CJS 102 Final Exam Review

Which sex is more likely to get an STD

Female

How do STD/STI rates in the US compare to other industrialized, well-off nations?

"Worldwide, ...the United States remains the only developed country to have STD rates comparable to those of developing countries" (Cohen, 2000, p. 230).

What did Kevin Bales link slavery to? What was his main idea or big push?

-"Disposable People" Modern slavery is not about direct ownership but about control through violence, usually with major elements of economic exploitation -That we can afford to liberate, not buy, people out of slavery with shelter and legs to live on. When they are out of slavery, they would be motivated to work and will be adding to the global economy. Modern slavery can be defeated if the countries work together to get the ~2.7 million kids out of slavery.

How many countries in the world still have slavery today?

-ALL -We still have slavery in the world --Outlawed by every country in the world; extremely pervasive throughout the world - even still today

What do we know about infectious disease rates (STDs/STIs) in incarcerated society? Is there more, less of it when compared to general public?

-Among the incarcerated population rates of syphilis are 9-10 times higher than the general population, rates of HIV are 8-10 times higher, and AIDS 5-10 times higher. Chlamydia rates of incarcerated females found that they were 30-50 times higher than national rates. -One concern is that prisons and jails serve as revolving doors for infectious disease. Inmates both come into prisons and jails with existing diseases and contract diseases while incarcerated through participation in risky behaviors (tattooing, intravenous drug usage, and unprotected sexual activity).

How are children used for sport as slavery?

-Child Slavery for Sport - children as young as 2 years old are bought and sold or taken from countries around the world and trafficked to the Persian Gulf states --Participate in camel and ostrich racing (obscure) --Physically and sexually abused and deliberately starved of food to keep their weight down --No education - enslaved Live in camps encircled with barbed wire near racetracks --Many of the boys are crushed by falling camels and never receive medical treatment to heal their broken bodies --Family reunification is nearly impossible since children are so young

How has CJS (courts, prosecution, etc) treated or compared crack cocaine users vs regular (powder) cocaine users? How has these experiences been different?

-Crack cocaine is significantly cheaper than powdered cocaine. This means that more affluent people can afford powder cocaine than the poor people, who tend to gravitate towards crack cocaine because of its cheapness. -In courts, crack users tend to get more jail time because they are from the poorer class --Think back to Reiman, crime disproportionately impacts the poor

Conflict Perspective - Economic and Political Forces

-Crime is a function of competition for limited resources and power -Class conflict produces crime

Classical/Choice Perspective - Situational Forces

-Crime is a function of free will and personal choice. -Punishment is a deterrent to crime (Beccaria)

Process Perspective - Socialization Forces

-Crime is a function of upbringing, learning, and control -Peers, parents, and teachers influence behavior

What have female incarceration rates been doing in recent years? Up/down/steady?

-Female incarceration rates have been drastically increasing in recent years -2018 ~250k women incarcerated - rates growing faster than men

How is Illinois similar or different to national incarceration rate? Higher, similar, lower, way different - how does Illinois compare?

-Incarceration rate have mirrored the national rate, increasing ~500% since 1970s -Consistently ranks in top 10 states for incarceration rate in US 97% of inmates released in Illinois return to the community they were removed from -Recidivism - incarcerated persons being released and reoffending and returning to prison --One reason for high rate is there is very little rehabilitation. In essence, prisons contribute to recidivism problems --Within 3 years, 70% of released males will be back in prison

What are self-report studies? What information is it reporting? How does it affect UCR and NCVS?

-It is based on victims and offenders' own reports of their involvement in criminal acts, whether known to law enforcement agencies or not. -Self-report - go straight to source of crime and ask "what crimes have you committed?" - survey can potentially get more info on crime --People lie, embellish crimes (overcount), go to schools and get self-report data (some people are not there for survey, instead committing crimes) -It shows the data of crimes that the NCVS or UCR might not have gotten to fill in some of the gaps in crime data. --Potentially shows a more accurate depiction of the crime data. Can be extrapolated out for large-scale data

What are mandatory minimum sentences? Sentences that judges hand out. What about them makes them mandatory minimum?

-Mandatory sentencing laws stripped judges of their abilities to exercise judicial discretion, especially impacting drug offenders --"cookie-cutter" sentencing guidelines that stringently places punishments on the offenders based on a set amount of jail time -This is a law that was passed (most aggressive in 1986) that limited judicial discretion. Instead of judges hearing a case and determining a sentence or term based on the totality of the facts they followed a chart that looked at very few variables. -Mandatory sentences take other alternatives off the table. -Drug offenders doing more time than violent offenders (in some cases).

NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey)

-National Crime Victimization Survey - get info about victims - try to get sample of US to participate (small groups with all characteristics of victims can be applied to bigger picture/more people in US) - representative of USA as a whole --Get info every 6 months for 3 year rotation --Criticism - people sometimes forget/misunderstand crimes, lose crime, people do not like talking about victimization (especially sexual assault)

What is sex ratio and the sex ratio imbalance? How does that impact and relate to communities?

-Sex ratio - ratio of men to women in the population -Sex ratio imbalance - when there is significantly more of of one gender than the other -When there is an imbalance in the sex ratio, then one gender is significantly more prevalent. This makes it so that, like when men are incarcerated more frequently, that the female counterparts are more willing to engage in risky behaviors (ie. No condoms, let the men have multiple partners, etc.)

Forced Migration

-The act of forcing people to leave their community and get locked up (male) -Migration of people is constantly happening, but in a stable society it usually happens because a person chooses to do it. Forced migration occurs when people's lives, well-being or freedom is endangered. They may have little or no choice but to move. In some cases, such as human trafficking and slavery, people are physically removed from their homes. -Occasionally a government forces people and communities out of their homes or homelands for the purposes of economic development or military. It has been most often been associated with the building of dams and military bases. -Migration can also be forced by natural disasters, when people are forced to evacuate an area. This is usually temporary, and people can return to their land once it is safe.

Why do some individuals prefer child sex slaves?

-They tend to not know any better, will put up less fights -Unused and therefore they are not damaged -Children appeal to the interest of pedophiles -So many STD and infection in some countries and the belief is that younger the age, the less likely they will have an infectious disease -In 2017, the US Trafficked Person Report lists over 150 countries were found to be a sources destination or transit country for trafficking of slaves

UCR (Uniform Crime Report)

-Uniform Crime Report (official source of data in USA), published and produced by FBI data from around the country --95% of police departments participate (voluntary) report crimes reported to them and gives it to the FBI to compile --Very representative, not very informative (does not focus on reasons/motivation) ---Not all police departments participate ----Rural areas mostly, often most serious crimes reported by offender

What is offender REENTRY? Experience of getting out back into society. How well are we preparing previously incarcerated inmates for life outside?

-When prisoners go back to the community they came from before they got arrested -Incarceration rates are alarming but so too are the number released each year (not a bad thing) -More than 500,000 prisoners reentering communities annually (not accounting for short term jailmates) -CHALLENGES on receiving communities --Employment, crime, health insurance, community stability, poverty, transportation, etc -We ARE NOT preparing inmates well for reentry. They cannot adequately find employments because of their wrapsheets and go to unconventional means of making money (selling drugs, prostitution) which in turn is a lot of the reason for the high recidivism rates.

How does female incarceration compare to male incarceration?

-While female incarceration rates are growing faster than male incarceration rates, males still are incarcerated at a much higher rate -Incarcerated males far outnumber females but females are increasing for many crime types. Chivalry hypothesis is fading. (drugs, violence, gangs)

Approx. how many people have been affected by STDs?

1 in 4 people

Approximately how many people are incarcerated in the US today?

2.3 million people

What percentage of criminals that are released return to the communities they removed from before they were locked up? VERY HIGH NUMBER

95% - 97% 650,000 reenter our communities or 97%

What is island in the picture in the pptx?

ALCATRAZ

Alexandr Solzhenitsyn

Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn was a Russian novelist, historian, and short story writer. He was an outspoken critic of the Soviet Union and its totalitarianism and helped to raise global awareness of its Gulag forced labor camp system -Critically acclaimed book about the slave labor system in Russia under Lenin and Stalin -Solzhenitsyn was a prisoner himself for writing letters criticizing Stalin --Writes 3 volume masterwork set - describes how 66 million (plus) men, women, and children secretly are trafficked into slave labor at camps throughout Russia (from 1918 to 1956) ---Book describes how Russia used slave labor to build country into a superpower --Has to write the book in secret because the KGB was after him --His female typist was tortured into telling where a copy of the book was hidden - 3 days after her release, she killed herself -Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the USSR in 1974, returned in 1994 - Died in Moscow in 2008 at age 89

What is STD awareness month?

April

Developmental Perspective - Multiple Forces

Biological, social-psychological, economic, and political forces may combine to produce crime

Biological/Psychological Perspective - Internal Forces

Crime is a function of chemical, neurological, genetic, personality, intelligence, or mental traits

Structural Perspective(Social Structure Perspective) - Ecological Forces

Crime rates are a function of neighborhood conditions, cultural forces, and norm conflicts.

Bridging

Having a sexual partner in multiple places -Ex. having sex in normal and then going and having sex in chicago

What state ranks in the top 10 states with STD infection and incarceration?

Illinois

Recidivism

Incarcerated persons being released and reoffending and returning to prison

What has the US prison population done or experienced since the 1970s? What has happened with the incarceration and the number of people locked up in our prisons (going back to like the 1970s)?

It has seen an increase of about 500%+

Who was the author of the book that I had you read for class that took a critical view of CJ system and pointed out some of the inadequacies and flaws in it?

Jeffrey Reiman - The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison

What method of technique of recruiting female sex slaves in video watched?

Like a blackweb "AMAZON" to purchase female sex slaves. Through the forms of webpages or even apps on the appstore and Google Play

Which of the criminological perspective explains why every single crime happens?

None of them

Which type of slavery is the most common and fastest growing today?

Sex slavery or human trafficking

What are the risky behaviors in incarceration population that lead to disease?

Sex, tattoo needles, physical contact

Historically first ladies have had initiatives that they put their heart and soul in. What was Nancy Reagan's?

She championed recreational drug prevention causes when she founded the "Just Say No" drug awareness campaign, which was considered her major initiative as First Lady.

How many criminological perspectives are there?

Six

Which country has the highest reported incarceration rates?

The United States

An important aspect of which war revolved around slavery and slave ownership?

The United States Civil War

Why don't people get tested for STDs

Too expensive, they're embarrassed, don't think they have it

Drug crimes have been a problem in the US for decades. Where were the interest when understanding the drug problem first started? Urban, rural, equal?

Urban life, especially where poor people reside. This is to target the poor at disproportionately high rates compared to the affluent

Concurrency

having multiple sexual partners simultaneously - overlapping sexual partnerships in which sex with one partner occurs between two episodes of sex with another partner

Incarcerated

imprisoned

STD/STI

sexually transmitted disease/infection

Who was Hippocrates?

the father of epidemiology -- the 1st person to study disease and environmental influence

Sexual Network

the network of people who you have slept with and the subsequent people that they have slept with (think like a social media network)

Sexual Partners

the person(s) who you regularly engage in sexual activities with

Epideminology

the study of the factors affecting the prevalence and spread of disease within a community