CJR: Test 3
14) There are ________ federal judicial districts.
94
33) Community service and home detention are examples of ________ sentencing.
Alternative
30) Which of the following is a form of structured sentencing?
Determinate, presumptive, voluntary/ advisory guidelines
29) ________ involves suspending criminal proceedings before sentencing and referring the offender to a private agency.
Diversion
32) Federal sentencing guidelines ________.
Eliminated good time credits (truth in sentencing) began phasing out fed parole
21) What is the earliest stage of the court process at which defendant may be given formal notice of the charges against them?
First appearance
49) Which of the following is a characteristic of restorative justice?
Makes victim / community whole again
20) Which U.S. Supreme Court case established the Court's authority as the final interpreter of the U.S. Constitution?
Marbury v. Maddison
43) What is the main limitation of the Crime Victims' Rights Act?
Only provides rights to victims of federal crimes
1) Which of the following refers to the lawful authority of a court to hear or to act on a case from its beginning and to pass judgment on the law and the facts?
Original jurisdiction
12) A drug court is an example of a(n) ________.
Problem-solving court
24) The just deserts model of sentencing emphasizes ________.
Retribution
19) The power of judicial review allows the U.S. Supreme Court to ________.
Review lower court decisions and state and fed statutes
35) General deterrence attempts to ________.
Seeks to influence future behavior of people temped to turn to crime
40) Research into victim-impact statements has found that ________.
Sentencing is rarely affected by them
34) ________ is a sentencing principle that holds that an offender's criminal history should be taken into account in sentencing decisions.
Social debt
4) Which of the following provides the first appellate level for courts of limited jurisdiction?
State Trial Court
16) U.S. district courts are the ________ for the federal court system.
Trail courts
13) A(n) ________ laws limit the right to bail for certain kinds of offenders?
danger
47) Specific deterrence focuses on reducing _______ by convicted offenders.
recidivism
26) Proportionality means that severity should be directly related to
seriousness of a crime
22) Based on the decision in McNabb v. U.S., the standard maximum time by which a first appearance should be held has been set at ________ hours after arrest.
48
5) A trial de novo occurs when ________.
A case is retired on appeal
2) Courts that have the authority to review a decision made by a lower court are said to have ________ jurisdiction.
Appellate
45) The Innocence Protection Act of 2004 provides federal funds to help eliminate ________.
Backlog of unanalyzed DNA samples
18) A document guaranteeing the appearance of a defendant in court as required and recording the pledge of money or property to be paid to the court if he or she does NOT appear is known as a(n) ________.
Bail bond
38) Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?
Call for lesser sentence, reduce criminal responsibility
3) TV shows like The People's Court and Judge Judy are examples of which type of court?
Courts of limited jurisdiction
28) The biggest drivers of rising incarceration rates in the United States are ________.
Get tough on crime policies
8) What is the primary purpose of the preliminary hearing?
Give defendants an opportunity to challenge the legal basis for their detention
15) An indictment is filed by the ________.
Grand jury
41) In which case did the Supreme Court approve a two-step procedure that separates the determination of guilt from the determination of the sentence?
Gregg v Georgia
23) Which of the following is a purpose of bail?
Helps ensure reappearance / prevents unconvicted persons from suffering imprisonment unnecessarily
25) When is a probable cause hearing necessary?
If arrested without a warrant
36) Offenders convicted of felonies in state court are most likely to receive which traditional sanction?
Imprisonment
39) Which goal of sentencing focuses on separating offenders from society to reduce opportunities for further criminality?
Incapacitation
31) What appears to be the most dramatic result of the recent emphasis on the use of mandatory sentencing and other get-tough policies?
Increase in incarceration
50) A sentence of 8 to 15 years in prison is an example of ________ sentencing.
Indeterminate
10) A formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony, is known as an ________.
Indictment
27) Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the amount of time served?
Inmates' behavior
46) The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that ________ must decide the facts that lead to a death sentence.
Juries
44) Based on the Supreme Court's ruling in Woodson v. North Carolina, when is a mandatory death sentence for first degree murder constitutional?
Never - mandatory death penalty sentence is unconstitutional
7) What type of plea is most similar to a guilty plea?
Nolo contendere
11) When a defendant "stands mute" at arraignment, he or she is considered to have entered a ________ plea.
Not guilty
37) If a judge requests information on a convicted defendant's background, the probation or parole office will conduct an ________ investigation.
Presentence
17) Release on recognizance ________.
Pretrial release on defendants written promise to appear / no cash or property required
48) What is the main priority of justice reinvestment?
Prioritizing the use of alternatives to incarceration for nonviolent offenders.
9) Bob consigned all of his stock holdings to the court as collateral to ensure he would not abscond before trial. What type of bail did Bob post?
Property bond
6) All states have a(n) ________.
Supreme court
42) The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Furman v. Georgia was a statement against ________.
The death penalty systems currently in place