cjc 1000 (chapters 1-9)
when was the u.s. department of justice established?
1870
approximately what percent of state prisoners who met the criteria for drug dependence or abuse received some type of drug treatment while in prison?
29%
according to a 2014 study, approximately what percentage of women released in 2005 were returned to prison within three years of release?
50 percent
in 2015, males represented about what percentage of the violent crime arrests in the united states?
80 percent
what percentage completion of sentence does the truth in sentencing reform require?
85 percent
which federal institutions have special missions, such as the detention of pretrials offenders or containment of extremely dangerous inmates?
administrative facilities
__________ is used only after low-risk offenders demonstrate a good adjustment to supervision.
administrative supervision
which of the following describes the process of finding a juvenile guilty of a delinquent act?
ajudication
which was the first supermax prison in the united states?
alcatraz
who initiated the concept of "good time"?
alexander maconochie
the state and federal prison systems screen inmates for tuberculosis __________.
at the time of the individual's admission to the prison
jail inmates may have only noncontact visits. what type of visitor is the exception?
attorney
which system was known as the "congregate and silent" system?
auburn system
which supreme court case allowed an exception to parole violations by holding that failure to make restitution payments due to unemployment is not sufficient reason to revoke probation?
bearden v. georgia
when did the refuge period develop?
between 1824 and 1899
at the end of 2016, the largest percent of the state and federal prison population were _____.
black
the major component of which of the following alternatives to incarceration is military regimentation, discipline, exercise, and hard work?
boot camp
which probation style mimics the community policing philosophy and partners with citizens groups, churches, and other neighborhood organizations?
broken-window probation
which of the following styles of supervising community offenders emphasizes assisting the offender with problems, providing counseling, and ensuring that the offender successfully completes supervision?
casework style
when and where was the first juvenile established?
chicago, 1899
which of the following is a prison security level?
community
what do the juvenile justice system and the criminal justice system have in common?
constitutional rights apply
what dual problem do mentally ill inmates represent in jails and prisons?
control and treatment
which private prison company had the highest revenue in 2016?
core civic
which private prison corporation opened the first for-profit correctional facility in 1984 in hamilton county, tennessee?
correction corporations of america
which of the following is characteristic of a third-generation jail?
correctional officers are located in the housing unit in direct contact with inmates
what is the general removal of juveniles from correctional institutions and their introduction in community alternatives called?
deinstitutionalization
which best describes children who may be without a parent or guardian, possibly because the parent is physically or mentally unable to act in that capacity?
dependent
which of the following is immigration and customs enforcement (ice) responsible for?
detaining individuals arrested for commission of a crime and found to be in the united states without permission
which of the following is a factor inherent in correctional settings that hampers the provision of health services?
difficulties in staff recruitment
which of the following facilitates continuous communication between jail staff and inmates, thus reducing tension and avoiding the development of conflicts among inmates or between inmates and staff?
direct supervision jails
what are mentally ill inmates more likely to have than other inmates?
disciplinary problems
which offenses contributed to the most significant increase in the number of prison inmates?
drug and public-order offenses
which of the following sentencing options authorized in state penal codes requires an offender to pay a fine or do community service in exchange for a waiver on jail time?
economic sanctions
which consitituional amendment refers to "cruel and unusual punishment"?
eighth
which constitutional amendment states that excessive bail may NOT be required?
eighth
which of the following decreases as prison level increases?
emphasis on inmate programs
in which country did pretrial release programs originate?
england
a lockup is a jail that serves more than one county and is overseen by a regional jail commission.
false
after world war ii, the retributive model of corrections was adopted as the dominant theory influencing prison practices.
false
correctional officials encourage the housing of juvenile offenders in prisons with older adult felons.
false
corrections is more a manufacturing operation than about people managing correctional clients.
false
currently, drug offenders with no prior involvement in crime often receive short, probation sentences.
false
during the 1900s, prisoners served set amounts of time in crowded prisons, with little emphasis on rehabilitation or preparation for release.
false
fewer than 30 percent of felony cases result in a guilty please by the defendant, and instead go to trial.
false
hearing procedures are the same in every state.
false
in 1994, california restricted the definition of three-strikes laws to exclude some second-felony offenders.
false
in the juvenile justice and delinquency prevention act of 1974, congress required assessments of the juvenile justice system to identify youth who were helped, rather than victimized, by placement in juvenile facilities.
false
judges have little discretion in imposing special conditions of probation.
false
mental health courts are merely drug courts handling the mentally ill.
false
most states require that the staff of private prisons be public employees, not employees of the company that owns the prison
false
prisons were used in colonial times as a punishment for crime.
false
second-generation jails use a linear design for housing inmates.
false
the amount of money directed to criminal justice agencies has decreased greatly in recent years.
false
the goals and philosophies of the juvenile justice system are nearly identical to those of the criminal justice system.
false
the length of parole supervision following release from prison is never more than a year.
false
the number of offenders on probation, in prison, and on parole has decreased significantly between 1980 and 2015.
false
the retributive era is a return to the positive school of criminality, in which offenders have free choice to commit their crimes.
false
which type of crime is punishable by one year or more of incarceration?
felony
which of the following is TRUE of female inmates?
female offenders suffer from mental illness at a higher rate than their male counterparts
who are the primary victims of sexual assaults?
females
a very large percentage of arrested and jailed offenders make bond and are released within _______.
forty eight hours
what did the quakers' criminal code include?
free food and lodging for inmates
which 1973 supreme court decision created the due process requirements for revoking probation?
gagnon v. scarpelli
which of the following is an early english term for a jail?
gaol
inmates in prison who do NOT have any specific designation as a special type of offender are known as _____.
general population
which of the following diseases is most commonly spread through the bloodstream as a result of drug users sharing needles?
hepatitis c
what is the security level of u.s. penitentiaries?
high
which of the following is sometimes referred to as "community control"?
house arrest
which of the following was a problem with the pennsylvania system? i. it had low productivity. ii. it was expensive. iii. it made inmates mentally ill.
i, ii, iii
which of the following is one of the three "believe to be" causes of disparity identified by the sentencing project?
implicit bias
in which of the following cases did the supreme court rule that in hearings in which juveniles may be committed to an institution, they have the right to counsel, to notice of the charges against them, to question witnesses, and to protection self-incrimination?
in re gault
in which of the following cases did the supreme court determine that a finding of guilt for juveniles had to meet the standard of "beyond a reasonable doubt"?
in re winship
which one of the following is a phenomena that contributes to the aging of the prison population?
inmates are serving longer sentences in prison and therefore stay in prison until they are older
which of the following is a recommendation of the 1967 report by the president's commission on law enforcement and administration of justice?
inmates must be given the opportunity and capability to earn a living wage to compensate their victims and support their families
what kind of caseload includes offenders with very high risk or needs?
instensive-supervision
which of the following is the process during which officials determine whether a juvenile case should be dismissed, handled informally, or referred to the juvenile court?
intake
sir walter crofton was the head of which system?
irish system
which of the following is TRUE of jail staffing?
jails are better managed through a consistent routine of operations
in which of the following sentencing models do judges have primary discretion in creating the sentence?
judicial form of sentencing
which of the following calls for fixed sentences so that the punishment fits the crime?
just deserts model
in which of the following cases did the supreme court set forth that juveniles must have "the essentials of due process"?
kent v. united states
what main factor differentiates jails from prisons?
length of stay
about how many inmates did state and federal prisons hold in 1967?
less than 300,000
what is the most commonly detected drug for individuals who are booked into jail and test positive for drugs?
marijuana
which supreme court decision granted probationers the right to legal counsel during the revocation hearing?
mempa v. rhay
as a result of sentencing guidelines and mandatory prison sentences, ________.
men and women are charged with similar offenses are receiving similar sentences
what is the security level at federal institutions that feature dormitory housing, a relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio, and limited or no perimeter fencing?
minimum
which type of supervision is typically satisfactory for offenders who pose little risk to the community?
minimum supervision
which term best describes children who have a parent or guardian, but are NOT receiving proper care or have a home situation that is harmful to them?
neglected
which of the following is described as statistical approaches to consider the risk of escape and violence by inmates?
objective classification systems
which of the following requires that an offender repay society for the harm caused by his or her offense?
offender restitution
which of the following is NOT a sentencing option?
parole
which of the following was created as a means to reduce disparity and make decision making more understandable to the public and inmates?
parole guidelines
what is defined as a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime?
penal code
which law, enacted by the british parliament in 1853, enables prisoners to be released into the community and supervised by the police?
penal servitude act
which stage of maconochie's marks system emphasized punishment and included solitary confinement and a diet of bread and water?
penal stage
what does wilbanks state in the myth of a racist criminal justice system?
perception of the criminal justice system as racist is a myth
which of the following is an alternative to bail?
personal recognizance
where was the first u.s. penitentiary established?
philadelphia
crime is closely linked to which of the following?
poverty and drug use
which of the following is true of pretrial diversion programs?
pretrial diversion programs offer people charged with crimes alternatives to traditional criminal justice proceedings.
which of the following statements is TRUE of the walnut street jail?
prison administrators often put masks on inmates as they moved through the prison, to avoid identification in case they met each other after release
which of the following is a prison sentence that is suspended on the condition that the offender follows certain rules and commits no further crimes?
probation
which of the following categories of offenders can be held in jail?
probation, parole, and bail bond violators and absconders
in presumptive sentencing, what do mitigating circumstances indicate to a judge?
reasons for leniency
compared to other offenders, what are mentally ill inmates more likely to do?
recidivate
which of the following is the formal processing of a juvenile offense through the juvenile court?
referral
which correctional era advocated an environment that emphasized reformation, education, and vocational programs, and focused offenders' attention on the future?
reformatory era
community corrections gained prominence as an adaption of which of the following eras of corrections?
rehabilitative
which of the following eras of correction developed with the distinct provision that the community be an essential part of the correctional process?
reintegrative
which 1981 supreme court decision set forth that housing two inmates in a cell designed for one did not violate the eighth amendment's protection from cruel and unusual punishment?
rhodes v. chapman
which is NOT a factor that has been cited in support of intermediate sanctions?
rise in the number of plea bargains
which of the following is a point determination for each inmate for use with parole guidelines?
salient factor score
who was the first director of the federal bureau of prisons?
sanford bates
what is the dominant feature of the supermax prison?
security
for which of the following is a presentence investigation used?
sentencing by the court
in rural counties, which elected official oversees the operation of the jail?
sheriff
which nineteenth-century director of the irish prison system created a four-stage system of graduated release from prison?
sir walter crofton
what was the first stage of the irish system of release?
solitary confinement
what is the name for the legal exception related to a youth's age, alleged offense, and court history that can place a youth under the jurisdiction of the adult criminal court?
statutory exclusion
which of the following is one of the three variations of the legal process of transferring juvenile offenders to adult court?
statutory exclusion
which of the following is a form of incarceration in which juveniles handled by adult courts are placed in adult prisons with no separate housing or differentiation in programming or job assignments?
straight adult incarceration
which of the following provide for the management and secure control of inmates designed as violent or seriously disruptive in other prisons?
supermax prisons
which of the following refers to a term created by dilulio to describe a generation of violent youths who practiced almost indiscriminate violence on the streets?
superpredators
which of the following is one of the three major steps in the sentencing and release processes for discretionary parole?
supervision in the community under specific conditions
which of the following was a requirement for english prisons and jails as specified by the english penitentiary act of 1779?
systematic inspections
which of the following is one of the four largest jurisdictions that combined hold more than one-third of all female prisoners?
texas
which of the following applies to the criminal justice system but not the juvenile justice system?
the accused has a right to a jury trial
which of the following is a problem with the system of bail as a requirement for release?
the bail process discriminates against the poor
which of the following links crime causation to punishment, based on offenders' free will and hedonism?
the classical school of criminology
what is one of the functions that supermax prisons serve in regard to prison violence?
the control of very violent inmates
which of the following is NOT a possible result if the court finds that a probationer is in violation?
the court has no discretion and must order imprisonment under the original sentence
which enactment pertains to interstate transportation of stolen vehicles?
the dyer act
what is specific deterrance?
the effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crimes
today's prison population being larger and more diverse than it was in the past is due to what?
the incarceration of many property and drug offenders who previously were not sentenced to prison
what did greenfeld and snell's publication on women offenders between 1986 and 1997 indicate?
the number of women under correctional supervision increased at a greater rate than that of the number of males under supervision
which of the following is a reason for the significant increase in the use of jails from 1985 to 2008?
the overcrowding of state and federal prisons over the past decade
what was the emphasis in the rehabilitative era?
the professionalizing of staff through recruitment and training, and the implementation of many self-improvement programs of prison management
which of the following is included in presentence investigation (psi)?
the range of allowable sanctions
which is the most important element in the operations and policies of all correctional facilities?
the staff
which is one of the three most important reasons for effective jail classification systems?
they provide a guide for identifying inmates with a high risk of escape
about how many more jails are there in the united states than prisons?
three times as many
which of the following early forms of parole originated on norfolk island in the nineteenth century and allowed the release of prisoners who had proven themselves through work and good behavior?
ticket of leave
what is the primary function of prisons?
to hold convicted felons, usually serving a sentence of a year or more
which is part of the mission statement of most prisons?
to prepare offenders for release and transition to the community
why do some states use supermax prisons for inmates who have not committed a violent act in prison?
to reduce gang activity
the triangle of supervision used in the containment model to manage sex offenders includes ________.
treatment to teach sex offenders to develop internal control over deviant thoughts
which of the following is a status offense?
truancy
all state and federal prison systems screen inmates for tuberculosis at intake.
true
an important feature in the organization of parole decision-making is that the parole board is independent from prison administrators.
true
atavism implied that criminals are born, and criminal behavior is predetermined.
true
by 1944, all states had adopted the use of parole and indeterminate sentences.
true
by the beginning of the twentieth century, preparation for release was considered an important part of the prison experience, and correctional systems provided programs to prepare inmates for the community transition.
true
currently, the u.s. public agrees that confinement facilities are the most effective way to protect the public, punish criminals, and deter them from committing further crimes after release.
true
during a revocation hearing, a probationer may be representation by legal counsel and may have the opportunity to testify.
true
during the 1950s, the rehabilitation of offenders replaced punishment as the penal system's primary objective.
true
employment is key to successful reentry.
true
in the 1979 case greenholtz v. inmates of the nebraska penal and correctional complex, the supreme court determined the parole was legally a privilege and not a right.
true
most offenders are sentenced to probation and supervised in the community by probation or parole officers.
true
most states require presentence investigations (psi) for felony cases that allow the possibility of probation.
true
parole offenders may waive the preliminary hearing and proceed to the full revocation hearing.
true
sentenced offenders can serve up to one year in jail.
true
the fbi collects both juvenile and adult crime data in the annual uniform crime reports.
true
the federalization of drug laws has had the greatest effect on the increase in the number of drug offenders in prison.
true
the great depression helped to expand the use of parole, as more people were sent to prison because of unemployment and prohibition.
true
the juvenile justice process usually begins with a complain to the police and contact between a law enforcement officer and the juvenile.
true
the nation's jails employ less than half as many staff members as state and federal prisons.
true
the number of females under all types of correctional supervision has grown at a more rapid rate than the number of males under supervision.
true
there is a large numerical difference between the number of crimes reported and the number of offenders convicted and facing any specific correctional sanction.
true
which of the following is responsible for housing illegal aliens pending a hearing?
u.s. immigration and customs enforcement
in which case did the supreme court determine that probation is a privilege and not a right?
united states v. birnbaum
which of the following is included in the "comprehensive approach" toward sex offenders?
victim centeredness
which of the following is a form of restitution in which offenders repay their victims directly for their losses and harm caused by the offense?
victim compensation
the highest number of people in the custody of state correctional authorities from 1980-2015 was due to which type of offense?
violent
for which of the following types of offenders has the bop developed supermax prisons?
violent offenders
what was the first penitentiary designed to house sentenced offenders in the united states called?
walnut street jail
which of the following is an advantage of diversionary treatment program?
with diversionary treatment programs, offenders avoid the stigma associated with a criminal conviction
the original features of the pennsylvanis system included all but which of the following?
working with other inmates
which u.s. penologist advocated the irish system in the united states and became the first superintendent of the elmira reformatory?
zebulon r. brockway
