Client Onboarding and Assessments

Proximal

Position near the center of the body or point of attachment.

Medial

Positioned toward the midline of the body or median plane.

Mobility

Refers to the freedom of movement around a joint.

Gait

The way a person moves on foot in sequence such as walking, running, stepping, etc.

Detailed medical and health information. (The health history questionnaire collects detailed information about an individual's health background such as medications, surgeries, family history and lifestyle information.)

What information does the Health History Questionnaire collect?

Talk with her doctor about her readiness for exercise. (If a client answers "yes" to one or more of the questions on the PAR-Q it is necessary for them to talk with their doctor about their readiness to begin an exercise program before any other actions are taken, especially before a fitness appraisal.)

When answering the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q), your client answers "yes" to a bone or joint problem that could be made worse by a change in physical activity. What is the next step in his fitness program?

Talk with his doctor about his readiness for exercise. (client answers "yes" to one or more of the questions on the PAR-Q it is necessary for them to talk with their doctor about their readiness to begin an exercise program before any other actions are taken, especially before a fitness appraisal.)

When answering the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q), your client answers "yes" to chest pain during physical activity as well as currently taking a prescription blood pressure medication. What is the next step in his fitness program?

fast twitch muscle fibers

muscle fibers that contract rapidly with low oxidative capacities. Also known as type II fibers.

Investigation Stage

occurs between the rapport stage and planning stage, and is typically when a trainer will ask a client to fill out a health-history or lifestyle questionnaire.

Type 2 Diabetes

A condition that develops in adulthood and is also referred to as noninsulin dependent diabetes. The body is unable to use insulin properly and is often seen in those who are overweight or obese.

Insulin Resistant

A condition where the body has a lower level of response to insulin. Muscle tissue is not able to properly transport glucose into the bloodstream.

Type 1 Diabetes

A condition where the pancreas produces little to no insulin. It usually develops in childhood and is also referred to as juvenile diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes.

Tinnitus

A condition which causes a ringing, beating sound or buzzing in one's ear.

Atrophy

A decrease in muscle size and functional ability as a result of inactivity or lack of use.

Connective Tissue

A fibrous tissue that binds, supports and protects muscles, organs and structures of the body. This includes tendons, ligaments, joint capsules, etc.

Tachycardia

A heart rate with a faster beat than normal; measured at over 100 beats per minute.

myofascial release

A manual massage like treatment designed to release tension in the fascia.

Microcycle

A minimum cycle in a periodized training program between one to four weeks long.

External rotation

A movement of the body away from the midline; turning outward.

Dorsiflexion

A movement that flexes the foot in an upward direction from the ankle.

Plantarflexion

A movement that flexes the toes toward the sole of the foot from the ankle

Extension

A movement which involves straightening a joint or extending it. It typically refers to the straightening of an arm or other limb.

Eccentric

A muscle action where the muscle lengthens against resistance. It is also commonly referred to as "negative work".

Concentric

A muscle action where the muscle shortens under tension. It is commonly referred to as "positive work".

Despite being active, Bill is showing signs of renal disease, so a medical clearance is needed. (Although Bill is already active, he is currently showing signs of renal disease. Therefore, he requires medical clearance before any vigorous exercise is initiated.)

Bill is a 50-year-old man with signs and symptoms suggestive of renal disease. His body mass index is 20 and he has been running 3 miles 3-4 days a week for a year. Which of the following is true regarding medical clearance prior to Bill beginning a new exercise program?

No, because Bob does not have signs for cardiovascular, renal, or metabolic disease. (Although Bob has been living a sedentary lifestyle, he does not have any signs or symptoms suggesting cardiovascular, renal, or metabolic disease, so a medical clearance is not needed prior to beginning a new exercise program.)

Bob is a 45-year-old man who quit smoking 2 months ago. He has not participated in any exercise program in 2 years. His body mass index (BMI) is 32. Does Bill need a medical clearance prior to beginning a new exercise program?

Rapport Stage

Dan is a new client whom you are meeting with for the first time today. He will most likely be evaluating you as a trainer through both your verbal and non-verbal communication. What stage of the client-trainer relationship are you in with Dan?

Vasodilation

Decreases in blood pressure due to the dilation of blood vessels.

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)

Describes muscle pain and soreness that typically occurs within 24 to 48 hours following strenuous exercise. It can result in restricted range of motion, tenderness and muscle weakness for a short period.

Vasoconstriction

Describes the constriction of blood vessels by the small muscle walls.

Kyphosis

Excessive curvature of the spine which causes hunching of the back.

Lordosis

Excessive inward curvature of the spine in the lower region.

Dyspnea

Having difficulty in breathing; shortness of breath or labored breathing.

Investigation stage

In what stage of the client-trainer relationship are health-history and lifestyle questionnaires administered?

Maintenance

In which stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change is a client ready to adhere to a healthy lifestyle longterm?

Buritis

Inflammation of the bursa which is located between bones, tendons, joints and muscles. Moat typical areas affected are the hip, shoulders and elbow.

Contusion

Injured tissues or skin where blood capillaries may have broken but the skin is not. Similar to a bruise.

Rrecontemplation

John understands that his family has a history of heart disease and that being overweight can increase his risk for such conditions. He has no intention of beginning on any kind of exercise program since he believes he has never had any weight loss success in the past. According to the Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change (TTM), what stage of change is John in?

Investigation Stage

Kristin is in for her second session and you are conducting fitness assessments. While you are checking her body fat percentage you ask her about types of exercise she prefers to do. What stage of the client-trainer relationship are you in with Kristin?

Bone Mineral Density

Measures the mineral density in your bone. Indicates bone strength through calcium content.

Abduction

Movement of a limb away from the midline or middle axis of the body such as extending your arms outward.

Adduction

Movement of a limb toward the midline or middle axis of your body.

Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers

Muscle fibers that contract slowly during lower intensity or longer duration activities. Used for fatty acid oxidation and aerobic glycolysis.

Elasticity

One of the functional characteristics of muscles that explains when a muscle is stretched, it returns to its original resting length.

Posterior

Refers to the backside of the body or further back in a position.

Anterior

Refers to the front side of the body or nearer to the head

Lactate Threshold

Refers to the intensity of exercise where lactate accumulates into the bloodstream. Lactate concentrations rise above resting levels.

Visceral

Refers to the internal organs of the body.

Heart Rate Reserve

Represents the resting capacity of the heart as measured by the difference between heart rate and maximal heart rate.

Static Balance

The ability of the body to remain balanced between its base of support and weight distribution.

Neuromuscular efficiency

The ability of the neuromuscular system to effectively recruit muscles to work in a synergistic fashion

Stroke volume

The amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle during each contraction of the heart.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The amount of energy needed to maintain the basic functions of living.

Base of Support

The area beneath your feet that includes all points of contact.

Insertion

The attachment of a muscle to its distal and more moveable structure.

Axis of Rotation

The center line around which a joint or other body part moves in rotation.

subcutaneous fat

The fatty tissue that lies beneath the surface of skin.

Fascia

The fibrous connective tissue that covers muscle while providing structural support

Range of motion

The full movement of a joint from full extension to full flexion.

Distal

The furthest distance from the origin of a muscle; away from the center of the body.

VO2 Max

The maximal oxygen uptake the body can use during a specified timeframe. Measures cardiovascular endurance through 1 minute per kilogram of bodyweight. Also referred to as maximum aerobic capacity.

Glycogen

The primary storage form for glucose in the liver and muscles. It is processed as part of the energy producing cycle.

Muscular Power

The relationship between force output and speed of movement. The ability to generate as much force as possible, as quickly as possible.

Vestibular System

The sensory mechanism in the central nervous system that monitors balance. Reflexes of the eyes and ears are coordinated to provide feedback on spatial orientation and allows the body to maintain equilibrium.

Ligament

The short band of fibrous tissue that holds a joint together by connects two bones.

Glucose

The simple sugar that represents the form in which all carbohydrates are used as a primary energy source by the body.

Co-contraction

The simultaneous activation of antagonist muscles.

Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q)

This Questionnaire serves as a non-invasive, minimal health-risk appraisal designed to determine contraindications to exercise.

No. (Although Wendy has been living a sedentary lifestyle, she does not have any signs or symptoms suggesting cardiovascular, renal, or metabolic disease, so a medical clearance is not needed prior to beginning a new exercise program.)

Wendy is a 50-year-old woman who has not exercised in 3 years. She has no family history of heart disease and is a non-smoker. Does Wendy need a medical clearance to begin a new exercise program?

Antagonist

When a muscle action counteracts the contraction produced by another muscle.

Prime Mover

When a muscle acts specifically to produce a desired movement. Commonly referred to as an agonist.

Ketosis

When the body has an elevated level of ketone bodies in their tissues. Typically the result of a low carbohydrate or starvation style diet.

Anaerobic Threshold

When the level of exercise intensity places demands on the body causing lactic acid to build up faster than it can be cleared away.

Rapport Stage

When you are first meeting a client and verbal and non-verbal communication are extremely important to consider

Fitness

focused on developing and improving cardiorespiratory function and subsequently aerobic efficiency by engaging a client in cardiovascular exercise.

Precontemplation

people are beginning to understand the implications of being inactive, but are not quite ready to commit to a change yet. They have no intention of starting to exercise in the foreseeable future (within 6 months) and tend to focus on the negatives of changing their behavior.

Strain

A muscle tear, stretch, or injury caused by overexertion. Can affect the muscle, tendon or fascia.

Isotonic

A muscular contraction in which joint movement occurs and muscle tension is created.

Isokinetic

A muscular contraction in which the muscle changes throughout the range of motion; also commonly called "variable resistance".

Isometric

A muscular contraption in which the joint angle and muscle length doesn't change

Lateral epicondylitis

A painful inflammation of the tendon that originates at the lateral epicondyle. A repetitive use injury caused from excessive loads at the wrist and finger extensors.

Waist to Hip Ratio

A ratio used to determine health concerns from weight distribution. Measured by girth calculations at the waist and hip.

Relative Strength

A ratio which compares the total amount lifted versus a person's body weight as measured in a ratio. It allows for comparative strength measurements across different individuals.

Heat Stroke

A serious condition brought on by excessive heat and measured by a body temperature of greater than 105 degrees. Considered a medical emergency with symptoms of red and dry skin, dizziness, seizures, coma and possibly death.

Testosterone

A steroid hormone produced in the testes and responsible for the growth and development of male sexual characteristics.

Sprain

A stretching or tearing that occurs from a traumatic twist causing pain and swelling. Usually involves ligaments or joint capsules.

Tendon

A tough band of fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone.

Fitness

According to the ACE Integrated Fitness Training Model, what step in the training process involves the enhancement of a client's aerobic efficiency, such as improving VO2max?

Inversion

An action which happens in the frontal plane and represents the inward rotation of the foot

Hyperextension

An extension of a part of the body beyond the normal range of motion

Transverse Plane

An imaginary horizontal line that divides the body between upper and lower sections. Also referred to as the horizontal plane

Frontal Plane

An imaginary vertical line that divides the body between front and back sections. Also referred to as the vertical plane.

Sagittal Plane

An imaginary vertical line that divides the body between right and left sections.

Tendinitis

An inflammation of a tendon commonly caused by overuse

Contraindiction

Any physical condition that makes a movement or exercise inadvisable or inappropriate.

Syncope

Commonly referred to as fainting; a person has a temporary loss of consciousness when not enough oxygen reaches the brain.

Sciatica

Compression of the sciatic nerve which causes pain to shoot down the leg. Often the result from a lumbar herniated disc.

Motor Unit

Consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers which are stimulated.

Hypertension

High blood pressure that exceeds the average and recorded as resting blood pressure at or above 140/90 mmHg.

Supine

Lying on your back while in a face up position.