Clep Introductory Sociology
A collection of people who happen to be walking down the street at the same time but who have nothing else in common is known as.A. A social movementB. A social categoryC. An aggregateD. A primary groupE. A secondary group
An aggregate
Sandra is female, she is African American, and she is sixteen years of age. These three characteristics are examples of Sandra's
Ascribed status
The term "sociology" was coined by its founder, the nineteenth-century positivist
Auguste Comte
Which social scientist first proposed applying the scientific method to the social world, a practice known as positivism?
Auguste Comte
For a deviant act to be classified as a crime, what quality must pertain to it?
(A) It must be a rule written into law.
What is a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work?
(A) a theory
What is another term for legitimate power?
(A) authority
A characteristic of a triad is that it
(A) is prone to coalition formation
Who was the sociologist who described deviance this way: It is not the act itself but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant?
(B) Howard Becker
Which of the following theorists argued that class conflict was inevitable in a capitalistic society and would result in revolution?
(B) Karl Marx
What are the three essential components of socialism?
(B) central planning, public ownership of the means of production, distribution without profit motive
Macrosociology tends to focus on _________________ where as microsociology focuses on social interaction.
(B) large scale features of social life
Which theory assumes that deviance occurs among individuals who are blocked from achieving socially approved goals by legitimate means?
(C) Merton's strain theory
Samantha works in a place that is hierarchical in nature, has written rules, and has written communications and records. Based on these characteristics, what can we conclude about Samantha's workplace?
(C) Samantha works in a bureaucracy.
Which of the following is best described as an organized sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, designed to support important values and to meet human needs?
(C) Social institution
What is the major difference between sociological and psychological theories used to explain deviance?
(C) Sociological explanations focus on factors outside the individual, while psychological explanations look for answers within the individual.
Which of the following is the best example of exogamy?
(C) The incest taboo prohibits close relatives from marrying one another.
Joes is on trial for selling drugs. He looks very different from when he was arrested. He has washed, cut, and combed his hair, and is wearing a clean, conservative suit and tie at the trial. Joe is engaged in(A) dysfunctional behavior(B) altruism(C) impression management(D) exchange(E) anticipatory socialization
(C) impression management
Which of the following would most likely be an agent of involuntary resocialization? (A) Mass media (B) An institution of higher learning (C) A peer group (D) A total institutioncorrect (E) The family
(D) A total institution
The groups which have the lowest intermarriage rates in the United States?
(D) African Americans and Whites
According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do we develop our self concept?
(D) Our self concept develops from interaction with others.
Max Weber's three dimensions of social stratification are which of the following?
(D) Status, class, power
All of the following are properties of primary groups EXCEPT?A. They are important sources of social supportB. They significantly influence personality development.C. They significantly influence personality development.D They tend to be large in number.E. They are frequently characterized by face-to-face relationships
(D) They tend to be large in number.
Which sociological perspective views society as being composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resources?
(D) conflict theory
Cooley called a person's self-conception based on the responses of others(A) the divided self(B) self-esteem(C) the concrete operational stage(D) the looking-glass self(E) the "I" and "me
(D) the looking-glass self
Which of the following theorists is most associated with structural-functionalism?
(E) Émile Durkheim
Which of the following can properly be considered norms?I. lawsII. folkwaysIII. moresA) I onlyB) III onlyC) I and II onlyD) II and III onlyE) I, II, and III
(E) I, II, and III
Sociological studies of gender socialization show that
(E) girls are less likely than boys to receive attention from teachers
Two basic premises that underlie capitalism are that
(E) goods are produced for profit, and the free market determines what is produced and at what price
A sociologist of religion who studies secularization is interested in which of the following?
A society that changes from closely identifying with religious values to closely identifying with nonreligious values
Which of the following types of societies is least differentiated?A. horticulturalB. pastoralC. hunting and gatheringD. agriculturalE. industrial
C. hunting and gathering
Which of the following approaches to stratification is most likely to suggest that, as a society becomes more stratified, it prevents the talents of those at the bottom from being known or used and thus potentially fails to benefit from the contributions of all its members?
Conflict
Ken works on an assembly line in a paper factory in the midwestern United States. He believes that if he works hard enough, he will become very wealthy. According to Karl Marx, Ken's belief reflects which of the following?
False consciousness
All of the following are examples of voluntary associations EXCEPT thea. Republican Partyb. League of women votersc. federal bureau of investigationd first baptist church of atlantae. little league baseball
Federal bureau of investigation
Which theoretical perspective stresses that society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together harmoniously?
Functional analysis
In the world's economic system, which of the following is true about the relationship between high-income countries and low-income countries?
High-income countries build manufacturing plants in low-income countries to obtain cheap labor
Raw materials are processed and converted into finished goods in which sector of the economy?
Industrial
In order for an occupation to be considered a profession by a sociologist, it must be an occupation that
Is based on abstract knowledge and a body of specialized information
What effect did two years of intensive language training have on Isabelle, an isolated child discovered in Ohio in 1938?
Isabelle reached an intellectual level normal for her age.
What is the underlying principle of symbolic interactionism?
It analyzes how one's behavior depends on the way they define themselves and others
Which of the following terms refers to something that has an unexpected detrimental effect on social institutions or society?
Latent dysfunction
The increase in prejudice that sometimes resulted from court-ordered desegregation in public schools is a
Latent dysfunction of desegregation
According to Emile Durkheim, the more homogeneous a group the greater itsA. Organic SolidarityB. Mechanical SolidarityC. Functional differentiationD. Co-optationE. Stratification
Mechanical Solidarity
In the United States, which family members are primarily responsible for what is known as the second shift?
Mothers only
The early Chicago School researchers found that even though immigration changed the racial and ethnic composition of some areas of the city over time, the rates of crime remained relatively high. Which of the following interpretations of this finding is most consistent with the Chicago School's social disorganization perspective?
Neighborhood social institutions were ineffective at preventing crime.
Which of the following terms refers to a philosophical system under which knowledge of the world and human behavior is derived from scientific observation in search of universal laws?
Positivism
Maria woke up with a fever. She called in sick to work, took medicine, and spent the rest of the day in bed. Maria's actions are most representative of
Sick role
After studying the use of personal space in several cultures, what conclusion did Edward Hall reach regarding the amount of space people prefer?
The amount of personal space people prefer varies from one culture to another.
What was the result of the study conducted by H. M. Skeels and H. B. Dye where they placed an experimental group of mentally challenged babies in an institution to be cared for by mentally challenged adults?
The intelligence scores of the babies significantly increased when retested two and a half years later.
Which of the following best describes what sociologists of education mean when they refer to the hidden curriculum?
The unintended consequences of schooling
How would Robert Merton describe the intended beneficial consequences of Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal program that raised the standard of living for millions of Americans in the 1930s?
They would be classified as manifest functions.
Which of the following is an example of an informal positive sanction?A) Maguerite receives a bronze medal for gymnastics at the OlympicsB) Hank is awarded a high school diploma by the school boardC) Halle receives a million dollars for her performance in a movieD) Danisha receives a new car from her parents when she scores 2300 on the SATE) William is sentenced to one year of community service and a $5,000 fine for shoplifting
Danisha receives a new car from her parents when she scores 2300 on the SAT
Impression management is exhibited by a college student who(A) aces an exam after forgetting to study for it(B) anticipates graduating and getting a job(C) expects to do well on an exam and ends up doing so(D) anticipates flunking a course and stops going to class(E) cleans the dorm room in preparation for Parent's Weekend
E) cleans the dorm room in preparation for Parent's Weekend
Joanne is a member of a group that is developing a questionnaire as a group project in her sociology class. The leader of her group is always trying to gain consensus by explaining proposed actions and suggesting alternative approaches and giving facts as the basis for their evaluation of the members work. What leadership style is being exhibited in this case?
Expressive
Which statement about political participation in the United States is true?
Voter turnout in the United States is lower than in most European nations.
"This may sound really strange, but..." is an example of
a disclaimer
Compared to the United States population in general, Asian Americans haveact law?
a higher level of formal educational achievement
A school system that teaches children of different ethnic groups in the children's own language and about their own particular ethnic heritage illustrates a policy of
accommodation
What term describes people who share the same physical space but do not see themselves as belonging together?
aggregate
According to Émile Durkheim, a society that lacks clear-cut norms to govern aspirations and moral conduct is characterized by
anomie
According to the functionalist perspective, which is a function of religion?
answering questions about the meaning of life, providing guidelines for life, emotional support
What term describes a position in life that one does not choose, but is awarded at birth or is related to the life course?
ascribed status
What term do sociologists use to describe a culture, in which their values and norms place it at odds with the dominant culture?
counterculture
As a nurse, Rex works to respect and fulfill the different values, beliefs, and behaviors of his patients. Which of the following is Rex practicing?A) cultural competenceB) ethnocentrismC) alienationD) cultural lagE) assimilation
cultural competence
When American servicemen occupied Japan following World War II, the Japanese watched the Americans playing baseball, appreciated the sport, and adopted it themselves. Today, baseball is one of the most popular sports in Japan. This adoption of baseball by the Japanese is an example of
cultural diffusion
Which of the following allows human beings to adapt to diverse physical environments?A) instinctB) heredityC) cultureD) stratificationE) ethnocentrism
culture
Mark is a foreign exchange student living with a Chinese family. The first night he was with them his hosts served a delicious entree of meat and vegetables. Although tasty, Mark could not identify the meat. When his host told him it was roast dog Mark became upset and decided to become a vegetarian for the course of his stay. In view of this, which sociological concept did Mark just experience?
culture shock
The number of children that Americans consider ideal has____________ over the years.
decreased
The philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that social order developed out of theA) recognition of the transcendent power of GodB) biological need for humans to reproduceC) desire to escape a state of continuous social conflictD) discovery of agricultureE) reaction to the industrial revolution
desire to escape a state of continuous social conflict
An example of a folkway in American society isA) joining a religious cultB) eating a sandwich for lunchC) failing to pay income taxes on timeD) stopping for a red lightE) being fined for jaywalking
eating a sandwich for lunch
According to world-systems theory, the global system is primarily
economic
What is the major characteristic of the caste system that has permitted it to perpetuate itself for more than 3,000 years in India?
endogamy
Max Weber's principle of verstehen was meant to?
explain the subjective beliefs that motivate people to act
How many classes exist in Erik Wright's modified Marxian model of social class?
four
In his research, George Farkas discovered that, even though they had identical test scores, some students were prone to receive better grades than others. Which students received the best grades?
girls and Asian Americans
Which of the following concepts seeks a consensus of opinion, or group conformity, by taking a narrow view of an issue?A) groupthinkB) resocializationC) institutionalizationD) mass hysteriaE) resource mobilization
groupthink
Leo is a college graduate, cello teacher, and a member of Who s Who Among Students in American Colleges and Universities. What are these accomplishments collectively called?
his achieved statuses
Which set of concepts best illustrates material culture?
jewelry, clothing, hairstyles
Most of the funding for public schools in the United States comes from
local property taxes
In the study of social class, a sociologist would be LEAST likely to focus one's position?
motivation
Which term is used to describe a group's way of thinking, gestures, language, values, and social norms?
nonmaterial culture
What are the expectations or rules of behavior that develop out of a group's values?
norms
The practice in which a woman is married to two or more men at the same time is known asA) monogamyB) polygynyC) polyandryD) serial monogamyE) patriarchy
polyandry
According to Max Weber, what are the three most important variables in determining one's place in the social stratification system?
property, power, prestige
According to Max Weber, authority derived from the understanding that individuals have clearly defined rights and duties to uphold and that they implement rules and procedures impersonally is
rational-legal authority
Mrs. Jones has a parent-teacher meeting scheduled at the school where she teaches. The meeting is scheduled at the same time as her daughter's piano recital. Mrs. Jones will have to decide how to juggle the contradictory expectations of teacher and parent. This situation is referred to as?
role conflict
Zachary's parents were divorced three years ago. During the first year after the divorce, Zachary's father visited him every week. Then Zachary's father remarried and fathered another child. Now he rarely visits Zachary. What is this scenario called?
serial fatherhood correct
The process by which an individual learns how to live in his or her social surroundings is known asA) amalgamationB) associationC) collective behaviorD) socializationE) innovation
socialization
The claim that the division of labor based on gender has survived because it is beneficial and efficient for human living is an example of
structural functionalist
Which of the following distinguishes a crime from a deviant act?A) the degree of harm caused by the actB) the number of people who disapprove of the actC) the definition of the act as criminal by a political entityD) the social status of the person who committed the actE) the social status of the person who is harmed by the act
the definition of the act as criminal by a political entity
Which perspective is most aligned with the belief that family controls economic production, socialization of children, care of the sick and aged, and reproduction?
the functionalist perspective
Which of the following is true of social norms for the structure of marriage?A) they have consistently required monogamy across all periods of history and cross-culturally around the globeB) they have favored polyandry in those societies wanting to increase their birth rateC) they have frequently held polygyny as the societal ideal, although this pattern was functionally available to and practiced primarily by the most wealthy and powerfulD) they have no impact in democratic societies, since democracies allow individuals to choose their own form of marriageE) They are based on the ideal of gender equality
they have frequently held polygyny as the societal ideal, although this pattern was functionally available and practiced primarily by the most wealthy and powerful
Socialization takes placeA) only in childhoodB) mainly in adolescenceC) mainly in early adulthoodD) mainly through the reproductive yearsE) throughout the life cycle
throughout the life cycle
In regards to physical health, why do poor individuals have more sicknesses and a high death raterate?
unequal access to medical care, unhealthy lifestyle, harder life
In general, females perform better than males do on tests of
verbal ability
What is the explanation of global stratification that includes core nations, semi periphery nations, periphery nations, and external areas?
world system theory
As children, boys usually receive trucks, sporting equipment, and action toys. Girls receive dolls and gifts that are more passive. Overall, what do sociologists call this sex-based criteria for the gifts children receive? A. resocialization B. gender socialization C. gender tracking D. the hidden curriculum
B. gender socialization
Within the scientific perspective, which of the following are the most important sources of knowledge?
Empiricism and reason
