act

ensured that Native Americans would have the full protection of the Bill of Rights, but lacked enforcement mechanism

What government body did title VII of the civil rights act of 1964 create that still administers the enforcement of title VII today?

equal employment opportunity comission

grandfather clause

exempted individuals from conditions on voting, such as poll taxes or literacy tests, if they or their ancestors had been eligible to vote before 1870

15th amendment

expanded voting rights to former slaves

Americans with Disabilities Act

extended the ban on discrimination against people with disabilities in education, employment, health care, housing and transportation to all programs and organizations

Mendez v. Westminister

federal case that challenged the segregated school systems in California, which provided Mexican children with separate schools that were of lower quality than the schools for white children?

indian gaming regulatory act

federal law enacted to support indian self-determination

Which of the following are examples of unequal treatment in U.S. history?

- African Americans were enslaved in the South and denied basic civil rights - women were not granted the right to vote until 1920 - many arabs and arab americans were detained in prisons without criminal due process protections after the attacks of 9/11

What did the Supreme Court determine in the Civil Rights Cases of 1883?

- Congress lacked the authority to prevent discrimination by private individuals and organizations - congress's jurisdiction was limited to banning discrimination in official acts of state or local governments

Which of the following fulfill the bases of the strict scrutiny test?

- Discrimination is legal if it is a necessary means by which the government can achieve a compelling public interest. - the guidelines are used by the court to determine the legality of race-, religion-, and ethnic based discrimination cases.

Individual that propelled the Civil Rights movement onto the national stage?

- Martin Luther King Jr. - Rosa Parks

Which groups were formed to advocate for full recognition of the civil rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered citizens?

- National Gay and Lesbian Task Force - Lambda Legal

The legality of sex-based discrimination in the Bradwell case of 1873 was determined by which test(s)?

-ordinary scrutiny test - rational basis test

1970s

Important issues include equal access to schools, public accommodations, voting rights, and equal pay

Fugitive Slave Act

In 1850 was an attempt by the U.S. Congress to stall or prevent the secession, or separation, of southern states from the Union

What was the central finding of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)?

Segregated schools violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment