CJ Exam 4 Study Guide

What was the name of the system in which a private business leased prisoners from the state for a fixed annual fee and assumed full responsibility for their supervision and control?

Convict-lease system

Approximately what percentage of the prison population in the United States is female?

10 percent

What percent have their probation revoked?

35% are arrested, violate probationary rules, or abscond

What percent of people successfully complete probation?

65% of probationers successfully complete their probationary sentence

What is forfeiture?

Forfeiture: The seizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty. - More than 100 federal statutes use forfeiture of property as a punishment

Furlough

Furlough: Allows inmates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training, for employment, or to maintain family tie

What is a halfway house?

Halfway house: A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright release so that they can become gradually acclimated to conventional society. - These facilities are designed to bridge the gap between institutional living and the community

Which judicial policy is one of the reasons that inmates lacked rights unless the circumstances indicated a serious breach of the Eighth Amendment?

Hands-off doctrine

What is house arrest?

House Arrest - Requires convicted offenders to spend extended periods of time in their own home as an alternative to an incarceration sentence - Electronic monitoring frequently accompanies house arrest to ensure compliance

What was the name of the abandoned ships used to house inmates in England?

Hulks

What percent are sentenced to a suspended sentence?

In about 20 percent of sentences, judges formulate a prison sentence and then suspend it if the offender agrees to obey the rules of probation while living in the community (a suspended sentence).

What are some issues with private prisons?

In the abstract, a private correctional enterprise may be an attractive alternative to a costly correctional system, but so far there is little sound evidence that they are cheaper to run and/or that they produce better results. Private and state institutions seem to cost about the same to operate and produce the same results in terms of security issues and recidivism.

Why does individual violence occur in prisons?

Individual Violence - History of prior violence - Psychological malady - Prison conditions - Lack of dispute resolution mechanisms - Basic survival - Each year in U.S. prisons, about 90 inmates are killed and some 250 suicides are recorded. Many more suffer nonlethal attacks, including sexual assault. What are the causes of prison violence? The motives for individual violence vary widely. They include sexual dominance and coercion, the aggressor's desire to shake down the victim for money and personal favors, racial conflict, and the need to establish power within the institution.

Who typically provides counseling and other rehabilitative programs?

Individual and group counseling - May involve anger management or cognitive behavior therapy - Faith based programs - Drug treatment programs There is evidence proving the effectiveness of programs using counseling and other therapies to cause inmate change. A meta-analysis examining 68 studies covering a variety of treatment programs and their impact on inmate misconduct conducted by Sheila French and Paul Gendreau found that behavioral programs were generally effective and helped reduce inmate misconduct while behind bars and reduced recidivism after release

What are the unwritten guidelines that expressed the values, attitudes, and type of behavior that older inmates demanded of younger ones?

Inmate social code

What is inmate subculture?

Inmate subculture: is the loosely defined culture that pervades prisons and has its own norms, rules, and language

How prevalent are they?

Today, around 400 correctional facilities are being run by private firms as business enterprises housing over 121,000 inmates. In all, about 15 percent of federal prisoners and about 7 percent of state prisoners are housed in private facilities.Private prisons play an important correctional role in the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and elsewhere.

Which program allows inmates to work outside the prison walls during the day and return to the prison at night?

Work release

Work release

Work release: A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community, returning to prison at night.

Who is most likely to get their probation revoked?

Young males who are unemployed or who have a very low income, a prior criminal record, or a history of instability are more likely to be rearrested

What percent are sentenced to a split sentence?

About 10 percent of probationers are now given split sentences.

About how many inmates in jail have a mental illness?

About two-thirds of all jail inmates report having a mental health problem, including more than 15 percent who display psychotic symptoms. That means more than 100,000 people in jail today are suffering from severe psychosis, and more than 400,000 have some form of mental disorder.

What attitude and behavioral changes occur when an inmate first enters and then adjusts to prison?

Adjusting to Prison - Variety of attitude and behavior changes as their sentence unfolds - Many inmates learn to adapt to the prison routine - Some inmates routinely violate institutional rules Adapting to the Female Institution - Different from male institutions - Less danger to staff - Less violent behavior - Less aggressive sexual behavior

Be familiar with administrative-control theory.

Administrative-control theory. Collective violence is caused by prison mismanagement, lack of strong security, and inadequate control by prison officials. Poor management may inhibit conflict management and set the stage for violence. Repressive administrations give inmates the feeling that nothing will ever change, that they have nothing to lose, and that violence is the only means for change.

Which individual is responsible for the day-to-day operation of a probation office?

Chief Probation Officer

What are the three types of violence found in a prison setting?

Collective, individual, and sexual

Know the reasons why community sentences are popular.

Community sentences are popular because: - Less costly - Help the offender maintain family and community ties - Can be structured to maximize security and maintain public safety - Scaled in severity to correspond to the seriousness of the crime - Can feature restoration and reintegration - Can act as a "second chance"

Which group of inmates has special needs related to medical issues, mobility, and special nutrition needs?

Elderly inmates

What are elements of successful rehabilitation programs?

Elements of successful programs - Teach interpersonal skills - Provide individual counseling - Make use of behavior modification techniques - Use cognitive-behavioral therapy - Stress-improving moral reasoning - Combine in-prison therapeutic communities with follow-up community treatment

What are the elements of the inmate social code?

Elements of the Inmate Social Code - Don't interfere with inmates' interests - Don't lose your head - Don't exploit inmates - Be tough and don't lose your dignity - Don't be a sucker

The risk assessment form you used to assess Luis indicates that his risk of reoffending is relatively low. Your experience with probationers like Luis and your perception of Luis during your initial conversation/meeting are leading you to conclude that his risk of recidivism may be greater than that indicted by the risk assessment. You do agree with the risk assessment that Luis is not a high-risk probationer. Based on the conclusions of the risk assessment and your sense about Luis, how often do you think you should conduct random urine analyses to test for alcohol and drug use?

Every three weeks

Be familiar with the role of female correctional officers.

Female Correctional Officers - Little difference in behavior or use of aggressive tactics - Discipline has not suffered - Beneficial effect - Assignment to male institutions may boost career

Which intermediate sanction requires the offender to pay for damages inflicted on the victim?

Restitution

What is restitution?

Restitution: A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused. - Restitution programs offer offenders a chance to avoid a jail or prison sentence or a lengthier probation period. The programs may help them develop a sense of allegiance to society, better work habits, and some degree of gratitude for being given a second chance. Restitution serves many other purposes, including giving the community something of value without asking it to foot the bill for an incarceration and helping victims regain lost property and income.

What is the main philosophy that supports the use of restorative justice in the criminal justice system?

Restorative justice programs stress healing and redemption instead of punishment and deterrence.

What is one of the greatest problems that is faced by correctional officers?

The duality of their role

What is the hands-off doctrine?

The hands-off doctrine - The legal practice of allowing prison administrators a free hand in running the institution, even if correctional practices violate inmates' constitutional rights - The hands-off doctrine ended with the onset of the prisoners' rights movement in the 1960s

About how many inmates are in jail at any one time?

The jail incarceration rate is now about 226 jail inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents - About 738,000 jail inmates are behind bars at any one time.

What is probation?

- A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court, subject to certain conditions for a specified time - Probation is a criminal sentence that suspends or delays a correctional term in a prison or jail in return for a period of community supervision during which the probationer must abide by certain conditions set forth by the court, under the supervision of a probation officer. - The philosophy of probation today rests on the assumption that the typical offender is not a dangerous criminal or a "menace to society," but someone who has made a mistake and has the ability and potential to reform.

What types of offenders get probation?

- About 30% of felonies are sentenced to probation - More than half of probation sentences are direct sentences without any form of incarceration - About 20% are a suspended sentence - About 10% are a split sentence - Typical probation sentences are 35 months for a violent offense, 32 months for a property offense, and 31 months for drug crimes

How many people are on probation?

- About 4 million people are currently on probation (4.7 million on all forms of community supervision). This translates into approximately 1 in 61 U.S. adult residents. - More than 2 million people are still being placed on probation annually, and a slightly larger number exit their probation sentence. - Without probation, the correctional system would rapidly become even more overcrowded, overly expensive, and unmanageable. - Probation rules are a set of conditions or restrictions mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer

Be familiar with the make believe family ideas in women's prisons.

- Another form of adaptation to prison used by women is the make-believe family. This group contains masculine and feminine figures acting as fathers and mothers; some even act as children and take on the role of brother or sister. Formalized marriages and divorces may be conducted. Sometimes one inmate plays multiple roles, so that a "sister" in one family may "marry" and become the "wife" of another inmate. It is estimated that about half of all female inmates are members of make-believe families. - Why do make-believe families exist? Experts suggest that they provide the warm, stable relationships that are otherwise unobtainable in the prison environment. Some prison officials find make-believe families disruptive, but their attitudes may stem from preconceived notions rather than from any real harm caused by such pairings.

What are the advantages of intermediate sanctions?

- Cost benefits - Equitable community sentences - Increased control - Reduced overcrowding - Use with different classes of offenders In sum, rather than being a net-widening measure, intermediate sanctions can act as a "net-repairing" strategy.

What is a day fine?

- Day fines: A fine geared to the average daily income of the convicted offender in an effort to bring equity to the sentencing process. - In an effort to make them equitable and fairly distributed, fines are based on the severity of the crime, weighted by a daily-income value taken from a chart similar to an income tax table; the number of the offender's dependents is also taken into account. The day fine concept means that the severity of punishment is geared to the offender's ability to pay.

What is prison?

- Designed to hold convicted felons while they serve their criminal sentence - There are about 1,800 secure public and private adult correctional facilities housing more than 1.5 million state and federal prisoners. Usually, prisons are organized or classified on three levels—maximum, medium, and minimum security—and each has distinct characteristics.

What are the trends for women in jail?

- During the past two decades, the percentage of adult females in jail increased at a faster pace than that of males - 15 percent of jail inmates are women

How prevalent is it?

- Even though media exposés typically suggest that prison rape is an everyday occurrence, it is actually very difficult to get an accurate reading of the true incidence of prison rape. Some research efforts indicate that rape is very rare, whereas others find that nearly half of all inmates experience some form of sexual coercion. - What explains the difficulty in getting an accurate count? Many inmates refuse to report rape and others may misunderstand what constitutes a "rape"; that is, they don't consider verbal coercion a form of sexual assault. Reasons for nonreporting include embarrassment and the belief that nothing can be done. Other reasons include: - Inmates fear that if they report sexual assault they will be harassed by other inmates. - Inmates do not want to report rape because they fear retaliation from their attacker. - Inmates may believe that sexual assault is a personal matter and nobody else's business. - Victims may want to stay in the general population and fear that reporting victimization may result in their being placed in segregation. This post-prison survey found that almost 1 in every 10 former state or local prisoners in America reported being sexually victimized at least once by an inmate or staff member in prison. The National Former Prisoners Survey found evidence that prison rape is a greater problem than previously thought: about 8 percent of former prison inmates said they were sexually victimized. Just about the same number of former inmates were victimized by staff members as by other inmates. Gay and bisexual men seemed to be by far the most frequently targeted in prison: 39 percent of gay men and 34 percent of bisexual men reported being sexually victimized by another inmate, while only 3.5 percent of heterosexual men reported incidents. This relationship did not hold f

What is a fine?

- Fines: Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds. - Monetary payments, or fines, can be imposed on offenders as punishment for their criminal acts. Fines are a direct offshoot of the early common-law practice of requiring that compensation be paid to the victim and the state (wergild) for criminal acts. Fines are still commonly used in Europe, where they are often the sole penalty, even in cases involving chronic offenders who commit fairly serious crimes. - In the United States, fines are most commonly used in cases involving misdemeanors and lesser offenses. Fines are also frequently used in felony cases in which the offender benefited financially.

Select the three benefits of membership in a prison group.

- Gives an opportunity to make deals with other inmates - Provides mutual protection from theft and physical assault - Is a source of cultural identity

What are intermediate sanctions?

- Intermediate sanctions: The group of punishments falling between probation and prison ("probation plus"). Community-based sanctions, including house arrest and intensive supervision, serve as alternatives to incarceration. - There is also a growing trend to add sanctions to traditional probation sentences. These programs can be viewed as "probation plus," since they add restrictive penalties and conditions to traditional community service orders, which emphasize treatment and rehabilitation more than control and restraint. Some of these so-called intermediate sanctions include programs that are administered by probation departments: intensive probation supervision, house arrest, electronic monitoring, restitution orders, shock probation or split sentences, and residential community corrections.

What are the typical characteristics of women who are in prison?

- Like their male counterparts, female inmates are disproportionately more likely to be young (most are under age 30), minority group members, unmarried, undereducated, and either unemployed or underemployed. The typical woman behind bars is a poor, unskilled woman of color with small children who has health problems, has a history of abuse, and is incarcerated for either property or violent crimes, the latter being most common. - Most incarcerated women also have had a troubled family life.

Be familiar with the different types of prisons.

- Maximum security prisons - Super maximum security prisons - Medium security prisons - Minimum security prisons

How are female institutions different from male institutions?

- More social support both internal and external - Anger is directed inward instead of outward - Depression - Make believe family substitute family groups with a faux father, mother, and siblings

Who is the biggest contactor?

- One industry leader, CoreCivic (formerly Corrections Corporation of America), houses over 70,000 inmates in more than 70 facilities, most of which are company-owned. CCA currently partners with all three federal corrections agencies (the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the U.S. Marshals Service, and Immigration and Customs Enforcement), nearly half of all states, and more than a dozen local municipalities. - A competitor, the GEO Group, employs 18,000 people and is responsible for the management and/or ownership of about 70 correctional, detention, and residential treatment facilities in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa as well as in the United States. GEO correctional facilities house around 80,000 inmates.

Why do we have private prisons? Do they work for this purpose?

- Private prisons help reduce overcrowding in public prisons. Over time, the number of inmates was too high, and the private system was a solution to the problem. Private prisons help the government to house more inmates while spending a relatively low amount of money on private prisons as upkeep for the inmates. - While the jury is still out on their effectiveness, some state governments still view private prisons as a low-cost alternative to costly state-run correctional systems whose employees are entitled to lucrative state pension plans and retirement benefits.

Which of the following is a characteristic and a benefit of probation? Select all that apply.

- Probation gives offenders an opportunity to be closely supervised by trained personnel who can help them engage in proper behavior in the community. - Judges are the only individuals in the criminal justice system to award probation.

What is revocation?

- Revocation: An administrative act performed by a parole authority that removes a person from parole, or a judicial order by a court removing a person from parole or probation, in response to a violation on the part of the parolee or probationer. - Revocation means that the community sentence is terminated and the original sentence of incarceration is enforced.

What is risk classification?

- Risk classification: An assessment of the risk level probationers pose to the community and themselves. - Probationers typically receive a risk classification that assigns them to a level and type of supervision on the basis of their particular needs and the risks they present to the community. Some clients may receive frequent (intensive) supervision. in which they are contacted by their supervising probation officer almost every day, whereas other, minor offenders are assigned to minimum monitoring.

What does the prison inmate population look like?

- The backgrounds and characteristics of inmates reflect arrest data and are similar to those of the jail population: disproportionately young, male, minority, and poor. Compared to the estimated numbers of black, white, and Hispanic males in the U.S. resident population, black males were six times as likely, and Hispanic males twice as likely, as white males to be held in custody. Women still make up less than 10 percent of the total prison population. - Many inmates suffer from multiple social problems. Inmates are undereducated, are underemployed, and come from abusive homes. A disproportionate number have experienced homelessness (living on the street or in a homeless shelter) and associated social problems, including mental illness, substance abuse, and unemployment. Only about one-third of current inmates have a high school diploma, compared with more than 80 percent of the general population. It is not surprising, then, that surveys show that inmates suffer from serious psychological and emotional problems, including psychosis and major depression. These problems have helped keep recidivism rates high, and correctional officials have been searching for answers to this ongoing problem.

Which of the following are examples of acceptable probation rules? Select all that apply.

- The offender must take a random weekly drug test. - The offender must not associate with individuals who encourage criminal behavior. - The offender must engage in a mental health evaluation with a certified clinician.

What are the latest trends in incarceration?

- There are now indications that after decades of growth, the prison population is on the decline. The crime rate drop coupled with alternatives to incarceration have cut and/or stabilized the prison population. Convicted criminals are receiving shorter prison sentences than they were several years ago. In addition, some distinguished crime policy experts have suggested that incarceration is not an effective crime control method. Instead, it would be more cost-effective to shift from a reliance on punishment-based policies to the more effective use of police to make the risks of crime clearer and the consequences of criminal activity more certain. This is especially true in the case of elderly inmates, who can be very expensive to supervise yet low risk in many cases - As a result of these trends and policy shifts, the growth in the prison population has finally begun trending downward

What does the future of probation look like? Select all that apply.

- There is a trend that probationers pay day fees for the cost of their community supervision. - It will probably remain the most popular alternative sentencing option.

In what ways are intermediate sanctions applied? Select all that apply.

- When an offender commits another crime - When an offender is placed on probation and given the rules of probation

What factors lead to sexual victimization?

- White inmates are attacked more than any other race - Victims are generally younger than their assailants - Mentally ill or intellectually impaired inmates are more likely to be victimized - Cell blocks with solid cell fronts may contribute to sexual assault - In women's prisons, sexual assault may be at the hands of correctional officers

Why do some people enter into a sexual slave situation?

- Young males may be raped and kept as sexual slaves by older, more aggressive inmates - Weaker inmates may agree to such arrangements for protection - Difficult to get an accurate reading of the true incidence of prison rape

Which program has been developed to help inmates cope with their violent behavioral urges and tendencies?

Anger management

What type of correctional facility is a short-term, militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline?

Boot camp

What is boot camp? How is it different or related to shock incarceration?

Boot camp: A short-term, militaristic correction facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline. - The concept is that short periods (90 to 180 days) of high-intensity exercise and work will "shock" the inmate into going straight. Tough physical training is designed to promote responsibility and improve decision-making skills, build self-confidence, and teach socialization skills. Inmates are treated with rough intensity by drillmasters who may call them names and punish the entire group for the failure of one member. Shock incarceration: A short-term correctional program based on a boot camp approach that makes use of a military-like regime of high-intensity physical training.

Be familiar with rehabilitation programs in prison

Counseling programs Anger management: Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence to get their way. Faith-based programs seem to work better with some inmates than others, and those who enter such programs with feelings of self-worth are more likely to complete the course than those with less confidence. While these programs are based on faith or spiritual principles, the study of religious texts or materials, and participation in religious services or rituals are not viewed as their central focus. Instead, faith-based programs are more often involved in secular activities such as helping clients gain skills or training, building support networks, and creating supportive relationships between staff, volunteers, and clients. Drug Treatment Programs

How are female inmates different from male inmates?

Daily life in women's prisons differs somewhat from that in male institutions. For one thing, unlike male inmates, women usually do not present an immediate physical danger to staff and fellow inmates. Relatively few engage in violent behavior, and incidents of inmate-initiated sexual aggression, so common in male institutions, are rare in women's prisons. Few female inmates experience the violent atmosphere common in male institutions or suffer the same racial and ethnic conflict and divisiveness. Although female inmates may experience less discomfort than males, that does not mean their experience is a bed of roses. Many still experience fear and are forced to undergo a process of socialization fraught with danger and volatile situations. However, female inmates seem to receive more social support from both internal sources (e.g., inmate peers, correctional staff) and external sources (e.g., families, peers), a factor that may help lessen the pains of prison life, help them adjust, and improve the social climate within female institutions.

What is a day reporting center?

Day reporting centers (DRCs): Nonresidential community-based treatment programs. - These provide a single location to which a variety of clients can report for supervision and treatment.

What is jail?

Designed to hold pretrial detainees and misdemeanants serving their criminal sentence

In states that have eliminated discretionary parole, they have replaced it with what?

Determinate-sentencing statutes

Be familiar with inmate-balance theory.

Inmate-balance theory. Riots and other forms of collective violence occur when prison officials make an abrupt effort to take control of the prison and limit freedoms. Crackdowns occur when officials perceive that inmate leaders have too much power and take measures to control their illicit privileges, such as gambling or stealing food.

What is intensive probation supervision?

Intensive probation supervision (IPS): A type of intermediate sanction involving small probation caseloads and strict monitoring on a daily or weekly basis. - IPS, another form of intermediate sanctions, involves small caseloads of 15 to 40 clients who are kept under close watch by probation officers. IPS programs typically have three primary goals: - Decarceration. Without intensive supervision, clients would normally be sent to already overcrowded prisons or jails. - Control. High-risk offenders can be maintained in the community under much closer security than traditional probation efforts can provide. - Reintegration. Offenders can maintain community ties and be reoriented toward a more productive life, while avoiding the pains of imprisonment.

What is ISP?

Intensive supervision parole

What is the purpose of a risk classification assessment?

It is used to determine the level of supervision a probationer will require in the community.

If an offender was sentenced to a sentence of 6 months of confinement, where would they serve their time?

Jail

Know the conditions of jail.

Jails are usually a low-priority item in the criminal justice system. Because they are often administered on a county level, jail services have not been sufficiently regulated, nor has a unified national policy been developed to mandate what constitutes adequate jail conditions. Consequently, jails in some counties are physically deteriorated, holding dangerous and troubled people, many of whom suffer from emotional problems that remain untreated.

Be familiar with what life is like both in male and female prisons.

Living in Prison - Stripped, searched, assigned living quarters - Deprivation of liberty, goods and services, heterosexual relationships, autonomy, and security - Overcrowded prisons are filled with young, aggressive men who are responsible for majority of inmate-on-inmate assaults Adjusting to Prison - Variety of attitude and behavior changes as their sentence unfolds - Many inmates learn to adapt to the prison routine - Some inmates routinely violate institutional rules Female Institutions - Smaller than male institutions - Non-secure - Lack of adequate training for inmates - Counseling by laypeople - Lack of parenting programs - Lack of job training Adapting to the Female Institution - Different from male institutions - Less danger to staff - Less violent behavior - Less aggressive sexual behavior - More social support both internal and external - Anger is directed inward instead of outward - Depression - Make believe family substitute family groups with a faux father, mother, and siblings

What is a form of adaptation to prison life seen in the female inmate population but not seen in the male inmate population?

Make-believe family

About how many inmates in jail (male and female) have histories of sexual abuse?

Many jail inmates are sexual abuse survivors - 10% of male inmates - 50% of female inmates

Be able to distinguish one type of prison from another.

Maximum-security prisons - A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measures, high walls, and limited contact with the outside world. - Security is key - Anything beyond confinement is considered a privilege - Prisons are designed to eliminate hidden corners where people can congregate Super Maximum Security Prison - Houses the most predatory criminals - Can be independent correctional centers or locked wings of existing prisons - Lock inmates in their cells 22 to 24 hours a day - Effectiveness has achieved mixed reviews - Fear that long hours of isolation may be associated with mental illness and psychological disturbances Medium Security Prisons - Less secure institution that houses nonviolent offenders and provides more opportunities for contact with the outside world - Promotes greater treatment efforts - Medium-security prisons are also surrounded by walls, but there may be fewer guard towers or other security precautions; visitations with personal contact may be allowed. - Although most prisoners are housed in cells, individual honor rooms in medium-security prisons are used to reward those who make exemplary rehabilitation efforts. Finally, medium-security prisons promote greater treatment efforts, and the relaxed atmosphere allows freedom of movement for rehabilitation workers and other therapeutic personnel. Minimum Security Prisons - Least secure correctional institution, which houses white-collar and nonviolent offenders, maintains few security measures, and has liberal furlough and visitation policies - Inmates are allowed a great deal of personal freedom - Criticized for being like country clubs - Minimum-security facilities may have dormitories or small private rooms for inmates. Prisoners are allowed to own personal possessions that might be deemed dangerou

Which type of prisons are less secure institutions that house nonviolent offenders and provide opportunities for contact with the outside world?

Medium-security prisons

When do people typically violate their probation?

Most revocations occur for technical violations during the first three months of the probation sentence

How successful is probation? Especially compared to the same offenders in incarceration?

National research suggests: - 65% of probationers successfully complete their probationary sentence - 35% are arrested, violate probationary rules, or abscond Most revocations occur for technical violations during the first three months of the probation sentence - Even the most serious criminals who receive probation are less likely to recidivate than those who are sent to prison for committing similar crimes - Young males who are unemployed or who have a very low income, a prior criminal record, or a history of instability are more likely to be rearrested

What type of jail has officers stationed in a central pod where they can easily interact with the inmates?

New-generation jails

What is a correctional philosophy with the purpose of convincing inmates that prison is no place to be, and they should not return?

No-frills policy

What assessment is used in risk classification? Does it work?

Number of assessment instruments used - LSI-R - 54 items - Evaluations of instruments show that when they are used properly, they can be highly valid - The neighborhood where probationers reside must be considered in their individual risk classification - A number of risk-assessment classification approaches are used, but most use such objective measures as the offender's age, employment status, drug abuse history, prior felony convictions, and number of address changes in the year before sentencing.

Be familiar with the concept of private prisons.

On January 6, 1986, the U.S. Corrections Corporation opened the first private state prison in Marion, Kentucky—a 300-bed minimum-security facility for inmates who are within 3 years of parole.

What goes on in parole hearings?

Parole Hearings - Review of cases differs across jurisdictions - Factors that are considered are the inmate's crime, their institutional record, and their willingness to accept responsibility - Inmates rights vary across jurisdictions - No federal right to legal representation - Exclusionary rule does not apply

What is parole?

Parole: The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorities

What are some of the reasons that reentry into a community is so difficult and parole failure is so persistent?

Prison experience, personal deficits, and economic deficits

Be familiar with prison farms/camps.

Prison farms and camps are used to detain offenders. These types of facilities are found primarily in the South and the West and have been in operation since the nineteenth century. Today, numerous farms, forest camps, road camps, and similar facilities (vocational training centers, ranches, and so on) exist in the nation. Prisoners on farms produce dairy products, grain, and vegetable crops that are used in the state correctional system and other governmental facilities, such as hospitals and schools. Forestry camp inmates maintain state parks, fight forest fires, and do reforestation work. Ranches, primarily a Western phenomenon, employ inmates in cattle raising and horse breeding, among other activities. Road gangs repair roads and state highways.

Be familiar with prions-overcrowding theory.

Prison overcrowding theory. As the prison population continues to climb, unmatched by expanded capacity, prison violence may increase. Overcrowding caused by the rapid increases in the prison population has also been linked to increases in both inmate substance abuse and prison violence.

What is the overcrowding issue?

Prison overcrowding theory. As the prison population continues to climb, unmatched by expanded capacity, prison violence may increase. Overcrowding caused by the rapid increases in the prison population has also been linked to increases in both inmate substance abuse and prison violence.

A daily task of probation officers is to provide assistance in cases in which people have been charged with crimes but have not yet been convicted of those crimes. How do they do this?

Probation officers complete comprehensive reports that assist judges in choosing the proper punishment/sentence should the accused person be convicted.

How do probation officers assist people who have been found guilty of crimes and sentenced to probation?

Probation officers create treatment and supervisory plans to help their clients successfully complete their probation.

What are the tasks of probation officers?

Probation officers have several tasks: *Investigation - Presentence investigation serves as the basis for sentencing *Intake - Probation officers who conduct intake interviews may be looking to settle the case without the necessity of a court hearing. *Diagnosis - Used to select appropriate treatment modes *Treatment supervision *Risk classification - Assessment of the risk level probationers pose to the community and themselves

What is the role of probation officers when a convicted offender has been sentenced to probation?

Probation officers supervise convicted offenders who are serving their sentence within the community.

Be familiar with the concept of sexual violence in prison.

Rape and sexual coercion are customary prison behavior

Does rehabilitation work?

Rehabilitation does work

What is residential community corrections?

Residential community corrections (RCC): A non secure facility, located in the community, that houses probationers who need a more secure environment. Typically, residents are free during the day to go to work, school, or treatment, and return in the evening for counseling sessions and meals.

What is restorative justice?

Restorative justice: A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state. Justice should involve all parties affected by crime—victims, criminals, law enforcement, and the community.

Which term describes when the offender does not meet the requirements of their probation and the court imposes a prison sentence?

Revocation

What are the risks of reentry?

Risks of Reentry - Inadequate treatment - Lack of savings - Lack of employment prospects - Women face special challenges - Effect on communities

What do correctional officers do?

Roles of correctional officers include: - Supervision of inmates - Sit on disciplinary boards - Escort inmates to/from court - Greatest problem is the conflict between security and treatment

What is shock probation? How is it different from a split sentence?

Shock probation: A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation, to impress them with the pains of imprisonment. - The shock comes because the offender originally received a long maximum sentence but is then eligible for release to community supervision at the discretion of the judge (usually within 90 days of incarceration). - Shock probation and split sentences are intermediate sanctions designed to allow judges to grant offenders community release only after they have sampled prison life. These sanctions are based on the premise that if offenders are given a taste of incarceration sufficient to shock them into law-abiding behavior, they will be reluctant to violate the rules of probation or commit another crime.

Why does it occur?

Some inmates will demand regular sexual access in exchange for protection from even more violent rape and beatings.

What is a split sentence?

Split sentencing: A practice that requires convicted criminals to spend a portion of their sentence behind bars and the remainder in the community.

Be familiar with the substantive rights of inmates.

Substantive Rights - Access to courts, legal services, and materials - Freedom of the press and of expression - Freedom of religion - Medical rights - Cruel and unusual punishment - Physical abuse - Racial segregation - Overall prison conditions

The courts have granted inmates a number of civil rights that have significantly influenced the entire correctional system. What are those rights called?

Substantive rights

What is a suspended sentence?

Suspended sentence: A prison term that is delayed while the defendant undergoes a period of community treatment. If the treatment is successful, the prison sentence is terminated.

Which prison system was based on the idea that inmates should be housed alone, be kept in silence, and spend their time on individual penitence?

The Pennsylvania system

What is judicial reprieve?

The common law practice of judicial reprieve: - Allowed judges to suspend punishment so that convicted offenders could seek a pardon, gather new evidence, or demonstrate that they had reformed their behavior

Know the primary purposes of jail.

The nation's 3,200 jails are institutional facilities with five primary purposes: - They detain accused offenders who cannot make or are not eligible for bail prior to trial. - They hold convicted offenders awaiting sentence. - They serve as the principal institution of secure confinement for offenders convicted of misdemeanors. - They hold probationers and parolees picked up for violations and waiting for a hearing. - They house felons when state prisons are overcrowded.

What are the primary functions of parole boards?

The parole board's primary functions: - Select and place prisoners on parole - Aid, supervise, and provide continuing control of parolees in the community - Determine when the parole function is completed and to discharge parolees - Determine whether parole should be revoked if violations of conditions occur

What is recognizance?

The practice of recognizance - Enabled convicted offenders to remain free if they agreed to enter into a debt obligation with the state - The medieval practice of allowing convicted offenders to go unpunished if they agreed to refrain from any further criminal behavior.

Why does collective violence occur in prisons?

The suggested causes of collective prison violence include: - Inmate-balance theory - Administrative-control theory - Prison overcrowding theory