Clotting Factor Crap

Substances that activate platelets and cause clumping includes _______ , calcium, thromboxane A2, and collagen

ADP

Factor VIII _________ together with activated factor IX activates factor X. Factor VIII also combines with another protein to help platelets adhere to capillary walls in areas of tissue injury. A lack of factor VIII is the basis for classic hemophilia.

Antihemophilic factor

_______ is a cascade triggered by the formation of a platelet plug, which then rapidly amplifies the cascade.. The final result is much larder then the triggering event, Thus the cascade works like a landslide- a dew small pebbles rolling down a steep hill can dislodge large rocks, trees, and soil, causing an enormous movement of earth. Just like landslides, cascade reactions are hard to stop once set into motion.

Blood clotting

Factor IV is __________is a cofactor for most of the enzyme-activated processes required in blood clot

Calcium

______ outside of the blood can also activate platelets. The most common extrinsic event is trauma that damages blood vessels and exposes collagen. Collagen then activates platelets to form a platelet plug within seconds. The blood clotting cascade is started sooner by this pathway because some intrinsic pathway steps are bypassed. Other blood vessels changes that can activate platelets include inflammation, bacterial toxins, or foreign proteins.

Extrinsic factors

_______ is discovered to be an artifact and is not involved in blood clotting

Factor VI

__________ is the last phase of blood clotting. Fibrinogen is an inactive protein made in the liver. The activated enzyme thrombin removes the end portions of fibrinogen, converting it is active fibrin that can link together to form fibrin threads. Fibrin threads make a meshlike base to form a blood clot.

Fibrin clot formation

Factor XIII, _______ assists in forming cross-links among the fibrin threads to form a strong fibrin clot.

Fibrin-stabilizing factor

Factor I is __________ which is converted to fibrin by the enzyme _______, individual fibrin molecules from fibrin threads, which are the mesh for clot formation and wound healing

Fibrinogen thrombin

_________ is the process that dissolves fibrin clot edges with special enzymes. The process starts by activating plasminogen to plasmin.

Fibrinolysis

Factor XII _______, is critically important in the intrinsic pathway for the activation of factor XI.

Hageman factor

_____ is the multi-stopped process of controlled blood clotting.

Hemostasis

______ are conditions, such as circulating debris or venous stasis, within the blood itself that can activate platelet and trigger the blood clotting cascade. Continuing the cascade to blood clotting requires sufficient amounts of all the clotting factors and cofactors.

Intrinsic factors

Factor XI ___________, when activated, assists in the activation of factor IX. However, a similar factor must exist in tissues. People who are deficient in factor XI have mild bleeding problems.

Plasma thromboplastin antecendent

Factor IX_________, when activated, activates factor X to convert prothrombin to thrombin. A lack of factor IX causes hemophilia B. Synthesis is vitamin K-dependent

Plasma thromboplastin component

_______, an active enzyme then digests fibrin, fibrinogen, and prothrombin, controlling the size of the fibrin clot

Plasmin

_____ beings forming a platelet plug by having platelets clump together, a process essential for blood clotting. Plateleys normally circulate as individual small cells that do not clump together until activated. Activations causes platelet membranes to become sticky, allowing them to clump together. When platelets clump, they form large, semisolid plugs in blood vessels, disrupting local blood flow. These ____ are not clots and last only a few hours. Thus they cannot provide complete hemostasis but only start the hemostatic process.

Platelet aggregation platelet plug

Factor V ______ is a cofactor for activated factor X, which is essential for converting prothrombin to thrombin.

Proaccelerin

Factor VII _______ activates factors IX and X, which are essential in converting prothrombin to thrombin. Synthesis is vitamin K-dependent

Proconvertin

Factor II is _______prothrombin which is inactive thrombin. Prothrombin is activated to thrombin by clotting factor X. Activated thrombin converts fibrinogen (clotting factor I) into fibrin and activates factors V and VIII.

Prothrombin

Factor X ________, when activated, converts prothrombin into thrombin. Synthesis is vitamin K-dependent

Stuart-Prower factor

Factor III is ___________ which interacts with factor VII to initiate the extrinisic clotting cascade

Tissue thromboplastin

Ask the patient about use of blood "thinners" and NSAIDS, because these change _________. Such drugs include anticoagulants, fibrinolytics, and platelet inhibitors.

blood clotting activity.

The older adult has a ________blood volume with lower levels of plasma proteins, The lower________ level may be related to a low dietary intake of proteins, as well as to reduced protein production by the older liver.

decreased plasma protein

After the fibrin mesh is formed, clotting_____tightens up the mesh, making it more dense and stable. More platelets stick to the threads of the mesh and attract other blood cells and proteins to form an actual blood clot. As this clot tightens, the serum is squeezed out and clot formation is complete.

factor XIII

Whether the platelet plugs are formed because of abnormal blood (intrinsic factors), the end result of the cascade is the same; formation of a__________ and local blood clotting (coagulation). The cascade, from the formation of a platelet plug to the formation of a fibrin clot, depends on the presence of specific clotting factors, calcium, and more platelets at every step.

fibrin clot

Clotting factors are ____________ that become activated in a sequence. The last part of the sequence is the activation of fibrinogen into fibrin. At each step, the activated enzyme from the previous step activates the next enzyme. The last two steps in the cascade are the activation of thrombin from prothrombin and the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. Only______molecules can begin the formation of a true clot

inactive enzymes fibrin

____________function, the presence of known immunologic or hematologic disorders, current drug usem dietary patterns, and socioeconomic status are important to assess. Because the liver makes _____, ask about manifestations that may indicate liver problems, such as _______,________ and __________.

liver clotting factors jaundice,anemia, and gallstones.

Because blood clotting occurs through a rapid cascade process, in theory it keeps forming fibrin clots whenever the cascade is set into motion until all blood throughout the entire body has coagulated and __________ stops. Therefore, whenever the blood clotting cascade is started, anti-clotting forces are also started to limit clot formation only to damaged areas so that normal perfusion is maintained everywhere else. When blood clotting and anti-clotting actions are balanced, clotting occurs only where it is needed and normal perfusion is maintained. The anti-clotting forces both ensure that activated clotting factors are present only in limited amounts and also cause _______ to prevent over-enlargement of the fibrin clot.

perfusion fibrinolysis

________ start the cascade action that ends with local blood clotting and are important at most steps within the cascade

platelet plugs

When too few______ are present , blood clotting is impaired, increasing the risk for excessive bleeding.

platelets