Civil War and Reconstruction

Despite the corruption of individuals, the Republican government during Reconstruction left an enduring legacy. They established social service programs such as state-supported institutions for the ______ and the ______ and made public ______ ______ a concern of the government in South Carolina. Most importantly, they established _______ schools for all children for the first time. South Carolinians claimed that the new public schools were __________ them.

blind and the deaf health care public bankrupting

During the constitutional convention to write the 1868 state constitution, most whites __________ the election of delegates to this constitutional convention. The African American majority of the population, resulted in more than half of the delegates to the convention being _________ ____________ and half of those were newly freed ______. Recent ____________ to South Carolina were also selected to write the document.

boycotted African American slaves immigrants

Who established the Freedman's Bureau? Under whose control was it under?

by Congress at the end of the Civil War the U.S. Army

Northerners, who immigrated to South Carolina after the war, also played a significant role in the governing of the state. They were derisively called "______________," by white South Carolinians because they allegedly came to the South with all of their belongings in a carpetbag

carpetbaggers

Small farmers who had not owned slaves were not directly affected financially by their liberation. However, now they had to ________ with African American sharecroppers when they marketed their crops. Many who had felt a sense of social superiority to slaves now felt that superiority being ______________. They reacted with anger and resentment and joined the ranks of the vigilante groups that __________ African Americans.

compete threatened terrorized

White SC legislators played on Northern racism. They exaggerated the ___________ of the inexperienced _______ ___________, and were able to manipulate the Northern _______ with propaganda about the lack of ability of the ___________ government. They blamed the rising tax rate on corruption when it was really largely due to new state services such as ________ schools. Consequently, the Northern public tired of Reconstruction and gave up hope of changing Southern attitudes and way of life.

corruption African-Americans press Republican public

South Carolina's state government, like both the national government and most other state governments throughout the United States, was plagued by __________. Officials who were desperate for money in the poor economy accepted ________. The South Carolina statehouse, like the city hall in Philadelphia, was a testament to the inflated costs brought by bribery.

corruption bribes

Southern Strategy D___________ strategy ______ out opponent Get ___________ support

defensive wear out European

Some boys as young as 10 enlisted in the army doing what?

drummer boys or flag bearers

They did not have the money to do this because the _______________ was destroyed now that __________ labor was gone.

economy slave

After the war many children were left without ________. This entire generation grew up coping with the changes resulting from the war.

fathers

Longing for freedom, some African Americans ________ to nearby Union lines while others stayed on the plantation and waited for the _____ army.

fled, Union

Who made up the First Regiment of South Carolina Volunteers? Which side did they fight for?

former slaves Union

President Grant sent more federal troops but they could not assure a _____ and _____ election. Voting irregularities threw the governor's election to the General Assembly but there were also disputes about who was elected to the state legislature. Two rival governments were established, one __________ and one white __________. There was a stand-off as white taxpayers refused to support the Republican government

free and fair Republican Democrat

The federal government wanted to make sure that the ____________ received fair treatment from the white Southerners

freedmen

Before the Civil War, how did plantation owners become wealthy?

from cash crops and slavery

Outnumbered by the African American political majority, white South Carolinians refused to participate in ___________. Instead they carried on a campaign of terror against _________ ____________ and the white ____________ (carpetbaggers and scalawags) who were perceived as assisting them

government African Americans Republicans

Feeling betrayed and resentful of the former slaves' attitudes, many former slave owners became more __________ to the freedman.

hostile

Congress _____________ Johnson to ensure that as commander in chief he could not undermine its efforts. (Impeaching is bringing charges against someone in office to determine if they need to be removed from their position.) Although he was not removed from office, Johnson's power was ________. The Union army attempted to enforce the ________________ policy and the ____, _____ and ______ amendments.

impeached limited Reconstruction 13th, 14th and 15th

The great majority of African Americans did not receive _____ that would have given them economic independence. Instead of having their own land, the ___________ Bureau helped African Americans to establish the __________ relationship with the workerless plantation owner.

land Freedman's sharecropping

most African Americans who served were ____________ (educated) members of the _________ class, most of whom had been ______ before the Civil War.

literate middle freed

What were some of the exceptions to South Carolina's draft laws?

men owning 20 or more slaves did not have to fight men could hire someone to fight in their place

Why was the Union confident that they would win? more _________ more ______________ goods __________ transportation system effective _________ fighting to ___________ the Union

more people more manufactured goods railroad transportation system effective navy fighting to preserve the Union

What would Robert Smalls later become after the Civil War?

officer in SC militia state legislator drafted new SC constitution 5 terms as SC Congressman

_________ men ran plantations and farms while the _______ men were off fighting. When the Civil war ended, many ____________ had been destroyed. War brought an end to ____________ and the plantations owners lost the ____________ that had come from slavery

older, younger plantations slavery, fortunes

The political purpose of Lincoln's plan was to restore the southern states into full _________ union with the other states. The other parts of Lincoln's plan were: Remove the government officials of the _______________ States of America and replace them with officials loyal to the __________ Punish high ranking Confederates by removing their right to ______ Confederates who took oath to the constitution and Union laws would receive a ________ and get their ______ back State governments were to impose significant social change by recognizing the end of ________. Lincoln's ___________ did not significantly change this Presidential Reconstruction plan.

political Confederate, Union vote pardon, land slavery assassination

The 1868 constitution: based representation in the state legislature on _____________ alone, not on population and wealth it abolished __________ qualifications for holding office gave the right to ______ to all males created __________ governments for the first time, giving South Carolinians more direct control over _______ government the state also recognized its responsibility for providing for public ___________ for the first time.

population property vote county local education

As a result of the constitution of 1868, women achieved some rights, including the right to own ________ in their own name after marriage.

property

South Carolina ________ to ratify the 14th and 15th amendments. This showed the refusal of white society to accept the ____________ of African Americans and the authority of the _________ government.

refused freedom federal

White South Carolinians resented most actions of African Americans. Some white southerners feared _______________ by their former slaves, who were now free of the abuses of slavery. Racial tensions ____________. When the _________ Codes were developed, it showed that white South Carolinians were unwilling to recognize the social and political __________ of the newly freed slaves.

retaliation escalated Black rights

The most important contribution of the Freedman's Bureau, however, was the facilitation of the establishment of over 1,000 _________ throughout the South.

schools

In this sharecropping arrangement, the landowner supplied the s______, t________ and l_______ and the sharecropper supplied the l______. Both then shared the ____ that was produced.

seed, tools, and land labor crop

How did the wealthy slave owners volunteer in the Civil War?

served as Confederate army officers

Many African Americans entered into agreements with southern landowners, who were land rich and cash poor, known as ________________.

sharecropping

Why were their lives especially difficult?

shortage of supplies

African Americans flocked to the privately supported freedom schools and the new public schools, anxious for the opportunity to learn to read and write denied them during _________

slavery

Why did the plantation owners defend slavery?

slaves gave them social and political status

President Johnson basically continued Lincoln's plan with the additional purpose of humiliating the __________ elite. The main parts of his plan were: State would be readmitted when _____ of men took oath of allegiance to Union. Same as Lincoln Southern elite had to request a ________ from the president Approve the _____ amendment made slavery illegal Nullify the Ordinance of _________ South had to ______ people and institutions that helped finance the Confederacy

southern 10% pardon 13th Succession repay

What were women left to do when the men went off to war? Some women also helped out doing what? After the war, many women were left _________ and were the only providers for their families.

tend farms and run plantations nurses, raised money for war, worked for government widows

What was the purpose of Sherman's march? Where did he march? Why? What was his strategy called? What was destroyed?

to bring an end to the war once and for all across Georgia and south Carolina to split the Confederacy Total War homes, plantations, railroads, towns

They were responsible for rebuilding their t______, f____________, f_______, and t_________________ systems

towns, factories, farms, and transportation systems

Reconstruction ended in South Carolina with ________ and controversy. The ________ Massacre of 1876 took place in a predominantly African-American town in Aiken County. Six black militia members were _____ by a white mob. This incident marked an intensification of the white campaign to "redeem" South Carolina's government. White Democrat "_____ _______" coordinated a campaign of violence, intimidation and fraud in order to win the election of 1876.

violence The Hamburg Massacre killed Red Shirts

African American men were allowed to ____ and hold ______ and did so in large numbers. African Americans had greater ________ power in South Carolina than they did in any other southern state.

vote office political

The overall purpose of President Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction was to end the _____ as quickly as possible and was formulated before the end of the fighting. He hoped to convince southern states, including South Carolina, to _________. The first part of his plan required that only ____ of the population swear allegiance to the __________ before they could reform their state governments and send representatives to __________.

war surrender 10% Union Congress

Although many came to help, the carpetbaggers were not accepted by most of the _______ South Carolina society. They were accused of coming to the South to plunder and to encourage African Americans to vote for the ____________ Party.

white Republican

The Bureau was the first line of assistance to everyone affected by the war, including ___________, as well as destitute __________.

whites freedmen

How did the Confederacy's strategy fail them?

withholding cotton from European markets success of Northern blockade

The ______ of both elite plantation owners and small farmers shared their husbands' loss of social status and fear of economic competition from the ___________.

wives freedmen

How did children help?

worked on farms and plantations

Before they could form new state governments, Southern states had to ratify and assure that they would honor the _______ Amendment. The 13th Amendment was the constitutional amendment which officially abolished ___________.

13th slavery

The ______ Amendment overturned the Dred Scott decision and recognized the ____________ of African Americans; it upheld the right of all citizens to "equal protection" before the laws and "due process" of law.

14th citizenship

The ______ Amendment was passed to ensure that the right to _____ of all male citizens, in the North as well as in the South, would not be denied based on "race, creed or previous condition of servitude."

15th vote

The 14th Amendment required that _____ of the Congress vote to grant amnesty (forgiveness) to ex-Confederates before they could hold ________ office. It included a provision that was designed to force states to grant political rights to ___________ by reducing representation for states that did not allow African Americans to ______. However, this provision proved ineffective.

2/3 public freedmen vote

The bureau was also promised freedmen "40 _____ and a ______." They were to be given land that had been abandoned during the war or that had been confiscated to punish Confederates. However, the Bureau was forced to take these _______ back from the freedmen when President Johnson __________ the white owners and returned their _________ to them.

40 acres and a mule lands pardoned land

The main parts of the congressional plan were: The Confederacy would be split into ______ military districts, under the command of a _________ governor New legislatures had to approve the ______ amendment ________ rights (suffrage) were given to black males and taken away from ________ males who participated in the war. No person who participated in the war could hold a _______ office _________ constitutions had to be approved by Congress

5, military 14th Voting, white public State

Who was the President of the U.S.?

Abraham Lincoln

This separation and loss of control over _________ _____________ caused anxiety among whites to escalate. The formation of terrorist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan reflected racial tension and the determination of the white population to keep the African American population in 'its place' socially, politically, and economically.

African Americans

President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863. What did this declare? What did this allow African Americans to do? Unfortunately they were still what? Did the Confederate states obey? Then how were slaves freed?

All slaves in rebelling states were free to fight for the Union Army discriminated against (got paid less than white soldiers) No by military action

Northern Strategy Squeeze the South "____________" plan Blockade _____________ ports Gain control of __________________ I_________ and d___________ Confederacy

Anaconda plan Southern Mississippi isolate and disorganize

Timeline April 12, 1861 November 7, 1861 May 12-13, 1862 January 1, 1863 February 17, 1864 September 2, 1864 February 17-18, 1865 April 9 & 26, 1865

April 12 - Start of Civil War Nov. 7 - Union takes Port Royal Sound May 12-13 - Robert Smalls surrenders Confederate ship Jan. 1 - The Emancipation Proclamation signed by Lincoln freeing slaves Feb. 17 - Hunley sank USS Housatonic, then it sinks Sep. 2 - Atlanta falls to the Union and is burned Feb. 17-18 - Sherman fires on Columbia, enters it, 1/3rd of city is burned, looted by soldiers/criminals Two Confederate armies surrender

When did the American Civil War start?

April 12, 1861 at Fort Sumter

When did the American Civil War end?

April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Court House, VA

The planter elite tried to hold onto slave-like conditions through the _______ Codes and control over the government of the state through the constitution of 1865, but Congressional Reconstruction brought a temporary ____ to their political control of South Carolina. However, plantation owners and the middle class engaged in __________ and ________________ against African Americans throughout Reconstruction

Black end violence and intimidation

What port did the Union block? Why was this a hardship for the people of South Carolina?

Charleston they could not export cotton to Europe and therefore could not get food and supplies

In addition, the large number of men killed, and others physically and mentally impaired during the _______ War meant that many elite white women took on non-traditional roles.

Civil

Where was it held? What did they decide?

Columbia then moved to Charleston to secede

While the US Congress was not in session, the South Carolina legislature elected former ______________ to Congress and passed ________ Codes, which led to increased violence towards freedmen. This, along with President Johnson's opposition veto of the Freedman's Bureau bill and his opposition to the 14th Amendment, significantly changed the course of Reconstruction policy.

Confederates Black

Because of the Black Codes, Congress refused to admit returning Southern officials to their elected positions in ___________. As a result of the violence in the South against African Americans and the actions of President Johnson, the so-called "________ Republicans" won a majority in the congressional elections of 1866 and passed their own plan for Reconstruction. This plan, known as the Radical Republican plan, was written to protect the _______ of the newly freed slaves, as well as protect the ____________ political power.

Congress Radical Republicans rights, Republican's

Where did the Civil War begin?

Fort Sumter Charleston Harbor, SC April 12, 1961

The Confederate government told Union soldiers to leave what, but they refused? What did the Confederate troops do that started the Civil War?

Fort Sumter fired on the Fort Sumter resulting in the Union surrendering the fort

Name of the Confederacy's submarine

H.L. Hunley

Who was the President of the Confederate States?

Jefferson Davis

Why was a Secession Convention held in Nov. 1860?

Lincoln was elected President

Where did most of the fighting take place? What were the events in SC?

Northern Virginia and along the Mississippi River first shots at Fort Sumter capture of Port Royal Sound (Confederate Army's first setback)

Before Lincoln was sworn in, SC was the first state to secede from the Union and the ______________ of Secession was signed.

Ordinances

Where was the Union navy's headquarters for the South Atlantic states blockade?

Port Royal Sound

Congressional leaders of the Republican Party who wanted to take control of Reconstruction from the president and create a new society of equality in the South; many were antebellum abolitionists

Radical Republicans

Although African Americans suffered from white violence and intimidation throughout the _____________ period, they continued to claim equal citizenship and carve out as much independence as possible in their lives.

Reconstruction

Democrats and Republicans reached a compromise whereby Democrats would recognize the election of _____________ President Hayes in exchange for the withdrawal of federal _______ from the South. President Hayes withdrew the last of the federal troops from South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. The Conservative Democratic Party under former Confederate General, now Governor, Wade Hampton III took control of the government of South Carolina and African Americans were left to fend for themselves in a _______ environment

Republican troops hostile

Who surrendered a Confederate ship, The Planter, through the Charleston Harbor to the Union blockade? What did he get as a result?

Robert Smalls freedom for himself and his family

What happened in/to Columbia?

Sherman's forces closed in and fired on it a spark of fire from a cotton field set it on fire (1/3rd city burned p;us plantation houses) soldiers/criminals looted city

The federal government did not believe it was their responsibility to rebuild the ____________ economically

South

Former slaves did not often leave the __________ as soon as they had the opportunity to escape because they had no where else to go. With the assistance of the ____________ Bureau and their own determination, they worked to consolidate their families and communities and establish a network of churches and other self-run institutions.

South Freedmen's Bureau

Why was the Confederacy confident that they would win? Strong _________ Fighting ________ Shorter _______ lines and soldiers having to travel fewer ______ 3,500 miles of ________ to allow them to ______ through the Union blockade

Strong generals Fighting spirit Shorter supply lines and soldiers having to travel fewer miles 3,500 miles of coastline to allow them to sail through the Union blockade

Other states joined SC and they formed a new country called what? They wrote a ______________ and elected who as their president in Jan. 1861? The Confederacy began to form an _________ and took over _____ and other property located in the South that belonged to whom?

The Confederate States of America constitution, Jefferson Davis army, forts, national government

True or False Men from the lower classes served and died in disproportionate numbers in relation to the wealthy.

True

True or False Some African Americans were put into service for the Confederate armies because their masters took them to the battlefield with them

True

What was the Union's strategy? Blockade __________ ports (cut off supplies from Europe) ________ Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River Destroy the ______________ and ______________ systems of the Confederacy to hurt morale Attack the Confederate capital at ____________ What was the Confederacy's strategy? Fight a ____________ war Use __________ from Europe gained from the sale of cotton Wait for Northern forces to get ______ of fighting the war

Union Blockade southern ports (cut off supplies from Europe) Break Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River Destroy the transportation and communication systems of the Confederacy to hurt morale Attack the Confederate capital at Richmond Confederacy Fight a defensive war Use supplies from Europe gained from the sale of cotton Wait for Northern forces to get tired of fighting the war

White South Carolinians who previously had little political voice in the state were another group that benefited from the new constitution that gave more freedom to the freedmen. Many of these men came from the _____________. Called "____________" by other white South Carolinians, they joined the ____________ Party because they supported its position on _________ growth and ________ schools. They wanted to rebuild the South in cooperation with the ______________ governments and to have a _______ in the government.

Upcountry scalawags Republican economic public Reconstruction voice

The economy continued to rest on a________ and c__________, but now depended on ____________ rather than slave labor.

agriculture and cotton sharecropping

This federal agency under the control of the United States _____ provided f_____, c________, m________ care, e________ and some protection from the hostile white environment. The Freedman's Bureau helped many freedmen find jobs and established courts to protect the illiterate workers.

army food, clothing, medical care, education

In _____ years the amount of crop shared might be very little and sharecroppers would take out a ______ in the form of lien on the next year's crop to buy supplies to last until the next harvest. This crop lien system placed the freedmen in a cycle of ______ and dependence on the landowners.

bad loan debt