Clemson MUSC 2100 Exam 1

*common* tempo indications: allegro

fast

*less common* tempo indications: molto allegro

faster than allegro

Each occurrence of this repeated pattern (meter) is called a _____________ (aka ____________)

measure (bar)

*common* tempo indications: moderato

moderate

What can serve as a theme for a piece of music?

1) melody 2) phrase 3) motive 4) tune 5) tone color

How many octaves can the average voice/average instrument produce?

2 or 3

Chord

A group of pitches sung or played at the same time

Difference Between Tune and Motive

A motive is shorter than a tune or even a phrase of a tune - it can be as short as two notes

Sequence

A phrase repeated at two or more different pitch levels EX: "And the *rocket's red glare*, the bombs bursting in air"

Movement

A self contained section of music that is part of a larger work

Definition of Tune

A simple, easily sung, and catchy melody

Monophonic Texture

A single unaccompanied melody

Variation Form

AA'A''A'''...

Melody

An *organized series of pitches* that: 1) is EMOTIONAL 2) has character - sweet, energetic, soaring, sighing, ominous, tense, etc... 3) made up of phrases (small sections of a melody) 4) sometimes use sequences 5) use balance, but not so predictably as tunes - Ex: a melody that is not a tune will tend to have unbalanced or longer phrases

3 Forms of Plainchant

Antiphons, sequence, and hymn

_________ provide the basic unit of measurement for time in music

Beats - The simple pulse being signaled by waving, tapping, or dancing is the music's beat

Famous Motives

Beethoven's Fifth: da da da DA Jaws

Examples of Simple Meter: Duple and Triple

Duple: Mary Had a Little Lamb, Yankee Doodle Triple: My Country Tis of Thee

Who composed Isorhythmic Motets?

French poet Machaut

Fast vibration yields ______ pitch. Slow vibration yields ______ pitch.

High, low

Types of Polyphony (A.K.A. Counterpoint)

Imitative: the same melody is played or sung at different times in a round Non-imitative: different melodies

Mode, modality: - what is it in music since the Renaissance? - what is it in music before the Renaissance?

In music since the Renaissance - one of the two types of tonality: - major mode - minor mode In earlier times: - one of several orientations of the diatonic scale with D, E, F, and G as tonics

Famous Organum Composers

Leonin and Perotin

most notable composer of art nova

Machaut *isorhythms*

main secular vocal genre of the Renaissance

Madrigal

Josquin des Prez

Master of High Renaissance Style. 1) Eighteen settings of the mass to imitative polyphony vs. homophony texture of the style. 2) Responsible for Pange lingua Mass.

Form of Troubadour Songs

Strophic: same music with different stanzas (AAA). Had meter

Music

The art of sound in time

Harmonize

To provide each note of a melody with a chord

Flanders

Where flemish composers responsible for newest and most innovative composers of renaissance era lived such as Dufay

English horn

a larger, lower oboe

metronome

a mechanical or electrical device that ticks out beats at any desired tempo.

aspects of tune phrases - balance: balance adds _____________ lack of balance adds ___________.

balance --> logic and coherence lack of balance --> interest and variety

oboe

- woodwind - two reeds

Bassoon

- woodwind - double reeds (similar to oboe, but not the same) - low pitch

Types of Troubadour Songs

1) Pastorelle: young shepardess rejects passerby. 2) Alba: sleeping with girl, servant wakes him up to leave before sunrise and father becomes angry

non-metrical music

1) Plainchant 2) classical Indian (Native American) music begins with it

A typical large orchestra today includes the following sections (choirs):

1) Strings - 30-36 violins - 12 violas - 10-12 cellos - 8 double basses 2) Woodwinds - 2 flutes (plus one piccolo) - 2 clarinets (plus one bass clarinet) - 2 oboes - 1 English horn - 2 bassoons (plus one contrabassoon ; "double bassoon") 3) Brass - at least 2 trumpets - 4 French horns - 2 trombones - 1 tuba. 4) Percussion - 1-4 players, who between themselves manage the timpani and all the other percussion instru- ments, moving from one to the other.

Aspects of Tune Phrases (6 of them)

1) Tend to coincide with poetic line - end at commas and periods and with rhyming words 2) singers breathe at ends of phrases 3) phrases are 2, 4, or 8 measures long 4) are balanced by rhythm, rhyme, and shape of line 5) contains clear *climax* (noticeable high note and long held rhythm) 6) has final *cadence* at the end

Age of Chivalry

1) Time when aristocrats began to influence music. 2) *Minnesingers and Troubadours* sang about love and crusades. 3) Some of very limited secular middle age music.

Scale: 1) western music 2) Europe 3) Japan 4) eastern countries

1) Western --> 12 ascending tones 2) Europe --> 7 tones 3) Japan --> 5 4) Eastern countries --> 24

anything can vibrate and make sound, but for music it is usually...

1) a membrane - Ex: drum, vocal cords 2) a column of air - Ex: woodwind instruments 3) a string - Ex: piano

relative duration of sounds...

1) all beats are equal 2) some notes are longer/shorter than others

Musical instruments can be categorized into four groups:

1) brass 2) percussion 3) strings 4) woodwinds

In Western music there are only two basic kinds of meter:

1) duple meter (two beats per measure) 2) triple meter (three beats per measure)

Plucked stringed instruments

1) guitar 2) mandolin 3) lute - a now-obsolete instrument, of major importance in earlier times

the mass

1) kyrie 2) gloria 3) credo 4) sanctus 5) agnus Dei *kyrie goes crazy savage against dirk*

name each of the 6 common dynamics indications in order from softest to loudest (include their abbreviation and what they mean in limen's terms)

1) pianissimo - pp - very soft 2) piano - p - soft 3) mezzo piano - mp - medium soft 4) mezzo forte - mf - medium loud 5) forte - f - loud 6) fortissimo - ff - very loud

meter consists of a _____________ and ____________

1) principal strong beat 2) one or more weaker beats

later medical polyphony

1) secular music becomes more popular than sacred after 1200 2) *upper melodies were given their own words* --> this is a type of polyphony called a *motet*

How many octaves does an organ play?

10

When did Age of Chivalry begin?

1100s

When did troubadours/trouveres/minnesingers emerge?

12th and 13th centuries

Years of the Renaissance

1450-1600

Time High Renaissance Style Begins

1500s

Years of the Middle Ages

450-1450

How many octaves does a piano play?

7

Antiphon

A *genre of plainchant* usually in a simple melodic style with very few melismas

Binary Form

AB

Ternary Form

ABA

Harmony

Accompaniment to the melody created by the use of chords

changes in dynamics: decrescendo (diminuendo)

to get softer ; "diminishing" Ex: moving from a very loud part of the music that gradually becomes softer until its actually very soft and calm

pitched percussion instruments

"scale instruments" (aka, instruments that you can tune) - able determine the exact pitch at which it is played, allowing them to play different notes (similar to woodwinds, brass, etc) and therefore melodies Ex: 1) celesta 2) chimes (tubular bells) 3) glockenspiel 4) marimba 5) vibraphone 6) xylophone

unhitched percussion instruments

"untuned" (indeterminate pitch) 1) base drum 2) cymbals 3) snare drum 4) tam-tam (large, low pitched gong) 5) tenor drum 6) triangle

Quadruple meter

*Compound Meter* 1) most common type of meter 2) additional stress on third beat Ex: Battle Hymn of the Republic, "Glory Glory Hallelujah"

Medieval Motet

*Secular polyphonic* arrangement where *every line has different words*

Triple Meter

*Simple meter* Beats are grouped in threes (ONE two three | ONE two three)

Duple Meter

*Simple meter* Beats are grouped in twos or fours (ONE two | ONE two) (ONE two THREE four | ONE two THREE four)

Beat

*basic unit of rhythm* 1) count of one 2) the thing you tap your hand to 3) in a clock, it's a second 4) in a song, it's a beat

6/8 meter

*compound meter* Ex: Row Row Row Your Boat (especially the "merrily" section)

how many strings does a violin have? what pitches does it primarily cover?

- 4 strings - alto, soprano

Style

Characteristic way of treating music that changes by: 1) composer 2) nationality 3) time period - Ex: Middle ages vs. Renaissance 4) function in society - Ex: Religious vs. entertainment (Bach vs. ballet) - Ex: Courtly vs. middle-class 5) societal developments in: A. politics (Louis XIV) B. Social (music for people - Schubert) C. economic (opera takes money) D. Intellectual (development of opera) 6) similarities of an artistic form - Ex: impressionism

Consonance

Chords that sound at rest, final

Dissonance

Chords that sound tense

Giovani Palestrina

Composer that was considered technical perfection. 1) Wrote only ethereal music for the church. Man who initiated switch to mostly homophony in church music. 2) Wrote 105 settings of the Mass.

Ars antiqua, ars nova...

Contemporary terms for the "old technique" of *thirteenth-century organum* and the *new polyphonic music* of the *fourteenth century*

Technique - Repetition

Creates a sense of *unity* 1) produces sense of balance, not repetitiveness 2) appeals to our pleasure in recognizing and remembering 3) repetition of melodies binds a composition together

Texture Definition

Describes the type of combinations of melody that occur in musc

Church/Medieval Modes

Different arrangements of half and whole steps

Modality

Different ways of organizing the diatonic scale - in other words, causing the half steps and whole steps in the scale to fall in different places

Motive

Distinctive fragment of a melody that returns again and again within a long composition

What composer was responsible for the first homophony in church?

Dufay

Genres

General categories of music

Accelerando

Gradually get faster

Crescendo

Gradually get louder

Ritardando

Gradually get slower

Decrescendo/Diminuendo

Gradually get softer

Measure (bar):

In music, the unit of meter, consisting of a principal strong beat and one or more weaker ones

Time signature:

In musical notation, the numbers on the staff at the beginning of a piece that indicate the meter

violin family hierarchy

In order from smallest (highest pitch) to largest (lowest pitch) 1) violin 2) viola 3) cello 4) bass

tonic

In tonal music, the central-sounding note

Melismas

In vocal music, a passage of many notes sung to a single syllable

Ars Nova

Isorhythmic motets *motets with complex rhythmic patterns*

Technique - Variation

Keeping some elements of a musical thought but changing others ; *provides unity and variety* 1) can be form for an entire piece 2) things that can be varied: melody, rhythm, pitch, accompaniment, etc.

Modulation

Key change

Isorhythm

Long sections of changing melody with repeated rhythmic patterns In fourteenth-century music, the technique of *repeating the identical rhythm for each section of a composition, while the pitches are altered*

Compound Meter

Main beats are divided into threes

Simple Meter

Main beats are divided into twos

____________ is a strong/ weak pattern repeated again and again.

Meter

Phrases

Small sections of a melody

Size's Impact on Frequency

Small/short objects vibrate faster Large/long objects vibrate slower

Tempo

Speed of the music (fast or slow, in general) 1) indication given at beginning of piece 2) shown with metronome markings (indicates exact number of beats per minute)

High Renaissance Style

Still a capella music but developed obscure meter. Was imitative polyphony vs. homophony.

Cadence

Stopping place in music

Accents

Strong (accented) beats vs. weak (unaccented) beats - first beat is strong (accented) - creates a pattern for the beats - reason why a clock is not a musical instrument and a drum is

most common type of form

Ternary (A-B-A) A = statement B = contrast A = return 1) return of A can be varied 2) return of A can come after a smooth transition or a cadence and pause 3) ABA can be subdivided (A = aba ; B = cdc ; A = aba)

Rhythm

The ARRANGEMENT of durations (long/short) of notes in a particular melody or some other musical passage

Dominant Force in Society During the Middle Ages

The church. - Music was controlled by church, sung in latin (language of the church), and was sacred

Tonality

The concept that a melody leans toward one pitch (do or tonic)

Interval

The distance between two pitches

octave

The interval between a pair of "duplicating" notes, eight notes apart in the diatonic scale

Paraphrase

The modification and decoration of plainchant melodies in early Renaissance music

how do brass instruments make sound?

The player's lips vibrate against a small cup-shaped mouthpiece of metal - The lip vibration itself vibrates the air within the brass tube

Overtone

a secondary vibration in a sound- producing body, which *contributes to the tone color* - overtones are much lower in amplitude than the main vibrations - for this reason ^^^, we hear overtones not as distinct pitches, but somehow as part of the string's basic or fundamental pitch. - The amount and exact mixture of overtones are what give a sound its characteristic tone color (ex: a flute has a few overtones, trumpets have many)

what is the reason for why a clock is not a musical instrument but a drum is???

accenting - you can't make the ticking of a clock strong/weak like you can a drum beat

Syncopation

accenting either: 1) unimportant beats (one's that usually are not accented) - Ex: beats like 2 or 4 2) between the beats in a measure *important part of jazz music*

Chromatic Scale

all twelve tones (5 added between original 7) 1) all the white AND black notes on a piano within one octave 2) no distinct names (just E *flat*, or E *sharp*) 3) made up of all whole steps - two half steps make up a whole step (from one note to the next is half steps)

how is sound created in woodwind instruments?

by setting up vibrations in the column of air in a tube. - A series of precisely spaced holes are bored in the tube, which players open or close with their fingers or with a lever device (a key). - In effect this creates columns of different lengths, *producing different pitches*

"the bass of the violin family"

cello - the "string base" or "base" backs up the violin family in an orchestra, however, *in various details of construction the bass differs from members of the violin family*

sound box

common component of all string instruments: - a hollow box containing a body of air that resonates (vibrates along with the strings) to amplify the string sound.

In most Western music, _____________ serves as the regular background against which we perceive music's actual rhythms

duple or triple meter

Meter: the term "compound" means that...

each of the main beats in a measure can be broken down into THREE notes

Meter: the term "simple" means that...

each of the main beats in a measure can be broken down into TWO notes

synthesizers

electronic keyboard instrument - can simulate the sound of organs, pianos, and harpsichords - usually used during the *composition* of concert music, not actually playing it during the live performance

Of the main woodwind instruments, _______, ________, and ________ have approximately the same range

flutes, clarinets, and oboes

Dynamics: - sudden vs. gradual

gradual loud = crescendo (<) gradual soft = decrescendo (>)

the piano is a relatively new addition to the symphony orchestra. In earlier times, the orchestra regularly included another keyboard instrument, the ____________.

harpsichord

Pitch

how *high or low* a note is - determined by the *frequency* of a sound producing vibration

*less common* tempo indications: vivace, vivo

lively

Any recurring pattern of strong and weak beats (Ex: ONE two ; ONE two three) is called a ___________.

meter

tempo can be expressed exactly and measured by a ________________.

metronome

middle ages music

mostly vocal, not instrumental

Choral music refers to

music which is written for and sung by a choir

while most symphonies halls have an organ, is this instrument actually part of the orchestra?

no

in ________________ the rhythms suggest no underlying pattern of strong and weak beats at all

non-rhythmical music Ex: Gregorian chant

ars antiqua

notre dame school and old organum

Harp

plucked stringed instruments with *one string for each pitch available* - The modern orchestral harp is a large instrument with forty-seven strings covering a wide range of pitches.

"time in which music exists"

rhythm

*common* tempo indications: adagio

slow

*less common* tempo indications: largo, lento, grave

slow, very slow

*less common* tempo indications: andantino

somewhat faster than andante

*less common* tempo indications: larghetto

somewhat faster than largo

changes in dynamics: subito

sudden change in dynamics Ex: subito forte (suddenly loud) Ex: subito piano (suddenly soft)

The consistent use of ______________ is the hallmark of African American- derived popular music, from ragtime to rap

syncopation

what pitches does a viola primarily cover?

tenor

"The most distinctive tone color of all, however, belongs to the first, most beautiful, and most universal of all the sources of music"

the human voice

Dynamics

the level of strength of a sound (aka *Amplitude*) - how *loud or soft* a sound is

Meter: The terms duple, triple, and quadruple refer to...

the number of beats in a measure

in metrical music, the tempo is...

the rate at which the basic, regular beats of the meter follow one another

what differentiates keyboard instruments from others?

they can play more than one note at a time

in an orchestra, what's one thing that distinguishes the role of percussion instruments from that of others?

they have to be played continuously throughout a piece

changes in dynamics: Crescendo

to get louder ; "growing" Ex: moving from a very soft part of the music that gradually becomes louder until its actually loud

takes descriptive words like warm, bright, dark, brilliant, screechy, sultry, etc...

tone color (Timbre)

the most widely used percussion instrument in an orchestra

tympani

resonator

usually required to *amplify* sound producing vibrations in order for us to hear them - does so by either electronically or with the aid of something physical echoing/resonating along with the vibrating body.

*common* tempo indications: presto

very fast

*less common* tempo indications: prestissimo

very fast indeed

**we know music existed before 450, but...

we only have examples of notated music from 450 on so that's where we begin our study

Two General Kinds of Meter

Simple and compound

Theme

Most basic term for subject matter treated by a composer

trumpet

- highest pitch brass instrument - pitch is controlled by three pistons, or valves, that connect auxiliary tubes with the main tube or disconnect them, so as to lengthen or shorten the vibrating air column

Plainchant/Gregorian Chant

Monophonic, non metrical melody used as a means of delivery holy words in church. - All male voices without accompaniment - flexible rhythm - little beat *music based on church modes, not major or minor modes*

Chanson

More relaxed, simpler song of renaissance era - "chanson" = French for song - a genre of French secular vocal music

What textures was music set to originally in the Renaissance?

Mostly polyphonic texture with some homophonic texture

Resolution

Moving from a dissonant chord to a consonant chord

Madrigal

Music for group of solo singers, *each person had their own note*, was secular, typically about love, and *combined polyphonic and homophonic textures*

Where did organum develop and flourish?

Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris

Hildegard von Bingen

Nun responsible for writing some of the only plainchants that have been preserved

Homophonic Texture

One melody of real interest combined with other sounds - harmonized melody

Estampie

One of the first types of purely instrumental music 1) Only dance music of middle ages 2) songs meant to be sung were made into repetitive instrumental music 3) triple meter with strong fast beat 4) single melodic line

Minor mode:

One of the modes of the diatonic scale, oriented around A as the tonic - characterized by the interval between the first and third notes containing three semitones (as opposed to four in the major mode)

Major mode

One of the modes of the diatonic scale, oriented around C as the tonic - characterized by the interval between the first and third notes containing four semitones (as opposed to three in the minor mode)

Form

Organization of musical elements in time; patterns composers use that give music structure

Tonic

Pitch that a melody leans toward; a.k.a. do

pizzicato

Playing a stringed instrument that is normally bowed by plucking the strings with the finger

Minnesingers:

Poet-composers of the Middle Ages in Germany

Organum

Polyphonic vocal music developed from base plainchant. 1) Two or more melodies sung at a time caused development of meter 2) first --> *parallel motion* - notes were added to chant a 4th and 5th 3) later --> true organum - gregorian chant melody on bottom and one or more additional melodic lines - *contrary motion used* 4) around 1100 - rhythmic variation added - added melody to the top line (melismas)

Why was Plainchant also called Gregorian Chant?

Pope Gregory the 1st compiled a vast record of chants with their names and purpose. - Some of the only records we have of music during the middle ages.

What triggered shift from mostly polyphony to mostly homophony in renaissance church music?

Protestant reformation triggered catholic reformation and church analyzed possible changes in every aspect of policy. - Polyphony distracted from the words of the music and hindered religious contemplation.

Technique - Contrast

Provides *variety* 1) illustrates change of mood and conflict 2) is done with opposition of musical elements such as: loud vs. soft, fast vs. slow, strings vs. woodwinds, major vs. minor

Tone Color/Timbre

Quality of the sound - differs from one instrument to another (between different families of instruments, as well as within the same family) - also differs from one voice to another

Word Painting

Renaissance technique of making music do what sung word says. Ex: sing word ascending on ascending pitches.

Meter

Repeated pattern of strong (accented) and weak (unaccented) beats 1) each occurrence of the pattern is a measure (or bar) 2) divided by bar lines

_____________ in the most general sense refers to the entire time aspect of music

Rhythm

Renaissance Motet

Sacred polyphonic choral composition set to a text other than the Ordinary of the Mass

sound producing vibrations are very fast and small.... how are we able to hear these vibrations??

To be heard, they often need to be *amplified*,

Polyphonic Texture

Two or more melodies of approximately equal interest played or sung simultaneously

Jongleurs

Wandering minstrels 1) only secular musicians of middle ages 2) sang songs written by others *popular music*

Thomas Weelkes

Wrote English madrigal "As Vesta was from Latmos Hill Descending"

what is the "most important" interval?

octave

*common* tempo indications: allegretto

on the fast side, but not too fast

*common* tempo indications: andante

on the slow side, but not too slow

earliest genre of medieval polyphonic music

organum

Diatonic Scale

original set of *seven pitches* in Western music 1) 1-8 is octave 2) do re mi fa, etc... 3) named a-g 4) represented by the *white notes* of the piano 5) *half and whole steps*

Piano strings and other sound-producing bodies vibrate not only along their total length but also at the same time in half-lengths, quarters, eighths, and so on... - what is this describing???

overtones (contributors to tone color)