Clinical Psychology Midterm 2
Unlike its predecessors, the "5" in DSM-5 is an Arabic numeral, not a Roman numeral (e.g., DSM-IV). Explain why the authors of the DSM made this change and what it suggests about the DSM.
- The DSM is following the software approach- So each time there is a new software, there is an addition (ex. DSM 5.1, 5.2, etc.)
Compare and contrast the categorical and dimensional approaches to diagnosis.
A categorical approach to assessment relies on diagnostic criteria to determine the presence or absence of disruptive or other abnormal behaviors, whereas a dimensional approach places such behaviors on a continuum of frequency and/or severity.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of note-taking during the clinical interview?
Advantages could be a more accurate diagnosis as the clinician is able to take a more detailed review of the client. A downside would be that the client does not feel heard by the therapist as they are focused on writing their notes down.
Describe at least one advantage and one disadvantage of using a structured interview.
Allows for the interviewer to get the information they need from a client. However, the client may not be able to expand upon their ideas due to the structured nature of the interview or talk about what they wish to discuss.
Based on research and recommendations presented in the textbook, describe an ideal design for a clinician's interview room or office.
An orderly, spacious, space that contained comfortable seats without photos of family members or partners. Not too cluttered or crowded as well.
Which edition of the DSM was the first to rely heavily on empirical data to determine which diagnoses to include?
Beginning with DSM-III, content relied to a much greater extent on empirical data. Beginning with DSM-III, specific diagnostic criteria were utilized to define disorders
What are three of the five specific questions that Sommers-Flanagan and Sommers-Flanagan (2009) recommend be asked of a client who is actively suicidal?
Does the client have suicidal thoughts?Does the client have a suicide plan?Does the client have definite suicidal intentions?
List three attending behaviors.
Eye contact, body language, vocal qualities, verbal tracking, and referring to the client by the proper name.
Compare and contrast Jerome Wakefield's definition of a mental disorder with the definition offered by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
In Wakefield's view, mental disorders are harmful mental dysfunctions. This is presented as a hybrid account, i.e., as incorporating both a value component (harm) and a factual component (dysfunction). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines a mental disorder as a syndrome which is caused by a significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotional regulation, or any behavior showing a dysfunction in psychological, biological and development processes with mental functioning.
Describe the difference between paraphrasing and reflection of feeling.
In paraphrasing you are only summarizing what the patient has said. With reflection of feeling, you are going beyond summarizing to identifying feelings that the person may not have identified, but their words and attitudes point to such feelings.
Briefly explain some gender-based differences in communication styles that are important for a clinical interviewer to appreciate.
Men tend to avoid self-disclosure because it brings vulnerability, whereas women tend to engage in self-disclosure because it brings closeness.
Where are disorders such as attenuated psychosis syndrome and Internet gaming disorder listed in DSM-5?
Section III
Briefly explain how the profession of the primary authors of the DSM, as well as its publisher, has influenced its approach to conceptualizing mental disorders.
The authors for the first DSM were predominantly white/middle class/rich men who were experts in the field of psychiatry.. So the DSM they made doesn't have much culture and the DSM has only been revised and never re-made from scratch so their influence will always have a trace on the DSM. Currently, the authors are still mostly psychiatrists, but some other professions and more of a variety of people are included in the making of the revisions. Since the APA publishes the DSM the approach to conceptualizing disorders is medical meaning they believe the disorders are similar to disease and have a direct cause (i.e., lack of chemicals in the brain). Also as a western culture we value Independent which is a common indicator of maladaptive functioning, but to other cultures dependence is highly values. So the lack of diversity in authors is clear when examining the DSM's conceptualization of disorders in regards to dependency.
What is harmful dysfunction theory?
The harmful dysfunction analysis stresses that any definition of mental disorder should include elements that indicate both the presence of a dysfunction (i.e., the failure of a naturally designed mechanism) and a significant negative impact related to that dysfunction in terms of distress or impairment.
List one criticism of recent editions of the DSM.
The manual may overly medicalize conditions, implying that even relatively normal or non-serious behavior and mood patterns require treatment, often in the form of medication
What is the primary purpose of the mental status exam?
To quickly assess how the client is functioning at the time of the evaluation.
Describe the difference between validity and reliability in relation to assessment techniques.
Validity is the extent to which the assessment technique measures what it claims to measure. Reliability is the extent to which the assessment technique yields consistent, repeatable results.
All editions of the DSM have been published by the ______. Select one: a.American Psychiatric Association b.American Psychological Association c.American Psychological Society d.American Counseling Association
a.American Psychiatric Association
______ validity is the extent to which an assessment technique has content appropriate for what is being measured. Select one: a.Content b.Convergent c.Discriminant d.None of these
a.Content
DSM-5 has received numerous criticisms. Which of the following is NOT a criticism discussed in the textbook? Select one: a.DSM-5 was not expanded enough, and as a result, the current edition includes approximately the same number of disorders as the original edition. b.While developing DSM-5, the authors were selective and vague with information they shared with the general public. c.The membership of Work Groups was composed primarily of researchers, not clinicians. d.DSM-5's price is significantly higher than that of previous editions.
a.DSM-5 was not expanded enough, and as a result, the current edition includes approximately the same number of disorders as the original edition.
______ refers to a positive, comfortable relationship between interviewer and client, or an interpersonal "connection" as perceived by the client. Select one: a.Rapport b.Verbal tracking c.Nondirective interviewing d.Directive interviewing
a.Rapport
In recent years, the most prominent structured interview has been the ______. Select one: a.Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders b.Acute Stress Disorder Interview c.Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule--Revised d.Bipolar Disorder Structured Clinical Interview
a.Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders
______ is the extent to which an assessment technique measures what it claims to measure. Select one: a.Validity b.Test-retest reliability c.Clinical utility d.Interrater reliability
a.Validity
An important skill for a clinical interviewer is ______, which is best described as the ability to know how he tends to affect others interpersonally and how others tend to relate to him. Select one: a.being self-aware b.developing positive working relationships c.establishing rapport d.quieting yourself
a.being self-aware
Dr. Murphy, a clinical neuropsychologist, is conducting a clinical interview in which the primary purpose is to assign a label from the current DSM to the patient. In other words, Dr. Murphy is conducting a(n) ______. Select one: a.diagnostic interview b.mental status exam c.intake interview d.crisis interview
a.diagnostic interview
Interviewers who use a(n) ______ style of interviewing get exactly the information they need by asking clients specifically for it. Select one: a.directive b.nondirective c.rapport-building d.evidence-based
a.directive
Essentially, a categorical approach to diagnosis of mental disorders suggests that an individual ______. Select one: a.either has or does not have a disorder b.has every disorder to some extent c.can only be diagnosed with one disorder at a single point in time d.can have multiple disorders at the same time only if those disorders fall within the same larger category, such as depressive disorders or anxiety disorders
a.either has or does not have a disorder
Categorical diagnosis of mental illness has many advantages, including that it ______. Select one: a.facilitates easier communication between professionals b.forces professionals to think categorically c.promotes sharper problem-solving abilities d.is easily adapted into a dimensional model of diagnosis
a.facilitates easier communication between professionals
Jerome Wakefield is the creator of the theory of ______. Select one: a.harmful dysfunction b.the unconscious c.aberrant behavior d.categorical disorders
a.harmful dysfunction
Emil Kraepelin was a pioneer of the diagnosis of mental disorders. Among the categories he identified were ______, which is similar to the current label of bipolar disorder, and ______, which is similar to the current label of schizophrenia. Select one: a.manic-depressive psychosis; dementia praecox b.anxiety neurosis; disorderly thought psychosis c.dementia praecox; separation disorder d.anxiety neurosis; separation disorder
a.manic-depressive psychosis; dementia praecox
The type of clinical interview that is most often conducted in medical settings for the primary purpose of quickly assessing a client's current level of functioning is the ______. Select one: a.mental status exam b.crisis interview c.diagnostic interview d.intake interview
a.mental status exam
The first edition of the DSM contained only three broad categories ______. Select one: a.psychoses, neuroses, and character disorders b.internalizing, externalizing, and mediating disorders c.primary, secondary, and tertiary disorders d.Freudian, Jungian, and undifferentiated disorders
a.psychoses, neuroses, and character disorders
According to the harmful dysfunction theory of mental disorders, when we try to determine what is abnormal, we should consider ______. Select one: a.scientific or evolutionary data, as well as social values that provide context for the behavior b.the social constructs that regulate behavior and thought c.cognitive contributions to irregular behaviors d.behavioral, as well as psychoanalytic, components of abnormality
a.scientific or evolutionary data, as well as social values that provide context for the behavior
Dr. Rosen, a clinical psychologist in private practice, likes to combine elements of a structured interview and an unstructured interview with his patients. By blending these two approaches, Dr. Rosen is using what is known as a(n) ______ interview. Select one: a.semistructured b.bi-dimensional c.eclectic d.two-point
a.semistructured
Researchers who endorse the dimensional approach to diagnosis of mental problems most often recommend that ______ serve as the basis for the dimensions. Select one: a.the five-factor model of personality b.cognitive thought distortion categories c.Holland's typologies d.the Myers-Briggs types
a.the five-factor model of personality
Effective interviewers are skilled at ______, or repeating key words and phrases back to their clients to ensure the clients that they have been accurately heard. Select one: a.verbal tracking b.eye contact c.developing positive relationships d.quieting themselves
a.verbal tracking
Devlin and Nasar (2012) found that therapists and nonprofessionals asked to rate pictures of offices preferred clinicians' offices that ______. Select one: a.were orderly, spacious, and contained comfortable seats b.featured bright lightening and personal photos c.were smaller in size, creating an intimate atmosphere d.arranged the furniture so the therapist could sit behind the client
a.were orderly, spacious, and contained comfortable seats
Based on the textbook, which of the following is NOT a revision to a mental disorder that was included in DSM-5? Select one: a.The "bereavement exclusion" included in the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode was dropped. b.Asperger's disorder was expanded and can now be diagnoses as mild, moderate, or severe Asperger's disorder. c.The age at which symptoms must first appear in individuals diagnosed with ADHD was changed from 7 to 12 years old. d.The frequency of binges required for bulimia nervosa was decreased to once per week.
b.Asperger's disorder was expanded and can now be diagnoses as mild, moderate, or severe Asperger's disorder.
DSM-5 contains a list of "unofficial" disorders that are not yet diagnosable. In what section of DSM-5 are these proposed disorders listed? Select one: a.Disorders for Further Consideration b.Emerging Measures and Models c.Proposed Criteria Groups d.Initial Disorders for Discovery
b.Emerging Measures and Models
It is important for clinical interviewers to appreciate how communication styles tend to differ across cultures. For example, ______. Select one: a.Asian Americans tend to speak more loudly than European Americans b.European Americans tend to speak more quickly than Native Americans c.Hispanic Americans tend to speak more loudly than European Americans d.Asian Americans are more inclined to hold eye contact than European Americans
b.European Americans tend to speak more quickly than Native Americans
______ reliability is the extent to which an assessment technique yields similar results across different administrators. Select one: a.Test-retest b.Interrater c.Internal d.Clinical
b.Interrater
The harmful dysfunction theory of mental disorders was developed by ______. Select one: a.Sigmund Freud b.Jerome Wakefield c.Emil Kraepelin d.B. F. Skinner
b.Jerome Wakefield
______ is how an interviewer is with clients, while ______ is what an interviewer does with clients. Select one: a.Technique; rapport b.Rapport; technique c.Internal preparation; external preparation d.External preparation; internal preparation
b.Rapport; technique
______ of clinical psychologists use clinical interviews as part of their assessment processes. Select one: a.About half b.The vast majority c.About 25% d.Less than 5%
b.The vast majority
Eye contact, body language, vocal qualities, and verbal tracking are specific types of ______. Select one: a.behavioral psychotherapy techniques b.attending behaviors c.rapport enhancers d.nonverbal interviewing
b.attending behaviors
Compared to the definition of generalized anxiety disorder in DSM-5 (2013), the definition of anxiety neurosis in DSM-II (1968) ______. Select one: a.contains more specific diagnostic criteria b.contains more terminology derived from psychoanalysis c.lists more specific quantities and timeframes d.is essentially the same; there is little difference between the two definitions
b.contains more terminology derived from psychoanalysis
In recent years, researchers have offered alternatives to the categorical approach to the diagnosis of mental disorders. Specifically, the ______ approach has received significant attention, especially regarding the ______ disorders. Select one: a.dimensional; anxiety b.dimensional; personality c.multiaxial; mood d.medical model; eating
b.dimensional; personality
The DSM reflects a medical model of psychopathology. This means that ______. Select one: a.each mental disorder is a byproduct of a medical disorder centered in a part of the body other than the brain b.each mental disorder is an entity defined categorically and features a list of specific symptoms c.medication is the only acceptable form of treatment for mental disorders d.psychotherapy cannot be expected to succeed unless it is accompanied by medication
b.each mental disorder is an entity defined categorically and features a list of specific symptoms
An element common to all kinds of psychological assessment is ______, which may take the form of a face-to-face meeting or written report. Select one: a.coaching b.feedback c.clinical utility d.validity
b.feedback
Attenuated psychosis syndrome ______. Select one: a.is not mentioned in the current DSM b.is listed as a proposed criteria set in the "Emerging Measures and Models" section of the current DSM c.is listed as an official disorder in the current DSM d.is included in the current DSM as a subtype of major depressive disorder
b.is listed as a proposed criteria set in the "Emerging Measures and Models" section of the current DSM
Internet gaming disorder ______. Select one: a.is a new diagnosis included in DSM-5 b.is listed in the Emerging Measures and Models section of DSM-5 c.is a diagnostic criterion revised from DSM-IV to DSM-5 d.is diagnosed when an individual uses income from stolen goods to pay for online gaming memberships
b.is listed in the Emerging Measures and Models section of DSM-5
A clinical psychologist ______. Select one: a.should always take written notes during an interview b.must obtain written permission to videotape an interview c.should position himself behind a stately desk while conducting an interview d.should use an iPad for note-taking, since research supports it is accepted better by clients than a laptop
b.must obtain written permission to videotape an interview
Interviewers who use a(n) ______ style of interviewing allow the client to determine the course of the interview. Select one: a.directive b.nondirective c.rapport-building d.evidence-based
b.nondirective
Cultural variables are important in the context of a clinical interview. For example, compared to people from North America or Britain, people of Middle Eastern or Latino/Latina cultures tend to ______. Select one: a.prefer a greater amount of personal space b.prefer a smaller amount of personal space c.expect the clinical interviewer to offer food or drink during the interviewer d.view the clinical interviewer as an expert
b.prefer a smaller amount of personal space
DSM-5 was created by ______. Select one: a.soliciting and summarizing public opinion on which disorders in DSM-IV should be eliminated b.prominent researchers who were members of a Task Force and Work Groups c.the American Counseling Association d.the same organization that publishes the International Classification of Diseases
b.prominent researchers who were members of a Task Force and Work Groups
DSM-I and DSM-II ______. Select one: a.were empirically based b.reflected a psychoanalytic orientation c.included lists of specific symptoms or criteria for each disorder d.offered significant generalizability and clinical utility
b.reflected a psychoanalytic orientation
During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the primary purpose of diagnostic categories was ______. Select one: a.the diagnosis of prisoners b.the collection of statistical and census data c.compliance with health insurance and managed care company policies d.to offer guidance toward particular forms of medication and psychotherapy
b.the collection of statistical and census data
Dr. Brox creates a new assessment technique, the Superior Clinical Interval for Therapists (SCIT). We can say the SCIT has ______ if it measures what it claims to measure. We can say the SCIT has ______ if it yields consistent, repeatable results. Select one: a.reliability; validity b.validity; reliability c.clinical utility; statistical utility d.statistical utility; clinical utility
b.validity; reliability
DSM-III ______. Select one: a.contained less disorders than DSM-II b.was significantly longer in length than DSM-II c.emphasized psychoanalytic and psychodynamic perspectives d.introduced the General Adaptation Scale, which clinicians used to rate patients' health on a 100-point scale
b.was significantly longer in length than DSM-II
The first edition of the DSM was published in ______. Select one: a.1914 b.1930 c.1952 d.1986
c.1952
DSM-III was published in ______. Select one: a.1952 b.1968 c.1980 d.1994
c.1980
______ is the extent to which an assessment technique correlates with other techniques that measure the same thing. Select one: a.Reliability b.Clinical utility c.Convergent validity d.Discriminant validity
c.Convergent validity
Recent editions of the DSM, including DSM-5, have received numerous criticisms. Which of the following statements is inconsistent with the criticisms discussed in the textbook? Select one: a.The breadth of coverage of recent DSMs was expanded too much. b.The cutoffs that separate those who qualify for disorders from those who do not are often arbitrary rather than empirically based. c.Diagnoses such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder demonstrate a significant reduction in DSM gender bias. d.Nonempirical influences, such as political and social forces, may have too much influence on the decisions made by DSM authors.
c.Diagnoses such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder demonstrate a significant reduction in DSM gender bias.
In the United States, what is the most up-to-date, prevailing diagnostic guide for mental health professionals? Select one: a.International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition b.International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition c.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition d.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 6th Edition
c.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition
______ variables are those variables in an experiment that are manipulated by the experimenter. Select one: a.Internal b.External c.Independent d.Dependent
c.Independent
______ is the extent to which an assessment technique yields consistent, repeatable results. Select one: a.Discriminant validity b.Clinical utility c.Reliability d.Content validity
c.Reliability
Hippocrates identified an imbalance in ______ as the source of abnormality. Select one: a.the ego b.spiritual harmony c.bodily fluids d.the unconscious
c.bodily fluids
All editions of the DSM have offered a ______ approach to diagnosis. Select one: a.dimensional b.symptom- or criteria-based c.categorical d.multiaxial
c.categorical
Of all the available assessment procedures, clinical psychologists rely most frequently on the ______. Select one: a.Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale b.Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children c.clinical interview d.Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
c.clinical interview
A(n) ______ interview is a special type of clinical interview designed not only to assess a problem demanding urgent attention but also to provide immediate intervention for the problem. Select one: a.diagnostic b.informal c.crisis d.abbreviated
c.crisis
In the context of the clinical interview, the term quieting yourself is best described as the ______. Select one: a.client's efforts to remain quiet in order to fully attend to the interviewer's questions b.interviewer's efforts to control the volume of his speaking voice to match that of the client c.interviewer's efforts to control his own internal, self-directed thinking pattern in order to enhance listening d.interviewer's policy of remaining entirely silent during the interview in order to facilitate transference
c.interviewer's efforts to control his own internal, self-directed thinking pattern in order to enhance listening
Cultural variables are important in the context of a clinical interview. For example, compared to traditional Western culture, Asian cultures tend to feature ______. Select one: a.more eye contact b.more eye contact between members of the opposite sex c.less physical touch d.more physical touch
c.less physical touch
Disorders such as attenuated psychosis syndrome are not official diagnoses and are listed as ______ in DSM-5. Select one: a.upcoming diagnoses b.research disorders c.proposed criteria sets d.culture-bound syndromes
c.proposed criteria sets
A(n) ______ interview is a predetermined, planned sequences of questions that an interviewer asks a client. By contrast, a(n) ______ interview is improvised and involves no predetermined questions. Select one: a.primary; secondary b.secondary; primary c.structured; unstructured d.unstructured; structured
c.structured; unstructured
In the mid-1900s, ______ developed a classification system to treat World War II soldiers that had a significant influence on the creation of the first DSM. Select one: a.NATO b.the World Health Organization c.the U.S. Army and Veterans' Administration d.the European Psychiatric Association
c.the U.S. Army and Veterans' Administration
What technique is used to make sure the interviewer accurately understands a patient's comments and to communicate that the interviewer is actively listening to the patient?
clarification
A question such as "Do you consume alcohol?" is an example of a ______ question.
close-ended
DSM-5 was published in ______. Select one: a.1980 b.1994 c.2001 d.2013
d.2013
______ variables are those variables in an experiment that are expected to change as a result of changes in the variable manipulated by the researcher. Select one: a.Internal b.External c.Independent d.Dependent
d.Dependent
______, a new disorder in DSM-5, is described by some as frequent temper tantrums in children 6-18 years of age. Select one: a.Premenstrual dysphoric disorder b.Mild neurocognitive disorder c.Somatic symptom disorder d.Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
d.Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Which of the following statements is TRUE? Select one: a.Although many publications print the newest diagnostic manual's title as DSM-5, the correct printing requires a Roman numeral (DSM-V). b.As with previous editions, the current edition of the DSM instructs clinicians to provide multiaxial diagnoses. c.The current DSM requires a GAF score to accompany all diagnoses. d.The current DSM eliminates the five-axis diagnostic system.
d.The current DSM eliminates the five-axis diagnostic system.
Interviewers use ______ questions when they notice discrepancies or inconsistencies in a client's comments. Select one: a.open-ended b.closed-ended c.clarification d.confrontation
d.confrontation
Which of the following is NOT a part of DSM-5's definition of a mental disorder? Select one: a.clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior b.dysfunction in mental functioning c.usually associated with significant distress or disability d.consists of behaviors witnessed in less than 30% of the population
d.consists of behaviors witnessed in less than 30% of the population
DSM-III differed from its predecessors in all of the following significant ways EXCEPT that it ______. Select one: a.introduced a multiaxial diagnostic system b.listed specific diagnostic criteria to define disorders c.featured a greater reliance on empirical data rather than clinical consensus d.emphasized psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives
d.emphasized psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives
Dr. Harris, a clinical psychologist, is interviewing a client with the primary purpose of determining whether the agency where Dr. Harris works can provide the services required by this client. In other words, Dr. Harris is conducting a(n) ______. Select one: a.mental status exam b.structured interview c.diagnostic interview d.intake interview
d.intake interview
Communication styles often differ between men and women. For example, ______. Select one: a.women tend to use talk to assert themselves and achieve goals, whereas men tend to use talk to build relationships b.women tend to avoid self-disclosure because it brings vulnerability, whereas men tend to engage in self-disclosure because it brings closeness c.men tend to use talk to build relationships, whereas women tend to use talk to demean their competitors d.men tend to avoid self-disclosure because it brings vulnerability, whereas women tend to engage in self-disclosure because it brings closeness
d.men tend to avoid self-disclosure because it brings vulnerability, whereas women tend to engage in self-disclosure because it brings closeness
The DSM is primarily authored by ______. Select one: a.social workers b.counselors c.psychologists d.psychiatrists
d.psychiatrists
Dr. Huckabee is conducting a clinical interview with Megan. At the end of the interview, he ties together various topics that Megan discussed, connecting statements she made at various points, and identifies themes in the information she has provided. Which of the following techniques is Dr. Huckabee using? Select one: a.paraphrasing b.reflection of feeling c.clarification d.summarizing
d.summarizing
A ______ interview is used to diagnose. The interview should facilitate assignment of an accurate DSM disorder to the client.
diagnostic
The ______ approach to diagnosis examines where on a continuum a client's symptoms fall.
dimensional
The ______ style of interviewing gets exactly the information needed by the interviewer by asking the client-specific questions.
directive
List two of the new mental disorders introduced in DSM-5.
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
A study examining a psychotherapy's success in an actual clinical setting is measuring the therapy's ______.
efficacy
______ validity refers to the generalizability of a study's results or the extent to which the study's findings hold true across different settings and populations.
external
______ variables are those variables in a study that are manipulated by the experimenter.
independent
A researcher planning to follow a group of depressed patients over a 20-year period would likely be using a ______ design.
longitudinal
The DSM reflects a ______ model of psychopathology.
medical
What central feature of DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, and DSM-IV-TR was eliminated in DSM-5?
multiaxial diagnostic system
______ describes how an interviewer is with clients; ______ is what an interviewer does with clients.
rapport, technique
A study in which participants in a single condition are compared to themselves at various points in time is using a ______ design.
within-group