clinical and counseling psychology - exam 1

Which of these phrases regarding harm to others might lead a psychologist to believe that a client's risk for harm to others is IMMINENT: "One of these days, I may get around to...," "Sometime in the future, I can see myself...," "Today at 3:00 PM..., I will...," "If I do not get this job, I might..."

"Today at 3:00 PM..., I will..."

The Ethics Code has changed over time to address relevant societal and cultural changes. Which of these are goals of the revisions? 1. express the best ethical practices in the field as judged by a sample of APA members 2. to influence the ethical conduct of psychologists by meriting a widespread identification and acceptance among members of the discipline 3. to govern the public's understanding of psychology as a field

1 and 2

What are the occasions in which a psychologists may have to breach confidentiality? 1. A third party payer demands access to a client's treatment records for review 2. The psychologist is subpoenaed by the court 3. The client may soon attempt to harm themselves

1, 2, and 3

Though laws vary among states, generally persons under the age of ___ years are not offered confidentiality

16

In what decade did universities begin investing resources into undergraduate and graduate training in psychology?

1960s

In the United States, at least ____ % of the population have a mental health disorder.

25

Dr. Polatzka is a professor in a scientist-practitioner model training program and is critical of the practitioner-scholar models. Assuming Dr. Polatzka agrees with academic clinical psychologists, what is their largest critique of practitioner-scholar models?

A PhD should not be granted without a substantial amount of research training

___________ can be earned through verification of one's credentials, as well as the submission of recorded samples of interactions with clients, a written statement regarding professional expertise and handling of clinical cases, and successful completion of an oral examination conducted by three expert peers.

Board certification

What is NOT an assertion of the scientist-practitioner model?

Clinical psychologists shall achieve competence during the post-doctoral fellowship, rather than during graduate training

What ARE some assertions of the scientist-practitioner model?

Clinical psychologists shall pursue their training in university department, they shall receive training as researchers, and they shall complete a clinical internship

__________ is the legal requirement that researchers explain to participants the purpose, importance, and results of the research following their participation

Debriefing

__________ occur(s) when the purpose of the research or the meaning of a participant's responses is withheld so as to not influence the participant's response

Deception

Which of these is the first step in the psychological assessment process?

Determine the reason for referral and presenting problem

__________ occur(s) when a psychologist has any type of affiliation with the client outside the therapeutic context

Dual relationships

True of False: In 1896, at the University of Pennsylvania, Carl Rogers opened the first psychological clinic, which was dedicated to helping children with learning disabilities

False

True of False: Psychiatrists generally regard mental health problems as socially based illnesses BEST treated by a community-focused approach, and this is a fundamentally different approach than that of psychiatric nurses

False

True or False: A candidate for doctoral programs must pass the American Board of Professional Psychology Exam, Parts 1 and 2, before being issued a PhD

False

True or False: Clinical supervision is a form of diagnosis that involves close one-on-one work with an individual or a small group of trainees

False

True or False: Counseling psychologists examine mental health processes that help one navigate the world around them, with a focus on memory, language, perception, and decision making, for instance

False

True or False: Developmental psychologists may work to measure academic abilities, personality, interests, and vocational aptitude

False

True or False: Generally, psychologists are only permitted to practice in states where they hold an active board certification.

False

True or False: Most licensed psychologists have a terminal master's degree, and there are a wide range of both accredited and unaccredited programs that train psychologists

False

True or False: Psychologists should not speak about their research or practice on the radio or television under any circumstance

False

True or False: The Doctor of Philosophy degree is an advanced degree in psychology that involves an original research contribution to the field in the form of a doctoral model

False

True or False: The subfield of social psychology is concerned with understanding how psychological, behavioral neurological, and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illness

False

True or False: Within the clinical science training model, students not only receive clinical training, but also conduct assessment with their faculty mentors

False

__________ is one of five general ethical principles stating that all persons are entitled to access to and benefit from the profession of psychology

Justice

A client invited their therapist to their birthday party, described as a gathering of 10 of their closest friends. Can the therapist attend?

No, this would constitute a duel relationship and introduce a likely breach of confidentiality and privacy

What is the largest difference in training to become a physician versus training to become a clinical psychologist?

Psychologists prepare a dissertation, whereas physicians do not

A friend states that anyone should be able to practice clinical psychology, and there should not be educational requirements or monitoring by state bounds. What are reasons regulation is helpful?

Regulation of license ensures public safety, educational requirements ensure that a certain quality of training is required before practice, and regulation ensures providers put into practice strong ethical principles

_______ are more likely to visit the home, the workplace, or other environments where their patients spend the bulk of their lives. Their role tends to be active, and they are less concerned with the abstract, theoretical generalizations that can be drawn from a particular case than they are with the practical matters of living

Social workers

What are some of the APA's Profession-Wide Competencies for Accreditation of Clinical Psychology Doctoral Programs and what is NOT?

Some that are: research, individual and cultural diversity, intervention Some that are NOT: statistical analyses

The Vail Model led to the creation of:

The Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) degree

Charlene is studying for the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology, Part 2. What are domains that they should study?

They should study ethical practice; collaboration, consultation, and supervision; and assessment and intervention

True of False: Marriage and family therapists primarily work with families in which one member has problems that impact the rest of the family, such as chronic depression, anxiety, dementia, or schizophrenia

True

True of False: One important development in clinical psychology has been the emphasis on evidence-based practice, which integrates the BEST available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences

True

True of False: Social workers tend to have intense involvement with the everyday lives and stresses of their patients and may visit the home, the workplace, or other environments where their patients spend the bulk of their lives

True

True or False: Because of their training in understanding human behavior and skills in human relations, many clinical psychologists make good administrators who keep their organization running smoothly and efficiently.

True

True or False: Clinical psychologists may not see clients without supervision until they are licensed within a particular state, province, or territory

True

True or False: Counseling psychologists may work to measure academic abilities, personality, interests, and vocational aptitude

True

True or False: Developmental psychologists examine how psychological processes change as one matures, seeking an understanding of how one's cognitive, social, moral, emotional, or intellectual abilities, for instance, may evolve as one progresses through life stages and interacts with one's environment

True

True or False: If speaking on television, a psychologist should make statements that are consistent with the Ethics Code

True

True or False: In contrast to the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was an objective self-report test whose major function, initially, was attaching psychiatric labels to clients

True

True or False: Most licensed professional counselors have a master's degree, and there are a wide range of both accredited and unaccredited programs that train counselors

True

True or False: Speaking about psychological research or practice on television may help viewers to understand psychological services and even seek services

True

True or False: The Psychology Interjurisdictional Compact is an interstate agreement developed during the COVID-19 pandmeic to facilitate the practice of telepsychology and the temporary in-person, face-to-face practice of psychology across state lines

True

True or False: The scientist-practitioner model is the predominant training model for clinical psychologists

True

Where might a doctoral trainee complete their predoctoral internship?

Veterans Administration (VA) centers, medical schools, and community mental health centers

What is the study of the biology of behavior, including how the brain regulates behavior?

behavioral neuroscience

Psychologists and physicians are trained to "do no harm." This is consistent with the American Psychological Association's general principle of ______________

beneficence and nonmaleficence

The ethical principle __________ suggests that psychologists should "do no harm"

beneficence and nonmaleficence

What is NOT a common requirement for licensure as a psychologist?

board certification

Which types of training programs are for students who want a professional license to practice independently?

clinical psych, counseling psych, AND school psych

What is the study of mental processes, for example, memory, language, perception, and decision making?

cognitive psychology

Dr. Silantri is a licensed psychologist in a rural town in Arkansas, and their primary training is in providing psychotherapy to adult clients. Dr. Silantri is asked to provide therapy for a young child who is suffering from severe anxiety related to attending school. Which ethical concept should Dr. Silantri consider as he makes his decision?

competence

There are limits to __________ that require clinical psychologists to act, even against the client's wishes if need be

confidentiality

Psychologists often will provide __________ documents to a client at the start of services and read through them together, answering questions along the way and addressing any fears or misconceptions that clients may have

consent

What changes have influenced changes to the Ethics Code over time?

cultural, political, and legal changes

The Doctor of Philosophy degree is an advanced degree in psychology that involves an original research contribution to the field in the form of a doctoral __________

dissertation

What are some common requirements for licensure as a psychologist?

doctoral degree from an APA-accredited program, supervised clinical experience, and passing the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology, Parts 1 and 2

What are some requirements of mental health workers?

document that they have obtained appropriate professional training, maintain current knowledge of the field through ongoing education, and pass a licensing exam to demonstrate knowledge of ethical regulations

A client shares with you that they have started sating someone, and after hearing the description, you suspect that the person they are seeing is a close friend of yours. This is a possible example of ___________

dual relationships

Counseling psychology programs are typically based in departments of...

education

Clinical psychologists trained in scientist-practitioner programs select treatments based on:

empirical evidence

Compared to cross-sectional research designs, longitudinal research designs:

enable investigators to better speculate about time-order relationships

Lingyun is reviewing the APA's Discipline-Specific Knowledge for Accreditation of Clinical Psychology Doctoral Program's requirements to ensure that they have the requisite knowledge to complete a PhD. What would NOT be important to review?

health psychology

What specialty within the practice of psychology focuses on deriving principles of individual, group, and professional behavior, and applying this knowledge to the solution of problems at work?

industrial and organizational psychology

A psychologist is working with a Spanish-speaking client, and the psychologist is using an interpreter during sessions. It is important that the psychologist discuss the role of the interpreter during the discussion of:

informed consent

Compared to actuarial prediction, clinical judgement:

is a subjective form of decision making

What is NOT included as part of an informed consent document for a research study

limitations of competence

What are some of the responsibilities of a school psychologist?

manage crises that impact children's school performance, manage classroom behaviors, and consult with parents and administrators about mental health difficulties

A young man with schizophrenia is struggling in his relationship with his parents. He is having trouble seeking support from family members around his psychiatric symptoms. What type of provider would be BEST suited for the young man?

marriage and family therapist

Compared to longitudinal research methods, cross-sectional research methods:

might involve determining correlations between variables in a single group of participants

What IS included as part of an informed consent document for a research study

potential risks, limitations on confidentiality, freedom to withdraw

Psychologists trained in scientist-practitioner programs will be able to:

practice with skill and sensitivity, contribute to clinical knowledge by translating experience into testable hypotheses, and know how to test hypotheses

What might a clinical psychologist do?

provide comprehensive mental health care for families, provide clinical supervision, and conduct research to inform practice

Consistent with the medical tradition, __________ generally regard mental health problems and disorders as biologically based illnesses (e.g. brain diseases) with specific causes that are BEST treated using medical approaches, such as medication and electrical or magnetic stimulation of particular brain regions

psychiatrists

What is the study of statistical procedures used in psychological procedures?

quantitative psychology

Lingyun is reviewing the APA's Discipline-Specific Knowledge for Accreditation of Clinical Psychology Doctoral Program's requirements to ensure that they have the requisite knowledge to complete a PhD. What WOULD be important to review?

research methods, social aspects of behavior, and developmental aspects of behavior

In order to prepare for applications to Clinical Psychology PhD programs, a student takes courses in _________ and __________ to demonstrate their readiness for graduate school

research methods; psychology theories

One of the primary goals of the Academy of Psychological Clinical Science is to foster the development of and access to ____________ and ____________ for training, research, funding, and careers in clinical science.

resources; opportunities

A psychologist desires to develop competence in a new area. In order to do this responsibly, they might:

seek additional formal training, avoid taking new referrals until they have completed training, and seek supervision from an expert in this area

What is the study of how individuals interact with groups?

social psychology

The difference between the five general principles and the specific ethical standards in the APA ethics code is:

specific ethical standards are enforceable rules of conduct

What describes the field of developmental psychologists?

study of how psychological processes change over the life span

What describes the subfield of cognitive psychologists?

study of mental processes, for example, memory, language, perception, and decision making

What describes the subfield of quantitative psychology?

study of statistical procedures used in psychological procedures

What describes the subfield of behavioral neuroscience?

study of the biology of behavior, including how the brain regulates behavior

Clinical psychologists spend time helping students develop expertise in psychological assessment and treatment in individual or small groups. What is the term for this professional activity?

supervision

If a psychologist violates the ethics code, the American Psychological Association may refer the matter to a state or provincial licensing board. This could result in ___________

suspension of a psychologist's license to practice

The Psychology Interjurisdictional Compact is an interstate agreement developed during the COVID-19 pandemic to facilitate the practice of __________ and the temporary in-person, face-to-face practice of psychology across state lines.

telepsychology

Why was the Psychology Interjurisdictional Compact enacted?

to facilitate the practice of telepsychology across state boundaries, because the pandemic restricted travel, and because the clients had difficulty finding qualified professionals in their home state

An advantage of PhD programs, as compared to PsyD programs, is

tuition waivers are often offered

Compared to the Clinical Scientist Model, the Vail Model...

was largely rejected by academic clinical psychologists

The limits of confidentiality include ___________

when someone is at imminent risk of harm, when a client may soon attempt to fatally harm themselves, and when a client is a minor

A psychology professor is preparing for an application for accreditation by PCSAS in behalf of a clinical psychology program, and in the application, the professor will likely attend to all of these areas for review (quality of the application training, conceptual foundation that aligns with the mission and goals that define PCSAS, and ethical standards and concern for diversity being reflected in training for scholarship), EXCEPT:

whether the program is being continuously monitored by the National Institutes of Health

Psychologists might serve on university committees or in leadership roles. What is the term for this professional activity?

administration

In considering the best treatment for a client, a psychologist should be sensitive to the client's:

age, gender identity, and ethnic and racial background

Compared to psychiatrists, clinical psychologists

are trained to appreciate cognitive, behavioral, and sociocultural aspects of clients' problems

A Florida law granted the authority to judges, law enforcement officials, physicians, and mental health professionals to involuntarily admit individuals who are suicidal for an emergency psychiatric evaluation. This is now known as the __________

Baker Act