Classical Sociological Theory Quiz Compilation
Max Weber argued _____ _authority is based on agreed upon rules and procedures. Select one: a. rational b. charismatic c. illegitimate d. traditional
A
Max Weber argued ______ authority is based in long held beliefs and customs. Select one: a. traditional b. charismatic c. illegitimate d. rational
A
Max Weber argued ______ authority is based on the exemplary character of an individual leader. Select one: a. charismatic b. rational c. illegitimate d. traditional
A
Max Weber's concept of ______ referred to a community of people who have a similar level of social honor or respect. Select one: a. status b. the proletariat c. class d. party
A
Simmel thought ______ delineates relationships where we must trust individuals even without fully knowing intimate information about them. Select one: a. confidence b. acquaintanceship c. discretion d. betrayal
A
A(n) ______ ideal type explains why people do the things people do. Select one: a. action b. structural c. historical d. general sociological
A
According to Joseph Schumpeter, what will ultimately lead to socialism? Select one: a. rationalization b. democracy c. entrepreneurship d. creative destruction
A
According to Simmel, which of the following changes to a group brings about a fundamentally new character? Select one: a. from 2 to 3 people b. from 3 to 4 people c. from 5 to 6 people d. from 6 to 7 people
A
Creative destruction comes from ______ the economic system. Select one: a. within b. the outsiders-within c. outside d. the insiders-outside
A
How did Harriet Martineau measure a society's progress toward achieving the great end of human happiness? Select all, but only those that apply. Select one: a. conditions of the least powerful b. attitudes toward the least powerful c. attitudes toward autocracy d. resources to assure autocracy
A
Joseph Schumpeter's most influential contribution to sociology was the concept of ______. Select one: a. creative destruction b. rationalization c. perfect competition d. reification
A
Marx's concept of (blank) refers to the human activities undertaken to change material reality. Select one: a. labor b. alienation c. objectification d. species being
A
Tocqueville's ideas are seen in the work of which post-structural theorist? Select one: a. Michel Foucault b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Emile Durkheim
A
What did Harriet Martineau call misalignment between values and normative behaviors? Select one: a. anomalies b. manners c. malignment d. morals
A
What type of rationality uses a means-ends calculation to pursue self-interest? Select one: a. formal rationality b. practical rationality c. theoretical rationality d. substantive rationality
A
What type of traditional authority is based on contractual relationships between leaders and subordinates? Select one: a. feudalism b. patrimonialism c. gerontocracy d. primary patriarchalism
A
Which early African-American feminist was more of a social theorist rather than a sociological researcher? Select one: a. Anna Julia Cooper b. Ida Wells-Barnett c. Anna Wells-Barnett d. Ida Cooper
A
Which level did George Simmel advocate for a "pure sociology?" Select one: a. micro b. intermediate c. meso d. metaphysical
A
Which of the following criticisms does Thorstein Veblen offer toward Karl Marx? Select one: a. Marx misapplied theories of political economy. b. Marx ignores gender and race. c. Marx's two class structure creates the problem of the middle class. d. Marx's economic determinism leads him to falsely assume there is a material base to society.
A
Which of the following criticisms does Thorstein Veblen offer toward Karl Marx? Select one: a. Marx used outdated psychological models. b. Marx's two class structure creates the problem of the middle class. c. Marx ignores gender and race. d. Marx's economic determinism leads him to falsely assume there is a material base to society.
A
Which of the following criticisms does Thorstein Veblen offer toward Karl Marx? Select one: a. Marx's preference for Hegel over Darwin. b. Marx's economic determinism leads him to falsely assume there is a material base to society. c. Marx's two class structure creates the problem of the middle class. d. Marx ignores gender and race.
A
Which of the following is part of Joseph Schumpeter's ideal economic model of perfect competition and static-equilibrium? Select one: a. The same quantity of identical goods would be produced and consumed at the same rate. b. Competition maximizes profits by reducing costs. c. The supply and demand of goods varies. d. Monopolies would form and drive up prices.
A
Which of the following statement describes Jane Addams' social ethics? Select one: a. Practices and rules that direct people to correctly and justly interact with one another in order to build and sustain strong communities. b. An awareness there is a split between life as described in texts and life as actually lived by people. c. Rendering accounts of social reality from actors as opposed to abstraction. d. A bringing of all people and their perspectives into all aspects of society.
A
According to Harriet Martineau, which of the following is an anomaly or a disjuncture between values and behaviors that is disruptive to society in The United States? Select all that apply. (Can be more than one answer) Select one or more: a. slavery b. patriarchy c. greed d. public ridicule (and the fear thereof)
All
1. What type of rationality rejects abstract logic in order to efficiently deal with the difficulties of everyday life? Select one: a. substantive rationality b. practical rationality c. theoretical rationality d. formal rationality
B
According to Simmel, in what type of relationships do we maintain as much secrecy as is possible, while still revealing enough to maintain individual relationships? Select one: a. strangers b. acquaintances c. friends d. marriages
B
According to Thorstein Veblen, which of the following instincts drives people to figure out, and manipulate the material world? Select one: a. instinct of workmanship b. idle curiosity c. parental bent d. emulation
B
By definition, Marx's(blank) is not aware of its exploitation and conflict with other classes. Select one: a. bourgeoisie b. class-in-itself c. class-for-itself d. proletariat
B
Comte theorizes that _______ provides progress, but not order. Select one: a. theology b. metaphysics c. positivism d. sociology
B
Karl Marx thought ideology(blank). Select one: a. occurs when individuals afford objects a power over the humans that make those objects b. are the ideas that emerge naturally out of daily life c. is when human created social structures are afforded a power of their own d. refers to how people become unable to interact with one another outside of economic exchanges
B
Karl Marx thought reification(blank). Select one: a. occurs when individuals afford objects a power over the humans that make those objects b. is when human created social structures are afforded a power of their own c. refers to how people become unable to interact with one another outside of economic exchanges d. are the ideas that emerge naturally out of daily life
B
Marx's concept of (blank) refers to how capitalism perverts human labor, thereby turning human potential against itself. Select one: a. objectification b. alienation c. labor d. species being
B
Max Weber argued ______ is inspired by the emotional state of the actor. Select one: a. means-ends rationality b. affective action c. traditional action d. value rationality
B
Max Weber's concept of ______ referred to a collective of people who organize themselves to acquire and exercise power. Select one: a. the proletariat b. party c. class d. status
B
What did Harriet Martineau mean with her concept of morals? Select one: a. the business ethics of political economy b. how ideals are reflected in what people do and do not do c. ideals as they are patterned d. sociology
B
What type of rationality embraces abstract and sometimes metaphysical logic in order to transcend daily realities? Select one: a. formal rationality b. theoretical rationality c. substantive rationality d. practical rationality
B
What type of traditional authority is based on the inheritance of power? Select one: a. patrimonialism b. primary patriarchalism c. feudalism d. gerontocracy
B
Which early African-American feminist was more of a sociological researcher than a social theorist? Select one: a. Anna Julia Cooper b. Ida Wells-Barnett c. Anna Wells-Barnett d. Ida Cooper
B
Which of the following describes Thorstein Veblen's ideas about animism? Select one: a. how values, norms, laws, and customs evolve more slowly than technology and science b. inanimate objects afforded abilities c. collective stock of production knowledge and techniques that each generation supplements d. the consideration of accomplished and successful people as role models
B
Which of the following did Simmel define via the relationships with others who provide aid? Select one: a. the stranger b. the poor c. the miser d. the adventurer
B
Which of the following informed Thorstein Veblen's work? Select all, but only those that apply. Select one: a. Environmentalism b. Theory of Evolution c. DuBois d. Black Folk Stories
B
Which of the following reflects Joseph Schumpeter's characterization of capitalism. Select one: a. Capitalism balances itself into a state of equilibrium. b. Capitalism is threatened by rationalization. c. Capitalism is hindered by rapid advances of invention and innovation. d. Capitalism is an undesirable economic system.
B
Which of the following reflects Joseph Schumpeter's characterization of capitalism. Select one: a. Capitalism is hindered by rapid advances of invention and innovation. b. Capitalism is a desirable economic system. c. Capitalism requires rationalization. d. Capitalism balances itself into a state of equilibrium.
B
Which of the following statements describes Jane Addams' bifurcated consciousness? Select one: a. Practices and rules that direct people to correctly and justly interact with one another in order to build and sustain strong communities. b. An awareness there is a split between life as described in texts and life as actually lived by people. c. Rendering accounts of social reality from actors as opposed to abstraction. d. A bringing of all people and their perspectives into all aspects of society.
B
Which of the following statements describes Jane Addams' vantage point? Select one: a. Practices and rules that direct people to correctly and justly interact with one another in order to build and sustain strong communities. b. An awareness there is a split between life as described in texts and life as actually lived by people. c. Rendering accounts of social reality from actors as opposed to abstraction. d. A bringing of all people and their perspectives into all aspects of society.
B
Simmel thought ______ delineates relationships where we come to know more about people than they intentionally reveal. Select one: a. confidence b. acquaintanceship c. discretion d. betrayal
C
A(n) _____ ideal type is developed from studying past epochs. Select one: a. general sociological b. structural c. historical d. action
C
According to Simmel, in what type of relationships do we reveal intimate knowledge about a selective segment of our lives, usually because of a shared interest with another? Select one: a. strangers b. acquaintances c. friends d. marriages
C
Creative destruction comes from ______ the economic system. Select one: a. outside b. the outsiders-within c. inside d. the insiders-outside
C
In Thorstein Veblen's leisure class, self-esteem is based on ______. Select one: a. exploiting others b. industrial artistry c. wealth d. status honor
C
Since Charlotte Perkins Gilman lacked the concept of gender in her own time, she referred to this social definition of men and women as ______. Select one: a. sexuo-economic relation b. sexuality c. excessive sex distinction d. sexual binary
C
What type of authority has the most potential to become revolutionary? Select one: a. legal b. illegitimate c. charismatic d. traditional
C
What type of rationality grows out of a value system? Select one: a. formal rationality b. theoretical rationality c. substantive rationality d. practical rationality
C
Which early feminist theorist was central to the Women's Chicago School? Select one: a. Harriet Martineau b. Charlotte Perkins Gilman c. Jane Adams d. Beatrice Potter Webb
C
Which level did George Simmel advocate for a "philosophical sociology?" Select one: a. micro b. intermediate c. meso d. metaphysical
C
Which of the following criticisms does Thorstein Veblen offer toward Karl Marx? Select one: a. Marx's two class structure creates the problem of the middle class. b. Marx's economic determinism leads him to falsely assume there is a material base to society. c. Marx wrongly embraces the doctrine of human rights. d. Marx ignores gender and race.
C
Which of the following describes Thorstein Veblen's ideas about the cultural lag? Select one: a. the consideration of accomplished and successful people as role models b. inanimate objects afforded abilities c. how values, norms, laws, and customs evolve more slowly than technology and science d. collective stock of production knowledge and techniques that each generation supplements
C
Which of the following describes Thorstein Veblen's ideas about the industrial arts? Select one: a. how values, norms, laws, and customs evolve more slowly than technology and science b. inanimate objects afforded abilities c. collective stock of production knowledge and techniques that each generation supplements d. the consideration of accomplished and successful people as role models
C
Which of the following describes how Veblen characterized instinctual behavior? Select one: a. automatic behavior b. behavior driven by the unconscious c. the intelligent, social and cultural ways we pursue life's needs d. unthinking behavior
C
Which of the following is part of Joseph Schumpeter's ideal economic model of perfect competition and static-equilibrium? Select one: a. Competition maximizes profits by reducing costs. b. Monopolies would form and drive up prices. c. The supply and demand of goods is constant. d. Different quantities of different goods are always being produced and consumed at different rates.
C
Which of the following reflects Joseph Schumpeter's characterization of capitalism. Select one: a. Capitalism is an undesirable economic system. b. Capitalism is hindered by rapid advances of invention and innovation. c. Capitalism is always in flux, always changing. d. Capitalism requires rationalization.
C
Which of the following was a macroscopic concern of George Simmel? Select one: a. psychological components of everyday life b. interpersonal relationships c. the social and cultural spirit d. eternal truths dictating the future of the world
C
Which statement below describes Thorstein Veblen's "predatory barbarism?" Select all, but only those that apply. Select one: a. Marxism b. savagery c. individual achievement d. Positivism
C
According to Ida Wells-Barnett and Ida Cooper, what is the fundamental element of social relationships? Select one: a. race b. gender c. social class d. power
D
According to Simmel's social geometry, which of the following is the most valuable? Select one: a. Things that are close and easy to obtain. b. Things that are close but difficult to obtain. c. Things that are remote but easy to obtain. d. Things that are remote and difficult to obtain
D
According to Simmel, in what type of relationships do we strive to reveal all intimate knowledge about ourselves to another? Select one: a. strangers b. acquaintances c. friends d. marriages
D
Charlotte Perkins Gilman thought all social ills were systemic to ______. Select one: a. marriage b. the economy c. the family d. gender inequality
D
Joseph Schumpeter was primarily concerned with the ______ economic changes brought about by creative destruction. Select one: a. incremental b. minor c. quantitative d. qualitative
D
Karl Marx's theory is often criticized (blank). Select one: a. because the emancipatory subject was over-emphasized b. for ignoring production over consumption c. for focusing too much on gender d. because communism did not come about as he predicted
D
Max Weber argued ______ is guided by ethics or beliefs as opposed to a causal thinking. Select one: a. means-ends rationality b. affective action c. traditional action d. value rationality
D
Max Weber argued ______ is used by human beings to bring about a desired outcome or goal. Select one: a. affective action b. traditional action c. value rationality d. means-ends rationality
D
Shortly after the September 11th attacks on the United States, the federal government quickly created The Department of Homeland Security, uniting over 20 different agencies into a single government entity. Which of Tocqueville's problems of democracy could this consolidation of authority indicate? Select one: a. stagnation b. equality c. despotism d. centralization
D
Simmel thought ______ delineates relationships where information is revealed that should be kept secret. Select one: a. confidence b. acquaintanceship c. discretion d. betrayal
D
Thorstein Veblen's identified himself as a(n ______. a. political scientist b. evolutionary psychologist c. sociologist d. economist
D
Tocqueville argues that the ______ of authority could hinder freedom by consolidating power. Select one: a. stagnation b. equality c. despotism d. centralization
D
What type of authority impedes the development of rational thoughts and actions? Select one: a. charismatic b. legal c. illegitimate d. traditional
D
Which of the following describes Thorstein Veblen's ideas about emulation? Select one: a. inanimate objects afforded abilities b. how values, norms, laws, and customs evolve more slowly than technology and science c. collective stock of production knowledge and techniques that each generation supplements d. the consideration of accomplished and successful people as role models
D
Which of the following did Charlotte Perkins Gilman use as her unit of analysis when differentiating between public and private spheres? Select one: a. men b. women c. individuals d. household
D
Which of the following is part of Joseph Schumpeter's ideal economic model of perfect competition and static-equilibrium? Select one: a. Monopolies would form and drive up prices. b. The supply and demand of goods is not constant. c. Different quantities of different goods are always being produced and consumed at different rates. d. Competition will eventually eliminate profit as the price of all goods would be reduced to cost
D
Which of the following reflects Joseph Schumpeter's characterization of capitalism. Select one: a. Capitalism requires rationalization. b. Capitalism is an undesirable economic system. c. Capitalism balances itself into a state of equilibrium. d. Capitalism advances through invention and innovation.
D
Which of the following statements describes Jane Addams' democratic ethics? Select one: a. Practices and rules that direct people to correctly and justly interact with one another in order to build and sustain strong communities. b. An awareness there is a split between life as described in texts and life as actually lived by people. c. Rendering accounts of social reality from actors as opposed to abstraction. d. A bringing of all people and their perspectives into all aspects of society.
D
Which of the following was a metaphysical concern of George Simmel? Select one: a. psychological components of everyday life b. interpersonal relationships c. the social and cultural spirit d. eternal truths dictating the future of the world
D
Both Karl Marx and Max Weber advocated for a revolution to overthrow the capitalism they were both criticized.
False
George Simmel assumed interactions are reducible to psychological elements.
False
In his lifetime, C. Wright Mills was a central figure in mainstream sociology.
False
Like Emile Durkheim, George Simmel gave the social precedence over the individual.
False
Like Karl Marx, George Simmel was a vocal critic of capitalism.
False
Like Marx, Joseph Schumpeter feared capitalism would inevitably create monopolies that eliminate the competition capitalism needs.
False
Max Weber thought socialists could use bureaucracy to help make the world a more rational, moral place.
False
Schumpeter was more interested in analyzing past economic developments than predicting future ones.
False
Since women's oppression is central to the social structure, Charlotte Perkins Gilman thought most if not all women were aware of androcentric culture.
False
Thorstein Veblen thought survival of the fittest only applied to individuals; social institution were largely long-lasting and unchanged because they did not need to evolve.
False
Thorstein Veblen thought we are instinctively driven to fulfill our physical desires.
False
Thorstein Veblen was unique during his own time because he focused on the importance of consumption, not production.
False
Thorstein Veblen's idea of "invidious distinction" explained how employment involving industry was more valued than working to exploit others.
False
WEB DuBois was a founding member of the Chicago School.
False
Within organizations, bureaucrats with rational authority have much more power over staff than organizations founded and led by individuals with charismatic authority.
False
Which Jewish scholar founded The Institute of Social Research in Frankfurt, Germany right before the rise of Hitler and the Nazi regime?
Felix J. Weill
Which social force refers to a questioning of patriarchy that grew out of mobilizations against slavery and the political oppression of the middle class?
Feminism
In contrast to Karl Marx, Thorstein Veblen thought classes were based in wealth as opposed to ownership of production means.
True
Which German thinker thought almost every social problem had its roots in capitalism?
Karl Marx
Which of these theorists cautiously embraced social Darwinism by arguing society evolves or becomes more complex by shedding moral poverty?
Lester F. Ward
According to Alfred Shultz, where do we spend everyday life?
Lifeworld
When did sociologists (as opposed to social thinkers) first appear?
Mid-1800's
What intellectual current of early British sociology focused on how capitalist markets largely control behavior and societal organization more generally?
Political Economy
Which of the following intellectual currents was embraced by early British sociologists?
Political Economy
Which of the following WAS NOT a hallmark of early feminist theory?
Social Darwinism that explains gender differences biologically
What intellectual current of early British sociology focused on how social structures emerge and operate?
Social Evolution
Which of these theorists argued society continues to devolve and become increasingly unproductive as more and more people waste their time and money in the pursuit of leisure?
Thorstein Veblen
According to Comte, the age of theology largely came to an end because of the Protestant reformation's challenge to Catholicism.
True
According to Joseph Schumpeter, once social facts are introduced into the economy purely economic explanations of capitalism are incomplete.
True
According to Joseph Schumpeter, there are no purely economic facts.
True
According to Joseph Schumpeter, waves of creation, innovation, and ultimately destruction in capitalism tend to occur in clusters.
True
According to Thorstein Veblen, in primitive society all activities involved either industry or exploitation.
True
Actual leaders tend to have a mix of legitimate authority types that are often in tension and even conflict with one another.
True
Charlotte Perkins Gilman claimed people have an innate, even instinctual need for social recognition, especially men who cannot bear children.
True
Charlotte Perkins Gilman thought most if not all of society's ills could be overcome by removing the sexuo-economic arrangement.
True
Comte agued theorizing should occur alongside empirical research.
True
Comte claimed disorder and stagnation are brought about by negativism.
True
Even though George Simmel was European, his influence as a scholar was primarily in the United States.
True
George Simmel thought both individual and social life was a state of becoming rather than being.
True
George Simmel was an interactionist who thought people are best understood through their relationships with others.
True
George Simmel was primarily a philosopher, not a sociologist.
True
In the long run, charismatic authority itself cannot be routinized.
True
Like Engels, Charlotte Perkins Gilman used societal evolution to show how patriarchy came about, thereby indirectly highlighting how men's domination of women is not "natural."
True
Like Marx, Joseph Schumpeter thought capitalism would ultimately transform into socialism.
True
Max Weber thought status groups, but not classes were communities because those with a shared sense of social honor are likely to think and act in unison.
True
Of all the women in early American sociology, Charlotte Perkins Gilman provided the most comprehensive theories of gender inequality.
True
Schumpeter thought the rationalization described by Max Weber was antithetical to entrepreneurship
True
Schumpeter's arguments about how rationalization undermined creative destruction was similar to Max Weber's ideas about the routinization of charisma.
True
Similar to Karl Marx, Thorstein Veblen celebrated the working class and denigrated the mangers who oversaw them.
True
Similar to Karl Marx, Thorstein Veblen claimed there are basically two social classes in capitalist society.
True
Similar to Karl Marx, Thorstein Veblen thought there was a material base to much of society, including cultural values and individual psychology.
True
Talcott Parsons is best described as a structural functionalist because he theorized about both social structures and action systems.
True
Thorstein Veblen described the modern industrial system as so productive, a privileged few are given free money or they are paid even though they produce nothing.
True
Thorstein Veblen thought patterns of thought evolve as they, much like organic beings, needed to adapt to their environment.
True
Tocqueville coined the term individualism.
True
Weber essentially used history as "data" to develop general concepts that apply across time, not to specific events or eras in the past
True
While Marxism has undergone revivals both during the 1960s and with the recent acceleration of globalization and global inequality, the theory has largely been marginalized in the United States throughout the 20th century.
True
Which of these theorists was an "extreme" social Darwinist who argued people evolve given their success in a "survival of the fittest" social reality?
William Graham Sumner
Which of the following makes a sociological theory a classic?
continued relevance today, great scope, important during their own time
According to Tocqueville, which of the following is inherent in individualism?
progress via changing social conditions
Which of the following is a way worker are alienated by industrial production? Select one: a. Workers are alienated when forced to consume what they produce. b. Workers are alienated from their productive activity. c. Workers are alienated when compelled to achieve their full human potential. d. Workers are alienated when forced to cooperate with each other.
B
According to Durkheim, which type of nonmaterial social facts are part of a structure created by the summation of people's beliefs and sentiments? Select one: a. social currents b. morality c. collective consciousness d. collective representations
C
According to Durkheim, which type of nonmaterial social facts provide the foundation for sociological study? Select one: a. collective consciousness b. collective representations c. morality d. social currents
C
Comte claims individual's ______ principles are governed by people's heart, or emotions that subordinate the intellect. Select one: a. theological b. metaphysical c. subjective d. objective
C
Comte theorizes that _______ provides both progress and order. Select one: a. theology b. metaphysics c. positivism d. sociology
C
Karl Marx thought the fetishism of commodities (blank). Select one: a. are the ideas that emerge naturally out of daily life b. is when human created social structures are afforded a power of their own c. occurs when individuals afford objects a power over the humans that make those objects d. refers to how people become unable to interact with one another outside of economic exchanges
C
Marx's concept of (blank) refers to how capitalism reifies relationships, or forces people primarily to interact with one another through the exchange of goods and services. Select one: a. species being b. objectification c. fetishism of commodities d. alienation
C
Marx's concept of (blank) refers to the unique potentials and powers humans obtain that set us apart from other animals. Select one: a. objectification b. labor c. species being d. alienation
C
The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (i.e.. "Obama Care") was unique because for the first time in history, the federal government instituted a monetary penalty on those who did not purchase a product (health insurance) from a private company. Which of Tocqueville's problems of democracy could this extension of authority indicate? Select one: a. stagnation b. equality c. despotism d. centralization
C
The United States has some of the worst voter turnout of any Western Democracy, especially in years when presidents are not elected. Which of Tocqueville's problems of democracy could people's voluntary self-removal from the political process create? Select one: a. stagnation b. equality c. despotism d. centralization
C
Tocqueville argues that while ______ declined in the waning days of aristocracies as nobles and monarchs gave up power, it could rise again in democracies if citizens become remote or even removed from the political world. Select one: a. stagnation b. equality c. despotism d. centralization
C
Which of the following did Marx refer to as "the opium of the people?" Select one: a. philosophy b. literature c. religion d. the legal system
C
Which of the following did Tocqueville think was an advantage democracy has over aristocracy? Select one: a. Self-rule is relatively easy. b. A political, social Darwinism ensures only the most qualified are put in power. c. The creation of an enlightened and engaged population. d. In pursuing their own interests, leaders also pursue the interests of the masses.
C
Which of the following is a way worker are alienated by industrial production? Select one: a. Workers are alienated when forced to cooperate with each other. b. Workers are alienated when forced to consume what they produce. c. Workers are alienated from their human potential. d. Workers are alienated when compelled to master a particular craft.
C
Which of the following is central to Tocqueville's theoretical analysis of democracy in the United States? Select one: a. race and ethnicity b. gender c. social class d. sexual identity
C
Which French sociologist saw the need for socialist reforms of capitalism, but was concerned the working class would be empowered?
Claude Henri Saint-Simon
Which social force refers to the spread of western political, social, cultural and economic domination across the globe?
Colonialism
According to Comte, as a social science method ______ involves comparing and contrasting society at different periods in time. Select one: a. observation b. experiment c. comparison d. historical research
D
According to Durkheim, which type of nonmaterial social facts refers to the organizations and institutions within which people interact in an ongoing basis? Select one: a. collective representations b. morality c. collective consciousness d. social currents
D
According to Marx's historical materialism, the(blank) of society refers to the noneconomic relationships built atop the economic production of material commodities. Select one: a. institutions b. structure c. base d. superstructure
D
Anthony Giddens further refined Durkheim's concept of mechanical and organic societies by noting how the ______ or the proportion of people swathed in the collective conscious is reduced in societies with a division of labor. Select one: a. intensity b. rigidity c. content d. volume
D
By definition, Marx's(blank) is aware of its exploitation and conflict with other classes. Select one: a. class-in-itself b. bourgeoisie c. proletariat d. class-for-itself
D
Which of the following is a way worker are alienated by industrial production? Select one: a. Workers are alienated when forced to consume what they produce. b. Workers are alienated when forced to master a particular craft. c. Workers are alienated when compelled to achieve their full human potential. d. Workers are alienated from each other as they are unable to cooperate with one another.
D
Erving Goffman's dramaturgical analysis is incompatible with symbolic interactionism.
False
Poststructuralism grew out of postmodernism.
False
Talcott Parsons became the dominant sociological figure in the United States by developing theories outside the European tradition.
False
Which German philosopher developed dialectics and idealism to examine the dynamic aspects of society?
G. W. F. Hegel
Which social force refers to the incorporation of production technology into market driving economies?
The rise of capitalism and the industrial revolution
Which theoretical area focuses on how modern knowledge, machinery, tools, etC. are more generally transforming both daily life and society?
Theories of science, technology, and society
Comte considered the family the foundation of society.
True
Comte thought individuals were inherently, even instinctually selfish; only the social structure could restrain people and direct their efforts toward order and progress.
True
Herbert Spencer was more influential to early sociology in the Americas than in Europe.
True
Tocqueville believed less equality would inevitably lead to more freedom. Select one: a. True "Overall, Tocqueville was critical of both democracy and socialism for many of the same reasons, although he clearly saw the prospect of socialism as much more distasteful than democracy. Both tended to foster equality, centralization, and, worst of all, the loss of freedom." p. 98 b. False
True
Tocqueville thought people's freedom was MORE in danger after the French and American revolutions than before.
True
Tocqueville was more supportive of direct participatory democracy than representative democracy.
True
Today, sociologists would describe Tocqueville's work as a study on democratic culture.
True
Which social force refers to a mass migration of people away from agricultural areas and toward industrial cities?
Urbanization
More so than other members of the Chicago School, ______ believed that sociology should emphasize research on data collected from a variety of sources.
W.I. Thomas
According to Karl Marx, what dialectic contradiction lies at the heart of capitalism? Select one: a. Capitalists need to exploit workers for profit; workers want to profit from their work. b. Capitalism embraces the greed opposed by the protestant ethic. c. Capitalism needs stability; but change is inevitable. d. Capitalism is based on class conflict; but classes are cooperative by nature.
A
According to Marx's historical materialism, the(blank) of society refers to the ways people meet, or produce for their material needs and the economic relations that grow out of that production. Select one: a. base b. superstructure c. institutions d. structure
A
In terms of legislation passed, the United States congress has become less and less productive during recent sessions. Which of Tocqueville's problems of democracy could this inaction indicate? Select one: a. stagnation b. equality c. despotism d. centralization
A
Which of the following did Tocqueville consider the MOST important reason The United States was a democracy? Select one: a. culture, mainly habits and mores b. circumstances c. accidents of Fate d. laws
A
Which of the following did Tocqueville describe as inherent to egoism? Select all, but only those that apply. Select one: a. diminishing with the passing of time b. more tied to emotion as opposed to action c. closely aligned to social conditions d. instincts, or human nature
A
Which of the following did Tocqueville see as problematic for democracy? Select one: a. stagnation b. equality c. despotism d. centralization
A
Which of the following best describes Marx's labor theory of value? Select one: a. Capitalists profit by driving down the use and exchange value of workers' labor. b. Labor, both in terms of quantity and quality, is at the heart of all value. c. Labor has a use, but not an exchange value. d. Labor has an exchange value, but not a use value.
B
Which of the following did Comte consider the foundation of society? Select one: a. the individual b. the family c. division of labor d. language
B
Marx's concept of (blank) refers to the thinking of, and then creating of material objects. Select one: a. labor b. objectification c. species being d. alienation
B
Which of the following best describes Marx's general law of capitalist accumulation? Select one: a. Labor has a use, but not an exchange value. b. Capitalists profit by driving down the use and exchange value of workers' labor. c. Labor, both in terms of quantity and quality, is at the heart of all value. d. Labor has an exchange value, but not a use value.
B
Which French sociologist's emphasis on freedom combined with his critiques of equality and centralization led him to be extremely critical of both democracy and socialism?
Alexis de Tocqueville
What intellectual current of early British sociology focused on reforming individuals rather than society?
Ameliorism
Which French sociologist directed his positivist critique toward the French Revolution and its aftermath?
Auguste Comte
According to Durkheim, which type of nonmaterial social facts manifest in the material realm as religion, symbols, and rituals? Select one: a. morality b. collective representations c. social currents d. collective consciousness
B
In his comparative studies, Tocqueville looked at the similarities and differences between ______.
Egoism and Individualism
Which French sociologist outlined how sociology should be a study of morality and social facts?
Emile Durkheim
Which early French sociologist had the most influence on contemporary sociology?
Emile Durkheim
A conservative political and cultural climate in the 1920s stalled most progressive social efforts and social movements, including feminism and feminist theory.
False
Because they were committed to the Marxist tradition, the founding scholars of The Institute of Social Research (also known as "The Frankfurt School") rejected the work of both Max Weber and Sigmund Freud.
False
Both Talcott Parsons and George Homans thought theory should be constructed inductively, or from the ground up.
False
Comte carefully studied data in order to develop his theories about social dynamics.
False
Comte considered the individual the foundation of society.
False
Comte did not believe empirical study could reveal the social principles upon which society operates.
False
Comte thought individuals were inherently altruistic, but become selfish when corrupted by society.
False
Comte thought it possible for a society to achieve perfection by fully embracing and mastering positivism.
False
Which German thinker developed a materialist philosophy he then applied toward understanding consciousness and religion?
Ludwig Feuerbach
Which German thinker emphasized rationality in his social theory that he famously applied to religion, economics, and bureaucracy?
Max Weber
What was the most immediate social force in the rise of sociology during the late 1800s?
Political Revolution
In his comparative studies, Tocqueville looked at the similarities and differences between ______.
The United States and France