Clinical, Chapters 10-12 (chapters 7-12 study guide)

Where are disorders such as attenuated psychosis syndrome and Internet gaming disorder listed in DSM-5?

"Emerging Measures and Models" section as "proposed criteria sets"

What are three of the five specific questions that Sommers-Flanagan and Sommers-Flanagan (2009) recommend be asked of a client who is actively suicidal?

1. How depressed is the client? Unrelenting, long-term depression and a lack of hope for the future indicate high risk. 2. Does the client have suicidal thoughts? If such thoughts have occurred, it is important to inquire about their frequency and intensity. 3. Does the client have a suicide plan? Some clients may have suicidal thoughts but no specific plan. If the client does have a plan, its feasibility (the client's access to the means of self-harm, such as a gun, pills, etc.), its lethality, and the presence of others (family, friends) who might prevent it are crucial factors.

The first edition of the DSM was published in ______.

1952

DSM-III was published in ______.

1980

DSM-5 was published in ______.

2013

What is harmful dysfunction theory?

A theory of abnormality stating that the definition of disorder should include aspects of harmfulness (which is more socially determined) and dysfunction (which is more scientifically determined)

Describe at least one advantage and one disadvantage of using a structured interview.

Advantage: tend to be highly reliable (more empirically sound than unstructured interviews) Disadvantage: structure is rigid

All editions of the DSM have been published by the ______.

American Psychiatric Associatio

Based on the textbook, which of the following is NOT a revision to a mental disorder that was included in DSM-5?

Asperger's disorder was expanded and can now be diagnoses as mild, moderate, or severe Asperger's disorder.

______ validity is the extent to which an assessment technique has content appropriate for what is being measured.

Content

______ is the extent to which an assessment technique correlates with other techniques that measure the same thing.

Convergent validity

DSM-5 has received numerous criticisms. Which of the following is NOT a criticism discussed in the textbook?

DSM-5 was not expanded enough, and as a result, the current edition includes approximately the same number of disorders as the original edition.

Which edition of the DSM was the first to rely heavily on empirical data to determine which diagnoses to include?

DSM-III

Recent editions of the DSM, including DSM-5, have received numerous criticisms. Which of the following statements is inconsistent with the criticisms discussed in the textbook?

Diagnoses such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder demonstrate a significant reduction in DSM gender bias.

In the United States, what is the most up-to-date, prevailing diagnostic guide for mental health professionals?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition

______, a new disorder in DSM-5, is described by some as frequent temper tantrums in children 6-18 years of age.

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

DSM-5 contains a list of "unofficial" disorders that are not yet diagnosable. In what section of DSM-5 are these proposed disorders listed?

Emerging Measures and Models

It is important for clinical interviewers to appreciate how communication styles tend to differ across cultures. For example, ______.

European Americans tend to speak more quickly than Native Americans

List two of the new mental disorders introduced in DSM-5.

Hoarding and binge eating disorder

______ reliability is the extent to which an assessment technique yields similar results across different administrators.

Interrater

The harmful dysfunction theory of mental disorders was developed by ______.

Jerome Wakefield

Compare and contrast Jerome Wakefield's definition of a mental disorder with the definition offered by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Jerome Wakefield came up with his harmful dysfunction theory which proposes that oin our efforts to determine what is abnormal, we consider both scientific data and the social vlaues in the context of which behavior takes place.

______ refers to a positive, comfortable relationship between interviewer and client, or an interpersonal "connection" as perceived by the client.

Rapport

______ is how an interviewer is with clients, while ______ is what an interviewer does with clients.

Rapport; technique

______ is the extent to which an assessment technique yields consistent, repeatable results.

Reliability

Aside from the Wechsler series of intelligence tests, what is the other major intelligence test?

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT)

In recent years, the most prominent structured interview has been the ______.

Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders

Based on research and recommendations presented in the textbook, describe an ideal design for a clinician's interview room or office.

That is, the interview room should subtly convey the message to the client that the clinical interview is a professional activity but one in which warmth and comfort are high priorities.

Briefly explain how the profession of the primary authors of the DSM, as well as its publisher, has influenced its approach to conceptualizing mental disorders.

The authors for the first DSM were predominantly white/middle class/rich men who were experts in the field of psychiatry.. So the DSM they made doesn't have much culture and the DSM has only been revised and never re-made from scratch so their influence will always have a trace on the DSM. Currently, the authors are still mostly psychiatrists, but some other professions and more of a variety of people are included in the making of the revisions. Since the APA publishes the DSM the approach to conceptualizing disorders is medical meaning they believe the disorders are similar to disease and have a direct cause (i.e., lack of chemicals in the brain). Also as a western culture we value Independent which is a common indicator of maladaptive functioning, but to other cultures dependence is highly values. So the lack of diversity in authors is clear when examining the DSM's conceptualization of disorders in regards to dependency.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

The current DSM eliminates the five-axis diagnostic system

Compare and contrast the categorical and dimensional approaches to diagnosis.

The proponents of the dimensional model of psychopathology believe that the same question of qualitative versus quantitative differences between normality and abnormality applies to people as well as to chocolate chip cookies. They believe that all our personalities are made of the same short list of "ingredients," or traits. In the past few decades, they have increasingly pointed to the Big Five—neuroticism, extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness—as characteristics that are common to all of us, including normal and abnormal individuals. According to the dimensional model, what is abnormal about abnormal people is the amount of one of these basic ingredients—extremely high neuroticism, extremely low extraversion, or extremely high openness, for example. In other words, abnormal people have the same "ingredients" as normal people but in significantly different amounts—a quantitative difference. In contrast, supporters of the categorical approach to psychopathology tend to believe that the difference between abnormal and normal people is more qualitative, suggesting that abnormal people have an "ingredient" that normal people simply don't have.

Unlike its predecessors, the "5" in DSM-5 is an Arabic numeral, not a Roman numeral (e.g., DSM-IV). Explain why the authors of the DSM made this change and what it suggests about the DSM.

The reason for this shift is to enable more frequent minor updates that will be named just as changes to computer operating systems and applications are often named: DSM-5.1, DSM-5.2, et cetera. Thus, this naming change is not merely superficial. It suggests that DSM is a "living document"

______ of clinical psychologists use clinical interviews as part of their assessment processes.

The vast majority

______ is the extent to which an assessment technique measures what it claims to measure.

Validity

What are the advantages and disadvantages of note-taking during the clinical interview?

advantages: Written notes are certainly more reliable than the interviewer's memory. disadvantages: can be a distraction, both for the interviewer, who may fail to notice important client behaviors while looking down to write, and for the client, who may feel that the interviewer's notebook is an obstacle to rapport.

Describe the difference between validity and reliability in relation to assessment techniques.

an assessment technique has validity to the extent that it measures what it claims to measure an assessment technique has reliability to the extent that it yields consistent, repeatable results

Eye contact, body language, vocal qualities, and verbal tracking are specific types of ______.

attending behaviors

An important skill for a clinical interviewer is ______, which is best described as the ability to know how he tends to affect others interpersonally and how others tend to relate to him.

being self-aware

Hippocrates identified an imbalance in ______ as the source of abnormality.

bodily fluids

Referring to a client by the proper name ______.

can be accomplished by asking the client how he would like to be addressed early in treatment

Positive working relationships with clients ______

can be developed using attentive listening, appropriate empathy, and genuine respect

All editions of the DSM have offered a ______ approach to diagnosis.

categorical

Of all the available assessment procedures, clinical psychologists rely most frequently on the ______.

clinical interview

A question such as "Do you consume alcohol?" is an example of a ______ question.

closed ended

Interviewers use ______ questions when they notice discrepancies or inconsistencies in a client's comments.

confrontation

Which of the following is NOT a part of DSM-5's definition of a mental disorder?

consists of behaviors witnessed in less than 30% of the population

Compared to the definition of generalized anxiety disorder in DSM-5 (2013), the definition of anxiety neurosis in DSM-II (1968) ______.

contains more terminology derived from psychoanalysis

List one criticism of recent editions of the DSM.

controversial cutoffs

A(n) ______ interview is a special type of clinical interview designed not only to assess a problem demanding urgent attention but also to provide immediate intervention for the problem.

crisis

A ______ interview is used to diagnose. The interview should facilitate assignment of an accurate DSM disorder to the client.

diagnostic interview

Dr. Murphy, a clinical neuropsychologist, is conducting a clinical interview in which the primary purpose is to assign a label from the current DSM to the patient. In other words, Dr. Murphy is conducting a(n) ______.

diagnostic interview

The ______ approach to diagnosis examines where on a continuum a client's symptoms fall.

dimensional

In recent years, researchers have offered alternatives to the categorical approach to the diagnosis of mental disorders. Specifically, the ______ approach has received significant attention, especially regarding the ______ disorders.

dimensional; personality

Interviewers who use a(n) ______ style of interviewing get exactly the information they need by asking clients specifically for it.

directive

The ______ style of interviewing gets exactly the information needed by the interviewer by asking the client-specific questions.

directive

The DSM reflects a medical model of psychopathology. This means that ______.

each mental disorder is an entity defined categorically and features a list of specific symptoms

Essentially, a categorical approach to diagnosis of mental disorders suggests that an individual ______.

either has or does not have a disorder

DSM-III differed from its predecessors in all of the following significant ways EXCEPT that it ______.

emphasized psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives

Which of the following is UNLIKELY to enhance rapport in a clinical interview?

excessive small talk used to distract the client from the awkwardness of the interview

List three attending behaviors.

eye contact, body language, vocal qualities

Categorical diagnosis of mental illness has many advantages, including that it ______.

facilitates easier communication between professionals

An element common to all kinds of psychological assessment is ______, which may take the form of a face-to-face meeting or written report.

feedback

To develop rapport during a clinical interview, an interviewer should do all of the following EXCEPT ______.

gently correct the client when he uses metaphors incorrectly

Jerome Wakefield is the creator of the theory of ______.

harmful dysfunction

Dr. Harris, a clinical psychologist, is interviewing a client with the primary purpose of determining whether the agency where Dr. Harris works can provide the services required by this client. In other words, Dr. Harris is conducting a(n) ______.

intake interview

In the context of the clinical interview, the term quieting yourself is best described as the ______.

interviewer's efforts to control his own internal, self-directed thinking pattern in order to enhance listening

What is the primary purpose of the mental status exam?

is commonly used in hospitals and medical centers to quickly estimate a client's current level of functioning.

Attenuated psychosis syndrome ______.

is listed as a proposed criteria set in the "Emerging Measures and Models" section of the current DSM

Internet gaming disorder ______.

is listed in the Emerging Measures and Models section of DSM-5

Briefly explain some gender-based differences in communication styles that are important for a clinical interviewer to appreciate.

it is often wise for the interviewer to acknowledge these differences openly. Open, respectful discussion of cultural variables can enhance rapport, increase the client's willingness to share information, and help the interviewer gain a more accurate understanding of the client's issues

Cultural variables are important in the context of a clinical interview. For example, compared to traditional Western culture, Asian cultures tend to feature ______.

less physical touch

Emil Kraepelin was a pioneer of the diagnosis of mental disorders. Among the categories he identified were ______, which is similar to the current label of bipolar disorder, and ______, which is similar to the current label of schizophrenia.

manic-depressive psychosis; dementia praecox

The DSM reflects a ______ model of psychopathology.

medical

Communication styles often differ between men and women. For example, ______.

men tend to avoid self-disclosure because it brings vulnerability, whereas women tend to engage in self-disclosure because it brings closeness

The type of clinical interview that is most often conducted in medical settings for the primary purpose of quickly assessing a client's current level of functioning is the ______

mental status exam

A clinical psychologist ______.

must obtain written permission to videotape an interview

Interviewers who use a(n) ______ style of interviewing allow the client to determine the course of the interview.

nondirective

Whereas a ______ echoes the client's words, a ______ echoes the client's emotions.

paraphrase; reflection of feeling

What technique is used to make sure the interviewer accurately understands a patient's comments and to communicate that the interviewer is actively listening

paraphrasing

Cultural variables are important in the context of a clinical interview. For example, compared to people from North America or Britain, people of Middle Eastern or Latino/Latina cultures tend to ______.

prefer a smaller amount of personal space

DSM-5 was created by ______

prominent researchers who were members of a Task Force and Work Groups

Disorders such as attenuated psychosis syndrome are not official diagnoses and are listed as ______ in DSM-5.

proposed criteria sets

The DSM is primarily authored by ______.

psychiatrists

The first edition of the DSM contained only three broad categories ______.

psychoses, neuroses, and character disorders

Loraine is a clinical psychology graduate student conducting her first clinical interview with a client. While her client describes reasons for seeking treatment, Loraine finds herself distracted by internal thoughts such as, "What questions should I ask next?" and "When is the project due for my linear regression class?" In this instance, Loraine has the opportunity to improve which general skill of clinical interviewing?

quieting yourself

______ describes how an interviewer is with clients; ______ is what an interviewer does with clients.

rapport; technique

DSM-I and DSM-II ______.

reflected a psychoanalytic orientation

According to the harmful dysfunction theory of mental disorders, when we try to determine what is abnormal, we should consider ______.

scientific or evolutionary data, as well as social values that provide context for the behavior

Dr. Rosen, a clinical psychologist in private practice, likes to combine elements of a structured interview and an unstructured interview with his patients. By blending these two approaches, Dr. Rosen is using what is known as a(n) ______ interview.

semistructured

A(n) ______ interview is a predetermined, planned sequences of questions that an interviewer asks a client. By contrast, a(n) ______ interview is improvised and involves no predetermined questions.

structured; unstructured

Dr. Huckabee is conducting a clinical interview with Megan. At the end of the interview, he ties together various topics that Megan discussed, connecting statements she made at various points, and identifies themes in the information she has provided. Which of the following techniques is Dr. Huckabee using?

summarizing

In the mid-1900s, ______ developed a classification system to treat World War II soldiers that had a significant influence on the creation of the first DSM.

the U.S. Army and Veterans' Administration

During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the primary purpose of diagnostic categories was ______.

the collection of statistical and census data

Researchers who endorse the dimensional approach to diagnosis of mental problems most often recommend that ______ serve as the basis for the dimensions.

the five-factor model of personality

What central feature of DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, and DSM-IV-TR was eliminated in DSM-5?

the multiaxial assessment system

Dr. Brox creates a new assessment technique, the Superior Clinical Interval for Therapists (SCIT). We can say the SCIT has ______ if it measures what it claims to measure. We can say the SCIT has ______ if it yields consistent, repeatable results.

validity; reliability

Effective interviewers are skilled at ______, or repeating key words and phrases back to their clients to ensure the clients that they have been accurately heard.

verbal tracking

DSM-III ______.

was significantly longer in length than DSM-II

Devlin and Nasar (2012) found that therapists and nonprofessionals asked to rate pictures of offices preferred clinicians' offices that ______.

were orderly, spacious, and contained comfortable seats

Describe the difference between paraphrasing and reflection of feeling.

whereas a paraphrase echoes the client's words, a reflection of feeling echoes the client's emotions.