Clinical Psych Exam 1
"Although a cultural group may have a collective tendency, its individual members may vary greatly from that tendency." This statement best illustrates the ______ inherent in every culture. A. homogeneity B. heterogeneity C. unidimensionality D. bidimensionality
B
The historic Boulder conference took place in ______. A. 1896 B. 1921 C. 1949 D. 1969
C
The first psychological clinic was founded by ______. A. Lightner Witmer B. Wilhelm Wundt C. James McKeen Cattell D. William Tuke
A
The most common work setting for clinical psychologists since the 1980s is ______. A. private practice B. medical schools C. psychiatric hospitals D. university psychology departments
A
Typically, clinical psychologists must pass the ______ in order to become licensed. A. Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) B. Continuing Education Units Psychology Examination (CEUPE) C. Examination for Psychological Practice with Independent Persons (EPPP) D. Counselor Education Unity Psychology Examination (CEUPE)
A
According to Sue and Sue (2008), "______ is defined as the counselor's acquisition of awareness, knowledge, and skills needed to function effectively in a pluralistic democratic society." A. multicultural counseling competence B. evidence-based practice C. empathy D. unconditional positive regard
A
Authors such as Pedersen (1990, 1999, 2008) have labeled ______ as the "fourth force" in the history of psychology. A. multiculturalism B. humanism C. the prescription privileges movement D. behaviorism
A
Based on current reviews and meta-analyses, we can say that telepsychology generally appears to work ______. A. about as well as in-person forms of psychotherapy B. far worse than in-person forms of psychotherapy C. far better than in-person forms of psychotherapy D. we cannot compare telepsychology and in-person psychotherapy because no studies exist on this topic
A
Between 1988 and 2001, the number of PsyD degrees awarded ______. A. more than doubled B. remained constant C. declined by 10% D. increased by 10%
A
Emil Kraepelin ______. A. is considered a pioneer in the diagnosis of mental illness B. authored an objective personality test that remains widely used among clinical psychologists today C. created the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders D. argued for humane treatment of the mentally ill in France
A
John is an undergraduate psychology major. He wishes to become a clinical psychologist. In order to reach this goal, John must ______. A. earn a doctoral degree in clinical psychology B. earn a master's degree in clinical psychology C. earn a bachelor's degree in psychology D. complete 300 clinical internship hours while an undergraduate student
A
Maria recently immigrated from her hometown of Bowling Green, New York, to Mexico City, Mexico. Once in Mexico, Maria adopts much of her new nation's culture and abandons much of her original U.S. culture. Which acculturation strategy is Maria using? A. assimilation B. separation C. marginalization D. integration
A
Psychology of Religion, the Society for the Psychological Study of Men and Masculinity, and the Society for the Psychology of Women are examples of ______. A. APA divisions dedicated to cultural issues B. organizations that offer graduate certificates in gender and religious studies C. for-profit societies that are under investigation by the Better Business Bureau D. online forums for discussion of multicultural topics
A
Regardless of the methods used to train clinical psychologists to be culturally competent, an essential ingredient is that the trainee ______. A. reaches a deeper appreciation of his or her own cultural identity B. reads detailed descriptions of a variety of cultural groups in the form of professional books or peer-reviewed articles C. enrolls in courses taught by faculty members whose cultural background is different from that of the trainee D. conducts research with participants from culturally diverse backgrounds
A
Robert is paying for psychotherapy services with his health insurance. Anne is paying for psychotherapy services out-of-pocket (i.e., with a personal check). Robert is told by his clinical psychologist, Dr. Honores, that he has "several symptoms associated with depression." Anne receives the same diagnostic information. Based on your textbook's discussion of current controversies, which of the following is MOST likely to occur? A. Robert will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder; Anne will not B. Anne will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder; Robert will not C. Both Robert and Anne will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder D. Neither Robert nor Anne will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder
A
Some studies of manualized therapy have found that therapists who demonstrate flexibility while using manuals ______. A. produce better client outcomes and are more successful in getting clients engaged in therapy B. produce worse client outcomes and are less successful in getting clients engaged in therapy C. cause irreparable harm to clients D. are subject to malpractice lawsuits
A
Students enrolled in a practitioner-scholar program typically earn what degree? A. PsyD B. PhD C. MD D. MS
A
Sutso ______. A. is an example of a culture-bound syndrome described in the most recent edition of the DSM B. involves anxiety and gastrointestinal problems related to hexing or witchcraft by another person C. is found almost exclusively in Australia D. involves one person "sending" psychological problems to another
A
The ______ places importance on multiple perspectives, including those that recognize the uniqueness of each individual, as well as the similarities between each individual and other individuals. A. tripartite model of personal identity B. etic approach C. behavioral approach D. evidence-based psychotherapy movement
A
The current edition of the APA ethical code includes two distinct sections: ______ and ______. A. General Principles; Ethical Standards B. Research Standards; Practice Standards C. Assessment Code; Treatment Code D. Aspirational Goals; Enforceable Principles
A
The current edition of the DSM contains "proposed criteria sets." These sets are ______. A. descriptions of proposed disorders that may become official disorders in a future DSM edition B. list of disorders that will be eliminated in a future version of the DSM C. diagnostic aids to assist clinicians in distinguishing between disorders with similar presentations D. a new classification system for personality disorders
A
The etic perspective ______. A. emphasizes similarities between all people B. attaches great importance to differences between cultural groups C. was less dominant in the early days of psychology than it is today D. seeks to emphasize the differences among people
A
Websites such as psychologicaltreatments.org and effectivechildtherapy.org best illustrate ______. A. the continued growth of and focus on evidence-based practice in clinical psychology B. the ever-increasing presence of the Internet in individuals' lives C. a trend toward providing psychotherapy services online, rather than in person D. the APA's commitment to release all of its major publications online
A
What are the three levels of the tripartite model of personality identity? A. individual, group, and universal B. primary, secondary, and tertiary C. narrow, moderate, and wide D. singular, plural, and multifaceted
A
When psychotherapy outcome researchers seek clients on whom to conduct psychotherapy in a study, they typically seek clients who ______. A. are "textbook cases" of the diagnosis the therapy intends to treat B. are simultaneously taking medication for their psychological problems C. have advanced knowledge about psychological disorders D. have previous experience as "test subjects" in clinical research
A
Which of the following is NOT true of Philippe Pinel? A. Pinel helped to establish compassionate treatment of the mentally ill in England. B. Pinel advocated for institution staff to record a patient's case history and ongoing treatment notes. C. Pinel wrote Treatise on Insanity, in which he argued for empathy for the mentally ill. D. Pinel created institutions where patients were given healthy food and kind treatment.
A
Which of the following is TRUE? A. No single "best method" has emerged for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent. B. In-class discussion of one's own cultural background has emerged as the "best method" for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent. C. Conducting psychotherapy (under supervision) with members of varied cultures has emerged as the "best method" for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent. D. Requiring clinical psychology graduate students to publicly proclaim a commitment to diversity has emerged as the "best method" for training culturally competent clinicians.
A
Which of the following is true? A. The scientist-practitioner model of training emerged before the practitioner-scholar model of training. B. The scientist-practitioner model of training and the practitioner-scholar model of training emerged at the same time. C. The scientist-practitioner model of training emerged after the clinical scientist model of training. D. The clinical scientist model of training and the practitioner-scholar model of training emerged at the same time.
A
Which of the following lists the major "forces" in psychology? A. psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, and multiculturalism B. DBT, CBT, IRB, and ADA C. primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary D. independent, dual, group, and universal
A
______ are the authors of the TAT. A. Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray B. Lewis Terman and Alfred Binet C. Edward Thorndike and Charles Spearman D. Herman Rorschach and James Cattell
A
______, a term coined by Emil Kraepelin, described a cluster of symptoms similar to what is now known as schizophrenia. A. Dementia praecox B. Paranoia C. Depressive psychosis D. Cyclothymic personality
A
According to surveys of psychologists in private practice (e.g., Murphy et al., 1998), managed care companies have ______. A. generally had a positive impact on the quality of psychotherapy they provide B. exerted too much control over clinical decisions C. had no effect on confidentiality issues D. allowed psychologists to provide appropriate, ethical services
B
Advocates for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists cite ______ as support for their argument. A. an excess of psychiatrists, especially in rural areas B. convenience for clients C. the opportunity to work collaboratively with physicians D. the ability to replace psychotherapy with medication
B
An example of a manualized psychotherapy with empirical evidence for its efficacy is ______. A. exposure plus response prevention for bulimia B. exposure plus response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder C. dialectical behavior therapy for depression D. dialectical behavior therapy for antisocial personality disorder
B
Clinical psychology graduate programs that subscribe to the practitioner-scholar model of training ______. A. typically award the PhD, rather than the PsyD, degree B. emphasize practice over research C. emphasize research over practice D. equally emphasize research and practice
B
Compared to PhD programs, PsyD programs ______. A. typically place greater emphasis on research-related aspects of training B. are more often housed in "professional schools" rather than departments of psychology in universities C. prepare their graduates to work as researchers in academic settings D. are more likely to require a research-based dissertation
B
Currently, the most popular singular psychotherapy orientation among clinical psychologists is the ______ orientation. A. behavioral B. cognitive C. psychodynamic D. humanistic
B
Evidence-based practice has also been referred to as ______. A. empirically researched interventions B. empirically supported treatments C. dialectical behavior therapy D. exposure plus response prevention
B
From 1990 to 2000, ______. A. the Asian American/Pacific Islander population in the United States decreased slightly B. the Latino/Latina/Hispanic population in the United States grew by about 50% C. the African American population decreased significantly D. the Caucasian population grew by about 60%
B
In 1952, ______ made the (now refuted) claim that there was no proof that psychotherapy was efficacious. A. Dianne Chambless B. Hans Eysenck C. John Watson D. Lightner Witmer
B
In the ______ acculturation strategy, an individual rejects much of his new culture and retains much of his original culture. A. assimilation B. separation C. marginalization D. integration
B
Josephine is an undergraduate student wants to increase her odds of getting into a clinical psychology graduate program. Based on recommendations provided in the textbook, which of the following is the best advice you could provide to Josephine? A. avoid undergraduate courses in statistics and research methodology. These classes often lower an applicant's GPA B. get to know your professors. Build a positive, professional relationship with them so they can write meaningful, persuasive letters of recommendation for you C. limit yourself to one road to becoming a clinical psychologist. For example, once you have decided you want to earn a Ph.D. from a scientist-practitioner program, do not consider other training options D. do not seek out clinically relevant experience while an undergraduate. Graduate programs prefer to train "fresh" graduate students, not students who have already acquired some skills through part-time experiences
B
June believes there is one general intelligence that overlaps with many abilities. Which of the following theorists is most likely to agree with June? A. Edward Lee Thorndike B. Charles Spearman C. Alfred Binet D. Lewis Terman
B
Maladi moun ______. A. is an example of a culture-bound syndrome described in the most recent edition of the DSM B. involves anxiety and gastrointestinal problems related to hexing or witchcraft by another person C. is found almost exclusively in Australia D. involves anxiously avoiding interpersonal situations due to fear that one's appearance, actions, or odor will offend others
B
Psychotherapy began to play a significant role in the history of clinical psychology around ______. A. 1900-1910 B. 1940-1950 C. 1970-1980 D. 1990-2000
B
Some clinical psychologists criticize the DSM, stating some disorders' symptoms are difficult to distinguish from normal behavior. This criticism best illustrates the debate surrounding ______. A. prescription privileges for clinical psychologists B. the overexpansion of mental disorders C. arbitrary insurance reimbursement practices for psychotherapy services D. the impact of technology on clinical practice
B
The Insider's Guide to Graduate Programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology is ______. A. a book authored by Richard McFall that details scientific standards for psychological research B. a resource used by many graduate school applicants to learn about specific clinical psychology programs C. an online portal for applying to clinical psychology graduate programs D. an evaluation rubric used by graduate program admissions committees to evaluate applicants
B
The ______ perspective recognizes and emphasizes culturally specific norms and considers a client's behaviors, thoughts, and feelings within the context of that client's culture. A. etic B. emic C. behavioral D. individual
B
The ______ typically consists of a full year of supervised clinical experience in an applied setting and takes place before the doctoral degree is awarded. A. postdoctoral internship B. predoctoral internship C. first year of graduate school in a PsyD program D. first year of graduate school in a PhD program
B
The discipline of clinical psychology didn't come into existence until ______. A. around the turn of the 19th century B. around the turn of the 20th century C. the 1950s D. the 1980s
B
The first APA code of ethics was published in ______. A. 1896 B. 1953 C. 1990 D. 2002
B
The journal founded by Lightner Witmer was titled ______. A. Treatment of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders B. The Psychological Clinic C. Behavior Change D. Psychology and Cognition
B
Which of the following is NOT a recent professional effort to emphasize issues of culture that was discussed in the textbook? A. creation of journals that focus on cultural issues B. implementation of a standardized diversity training program required for psychologists to maintain their licenses C. publication of books that focus on cultural issues D. modification of the APA ethical code to include discussion of multicultural issues
B
Which of the following is TRUE? A. Most health insurance and managed care companies will pay for psychotherapy whether or not the therapist assigns a DSM diagnosis to the client. B. Recent surveys of psychologists have indicated that the way a client is diagnosed is affected by the client's method of payment. C. Studies refute the idea that psychologists' diagnostic decisions are influenced by how a client pays for therapy. D. Most managed care companies will pay for psychotherapy even if a client does not receive a DSM diagnosis; however, health insurance companies require a diagnosis.
B
Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Currently, when the American Psychological Association considers accrediting a graduate program in psychology, there are criteria related to multiculturalism that must be met. B. Although none have yet emerged, the American Psychological Association plans to introduce new divisions within its organization devoted to cultural issues such as gender, religion, sexual orientation, and ethnicity. C. The APA ethical code instructs psychologists to work with cultural sensitivity and competence. D. The Society for the Study of Ethnic Minority Issues is an APA division that illustrates clinical psychology's current focus on multicultural issues.
B
______ is credited with the first known publication in which the term clinical psychology was used. A. Wilhelm Wundt B. Lightner Witmer C. Emil Kraepelin D. Edward Lee Thorndike
B
______'s 1950s assertion that therapy had no positive outcome helped to jumpstart what has evolved into the evidence-based practice movement. A. Raymond Cattell B. Hans Eysenck C. William F. Buckley D. Patrick H. DeLeon
B
The use of technology, particularly the Internet, by clinical psychologists is often referred to as ______. A. conference therapy B. digital therapy C. telepsychology D. techpsychology
C
25. David Wechsler created ______. A. an inkblot test of personality B. a popular objective questionnaire measuring symptoms of depression C. a test of intelligence D. the MMPI
C
A book entitled A Guide to Treatments That Work was published in ______ and represented a significant step in the ______ movement. A. 1960; humanistic psychotherapy B. 1990; prescription privileges C. 1998; evidence-based practice D. 2005; psychotherapy via videoconferencing
C
Advantages of the emergence of manualized therapies with empirical support include ______. A. an increase in unique, idiosyncratic forms of therapy created by individual psychotherapists B. increased reliance on the clinical judgment of each psychotherapist C. the establishment of minimal levels of competence for the field D. enhanced autonomy for clinicians as they deliver psychotherapy services
C
Books such as Ethnicity and Family Therapy and journals such as Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology are examples of ______. A. the overexpansion of the diversity movement in clinical psychology B. fringe publications rarely referenced by practicing psychologists C. publications related to the fourth force of clinical psychology D. an increase in multicultural graduate training at the expense of clinical training
C
Compared to clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists tend to ______. A. work with clients whose degree of psychopathology is greater B. work in settings such as inpatient psychiatric units C. work in settings such as college counseling centers D. work in settings such as hospitals
C
Currently, ______ have passed legislation that grants prescription privileges to appropriately trained psychologists. A. all 50 states B. 31 states C. 5 states D. no states
C
Currently, there are more clinical psychology graduate programs subscribing to the ______ model of training than any other model. A. counselor educator B. practitioner-scholar C. scientist-practitioner D. clinical scientist
C
Disadvantages of the emergence of manualized therapies with empirical support include ______. A. strengthening of the relationship or alliance between therapist and client B. the fact that many clients have relatively simple problems that easily fit into diagnostic categories C. restriction of clinicians to use only empirically supported treatments D. irrefutable criteria for determining which treatments should be identified as empirically supported
C
In 2016, the number of immigrants in the United States represented about ______ of the U.S. population. A. 2% B. 5% C. 13% D. 20%
C
Michael's career goal is to become a clinical psychologist who researches the treatment effectiveness of new psychotherapy interventions for bipolar I disorder. He envisions his work setting in academia or at a national research institute. When selecting clinical psychology graduate programs to which he will apply, Michael should focus on programs that adhere to the ______ model of training. A. scientist-practitioner B. practitioner-scholar C. clinical scientist D. learner-seeker
C
Opponents of prescription privileges for clinical psychologists cite all of the following EXCEPT ______ as support for their argument. A. the need for further training during or after graduate school B. the possibility that the practice of psychotherapy would decline C. professional autonomy and identification for clinical psychologists D. questions about the type and length of required training
C
Patrick DeLeon, Morgan Sammons, and Robert McGrath are best known as advocates ______. A. for evidence-based psychotherapies B. for computer-based psychotherapies C. for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists D. against evidence-based psychotherapies
C
Since the first edition of the APA ethics code, ______ revised editions of the ethical code have been published. A. zeroth B. second C. ninth D. 20
C
The ______, a residential treatment center for the mentally ill in England, served as a model for humane treatment facilities that subsequently opened throughout Europe and the United States. A. Pinel Institute B. Hartford Retreat C. York Retreat D. Todd Institute
C
The current edition of the DSM includes a glossary listing ______, which represent psychological problems observed in groups from various parts of the world. A. diversity directives B. multicultural considerations C. cultural concepts of distress D. culture-bound syndromes
C
The most common professional activity of clinical psychologists since at least the 1970s is ______. A. diagnosis/assessment B. research/writing C. psychotherapy D. teaching
C
The number of health insurance/managed care companies that pay for psychotherapy services has ______. A. decreased since the earliest days of psychotherapy B. remained constant throughout the history of psychotherapy C. increased since the earliest days of psychotherapy D. not yet occurred, but is expected to begin within the next decade
C
The term clinical psychology was first used in print in the year ______. A. 1780 B. 1894 C. 1907 D. 1952
C
The term evidence-based practice includes ______. A. the psychological treatment for a disorder B. factors related to the people providing and receiving the psychological service C. both the psychological treatment of a disorder and factors related to the people providing and receiving the psychological service D. neither the psychological treatment of a disorder nor factors related to the people providing and receiving the psychological service
C
To maximize the likelihood of obtaining a predoctoral internship, students interested in pursuing graduate training in clinical psychology should ______. A. restrict the number of internship sites to which they apply as a way to save money B. apply to internships in only one or two states C. pursue graduate clinical psychology training from a PhD, rather than a PsyD, program D. apply to internships that are located in the same state as their graduate program
C
Which of the following assessment methods was created most recently? A. MMPI B. Thematic Apperception Test C. NEO-PI-R D. Rorschach Inkblot Method
C
Which of the following is TRUE? A. The current edition of the APA ethical code includes no reference to issues of multiculturalism. B. Currently, APA includes divisions devoted to issues of ethnicity and religion, but no divisions devoted to issues of gender or sexual orientation. C. DSM-5 includes key aspects of culture relevant to diagnosis and assessment. D. Currently, APA includes divisions devoted to issues of gender and sexual orientation, but not divisions devoted to issues of ethnicity or religion.
C
______ is the acculturation strategy in which the individual rejects both his new and his original cultures. A. Assimilation B. Separation C. Marginalization D. Integration
C
______ is the way a person responds to living in a new cultural environment, particularly regarding the balance between adopting elements of the new culture and retaining elements of the original culture. A. Microaggression B. Integration C. Acculturation D. Heterogeneity
C
______ tests assume that people reveal their personalities by their responses to ambiguous stimuli, while ______ tests offer straightforward scoring and interpretation guidelines and are often in multiple-choice or true-false format. A. Projective intelligence; objective intelligence B. Objective intelligence; projective intelligence C. Projective personality; objective personality D. Objective personality; projective personality
C
3. ______ was the first person to operate a psychological clinic. A. Richard McFall B. Abraham Maslow C. Alfred Adler D. Lightner Witmer
D
According to Cummings (2007), ______ of prescriptions written for psychoactive medications come from primary-care physicians. A. under 10% B. 30% C. 50% D. over 80%
D
Guidelines regarding the use of new technologies by clinical psychologists include all of the following EXCEPT ______. A. obtain informed consent from clients about the services they may receive, the technologies that may be used to provide them, and the confidentiality of the communication B. ensure client confidentiality as much as possible by using encryption or similar methods C. be knowledgeable about emergency resources in any community from which your clients may seek services D. offer clients the option of using secure methods for conducting therapy sessions online
D
In which of the following states do clinical psychologists currently have prescription privileges? A. Missouri, Indiana, and Texas B. New York, New Jersey, and Wisconsin C. Oregon, Nevada, and California D. Louisiana, New Mexico, Illinois, Iowa, and Idaho
D
Modifying psychological treatments that work for members of diverse cultures is known as ______. A. rebounding B. cultural channeling C. ethnic facilitation D. cultural adaptation
D
Research by Cosgrove and colleagues found that ______ of professionals who authored/created the DSM-IV and DSM-5 had financial ties to major pharmaceutical companies. A. less than 1% B. approximately 10% C. approximately 25% D. over 50%
D
Social workers ______. A. typically earn a doctoral degree B. undergo training that places heavy emphasis on research methods and psychological testing C. emphasize the biological causes of mental illness D. focus on the interaction between an individual and components of society
D
Taijin kyofusho ______. A. is an example of a specifier for major depressive disorder included in the most recent edition of the DSM B. is experienced by members of Native American tribes C. involves a preoccupation with death and the dead which brings on psychological symptoms D. involves anxiously avoiding interpersonal situations due to fear that one's appearance, actions, or odor will offend others
D
The American Psychological Association has created divisions addressing all of the following areas of diversity EXCEPT ______. A. women B. religion C. ethnic minorities D. sightedness
D
The Boulder model of training is also known as the ______ model of training. A. practitioner-scholar B. clinical scientist C. clinical psychologist D. scientist-practitioner
D
The DSM is published by the ______. A. American Psychological Association B. National Association of Social Workers C. American Psychotherapy Association D. American Psychiatric Association
D
The first list of empirically supported treatments was published in ______. A. 1905 B. 1935 C. 1965 D. 1995
D
There have been four major "forces" in the field of clinical psychology. Which of the following lists these forces in the correct historical order (from earliest to most recent)? A. behaviorism, multiculturalism, humanism, psychoanalysis B. multiculturalism, humanism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism C. humanism, psychoanalysis, multiculturalism, behaviorism D. psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, multiculturalism
D
Which of the following is NOT true of prescription privileges for clinical psychologists? A. Advocates for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists have made the argument that other nonphysicians have been granted prescription privileges. B. The American Society for the Advancement of Pharmacotherapy was created, in part, to promote prescription privileges for psychologists. C. Psychopharmacology training programs are available for psychologists in the U.S. military. D. Missouri, New Mexico, and Alabama currently allow appropriately trained clinical psychologists to prescribe.
D
Which of the following is TRUE? A. It is generally unacceptable practice for a clinical psychologist to openly and directly acknowledge cultural differences with a client. B. It is generally acceptable practice for a clinical psychologist to begin treating a culturally dissimilar client with no knowledge of that client's culture, and to require a client to explain all culturally relevant information to the clinical psychologist. C. Most research suggests that cultural self-awareness on the part of a clinical psychologist does little to improve treatment effectiveness. D. Cultural self-awareness is generally important for all psychologists, regardless of their own cultural backgrounds.
D
______'s work directly resulted in the establishment of more than 30 state institutions for the mentally ill throughout the United States. A. William Tuke B. Philippe Pinel C. Eli Todd D. Dorothea Dix
D
______, more than any other activity, characterized clinical psychology during the earliest years of the profession. A. Cognitive psychotherapy B. Behavioral psychotherapy C. Motivational interviewing D. Assessment of intelligence
D
