CJ 101: Introduction to Criminal Justice

Montgomery bus boycott

A boycott of public transportation initiated by the arrest of Rosa Parks.

Domino theory

A claim that the continued fall of governments to communist rule would threaten democracy.

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)

A conduit for the transfer of federal funds to state and local law enforcement agencies.

War on Crime

A declaration by President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 to counter crime and social disorder.

Preliminary hearing

A hearing before a magistrate judge in which the prosecution presents evidence to convince the judge that there is probable cause to bring that defendant to trail.

Probable cause hearing

A hearing to determine whether there is a direct link between a suspect and a crime.

Arrangement hearing

A hearing where charges are read and the defendant is asked to enter a plea.

True bill

A jury's decision that authorizes the prosecutor to arraign the defendant.

Input-output model

A model of how people are processed through the criminal justice system until they exit the system.

Crime-control (public order) model

A model of the criminal justice system in which emphasis is placed on fighting crime and protecting potential victims.

Due process model

A model that ensures that individuals are protected from arbitrary and excessive abuse of power by the government.

Civil disobedience

A nonviolent approach of protest in the civil rights movement.

Grand jury

A panel of citizens that decides whether there is probable cause to indict a defendant on the alleged charges.

Meta-influence

A phenomenon that results in encompassing transformative changes.

Law Enforcement Educational Program (LEEP)

A program created to promote education among criminal justice personnel by offering loans and grants to pursue higher education.

System of social control

A social system designed to maintain order and regulate interactions.

Vietnam War

A war from 1955 to 1975 involving Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Street Act of 1968

An act that provided resources to local and state government to assist in the adoption of reforms, including the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration.

Substantive due process

Due process that refers to the constitutionality of laws.

Jim Crow laws (Black Codes)

Laws passed after the Civil War to overstep the basic human rights and civil liberties of African-Americans. Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Booking

Police activity that establishes the identification of an arrested person and formally charges that person with a crime.

War on terrorism

President George W. Bush's declaration regarding the response of the United States to the events of September 11, 2001.

Bail

Release of the defendant prior to trial.

Due process rights

Rights guaranteed to persons by the Constitution and its amendments.

Formal sanctions

Social norms enforced through the laws of the criminal justice system.

Brown v. Board of Education Topeka (1954)

The U.S. Supreme Court decision that resulted in the movement to integrate schools, public transportation, business, and society.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

The act declaring that it is illegal for businesses, hotels, restaurants, and public transportation to deny citizens service based on their race.

1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act

The act that ended discrimination in law enforcement and corrections based on race, gender, and other protected categories.

Checks and balances

The authority of agencies to void actions of other criminal justice agencies.

Criminology

The body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon.

Criminal justice system

The enforcement, by the police, the courts, and correctional institutions, of obedience to laws.

Social norms

The expected normative behavior in a society.

Indictment

The formal verdict of the grand jury that there is sufficient evidence to bring a person to trial.

Due process amendment

The fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibiting local government from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without due process.

Picket fence model

The model of the criminal justice system in which the local, state, and federal criminal justice systems are depicted as three horizontal levels connected vertically by the roles, functions, and activities of the agencies that comprise them.

Presumption of innocence

The most important principle of the due process model requiring all accused persons to be treated as innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.

Procedural due process

The process and procedure the government can use to prosecute an individual.

Sociology

The study of human social behavior

Enemy combatant

The suspension of due process rights for accused terrorists under the ___________ executive order.

Incorporate

To grant rights defined by the U.S. Constitution to the citizens of a state.

Arrest

To restrict the freedom of a person by taking him or her into police custody.

Slave patrols

White militia who were responsible for controlling, returning, and punishing runaway slaves.

Order maintenance

activities of law enforcement that resolve conflicts and assist in the regulation of day-to-day interactions of citizens.

Informal sanctions

social norms that are enforced through the social forces of family, school, government, and religion.