CM 4206 BIM - Midterm
Dr. Chimay Anumba Preamble:
- University of Florida - College of Design, Construction and Planning
Factors Influencing the Use of BIM
1. Less time drafting, more time designing 2. Owners Demanding it on their projects 3. BIM's ability to improve communication
Implementation of Collaborative BIM reduces the percentage of change orders from __.__% to _.__%.
18.42% 2.68%
The integration of schedules into BIM has been coined "__" as well as "model simulation and "sequencing animations."
4D
BIM derived estimating is known as "__"
5D
BIM with sustainability information is said to be __.
6D
According to "The Commercial Real Estate Revolution;" traditional construction project management schedules are wrong __% of the time
70%
BIM with facility management applications is said to be __.
7D
"IPD is a project delivery method distinguished by a contractual agreement between a minimum of the owner, design professional, and builder where risk and reward are shared and stakeholder success is dependent on project success."
AIA draft definition of Integrated Project Delivery, 2010
- Construction input during design - Useful for complex and high‐risk projects (innovation) - Reduction of constructability risk - Owner has more design control
Advantages of CMAR Method
- Established method, legal and contractual precedence - Costs known prior to starting work - Works well with conventional construction projects
Advantages of DBB Method
- One contract for Owner to manage - Construction input during design - Useful for large and complex projects (Innovation, Safety) - Fast‐track projects
Advantages of Design-Build Method
- Ties all the major firms to one contract agreement - Early involvement of key project participants - Sharing risks/rewards/responsibilities - All firms participate in project goal setting -Waiver of liability - Joint decision‐making
Advantages of IPD
AEC Collaboration
Architect Engineer Contractor
_________ _____ are those that are incurred to prevent interoperability problems from occurring. Mitigation costs are those that are incurred to correct problems once they have occurred. Finally, delay costs are the consequences of interoperability problems on schedule and delivery.
Avoidance Costs
"A Building Information Model is a rich information model, consisting of potentially multiple data sources, elements of which can be shared across all stakeholders and be maintained across the life of a construction from inception to recycling (cradle to cradle). The information model can include contract and specification properties, personnel, programming, quantities, cost, spaces and geometry."
BIM Definition
- BIM teaching occurs at UG and graduate levels - Students taught BIM in 2 main programs: - Construction Management - Architecture - Opportunities for collaborative working through competitions - Multi-disciplinary projects will grow...
BIM Education at University of Florida
- Mechanism for design, construction, commissioning, operation and lifecycle facility management of buildings
BIM Offers:
- Maximize benefits of BIM to owners - Link BIM to operation/FM - Huge potential for lifecycle asset management
BIM Planning Guide for Facility Owners
1. Identify BIM Goals and Uses 2. Design BIM Execution Process 3. Develop Information Exchange 4. Define Supporting Infrastructure for BIM Implementation
BIM Project Execution Planning Procedure by Penn State
Estimating, quantity validation, sequencing simulation, design updates, version-based model analysis and owner/user group visualization, prefabrication detailing, material impacts, life- cycle energy usage, and life-cycle cost estimates that include utilities and operations, and so forth.
BIM Uses
- The most traditional type of delivery method also called (Traditional GC Method) - Owner has two contracts, one with the architect and one with the contractor
BIM in Design-Bid-Build Method
The core value of BIM that the construction industry should be aware of is the ability to take model information and extend its use by giving it meaning for other related work flows and processes.
BIM's role in Construction Management
- Each party can choose to work with best-of-breed solutions in their respective field and location - Project members can decide about their software upgrades independently from their peers - Project coordination errors are greatly reduced due to workflow level compatibility - Accessibility of BIM data through the entire life cycle of the building
Benefits of Workflow Compatibility
In ________ ______________ (B-Rep) the model is defined only by its boundaries. A B-Rep model is created using Euler operations (similar to those used in mechanical drawing and wireframe model construction).
Boundary Representation
Building Data Modeling turned into Building Information Modeling which is evolving into ________ _________ ________.
Building Knowledge Modeling
For structural steel engineering and fabrication.
CIMsteel Integration Standard Version 2 (CIS/2)
- The lack of communication typically leads to cost overruns due to estimates not being done throughout the design. - BIM is limited because models have to show only "design intent"
Challenges of the Design-Bid-Build Method
________________ is a project management technique that reviews construction logic from beginning to end during the preconstruction phase to identify roadblocks, constraints, and potential issues.
Constructability
- Owner has two contracts: one with the architect and one with the contractor. - Early collaboration between the contractor and design team during the design process.
Construction Manager at Risk Method (CMAR)
In ____________ _____ ________ (CSG) the model is defined combining primitives (as blocks, spheres, cones, torus, etc.) by means of Boolean operations (union, difference, intersection). The main drawback is related to the limited number of theavailable primitives.
Constructive Solid Geometry
- User ID - Location - User Device - User Activity - Time
Context Dimensions
Display and manipulation of model information based on key context parameters: location, role, device, time of day, etc.
Context-Aware Virtual Prototyping
- Industry Uptake - Sophisticated Software Tools - Energy models (Energy +, Modelica, IES, etc.); - Structural analysis and design (Revit Structure, etc.); - Lighting (Radiance, DaySim, etc.) - Estimating/Costing (QTO, etc.) - Sustainability => 'Green BIM' - Incorporation of BIM into Education
Current BIM Status
BIM in Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), similar to ______-_____, presents the same opportunities to fully leverage BIM. However, the incentivized program may create a more innovative team—a group open to research and development (R&D) and thinking outside the comfort zone of proven tools.
Design-Build
- The best methods for promoting collaboration between designers and builders (sometimes referred to as "Turnkey"). - The model is constructible, which allows the team to be proactive with issues as opposed to reactive. - There is the potential for zero change orders.
Design-Build Method
• Flexible modeling process • The geometry is the master • Flexible sketching • No parent/child relationship • No part/assembly mode • Edits are typically direct • Synchronous parameters • Direct and indirect edits just change geo
Direct (History Free) Modeling
- Lack of legal precedence - Multiple‐party agreements not allowed on federal projects - Insurance difficult and expensive to obtain
Disadvantages if IPD
- Difficulty in negotiating GMP - Project costs not known until late in engineering & design phase - No contract between CMGC firm and Design Team - Additional fees for CM use during design
Disadvantages of CMAR Method
- Lack of construction input during design - Competitive atmosphere Adversarial relationships - Lowest Bid Marginal subcontractors - More expensive, quality suffers - Unethical bidding practices
Disadvantages of DBB Method
- Lack of input by the Owner in design and construction - Reduced Owner control of design and construction - Total project cost may be unknown until construction phase - Less competition during bidding / difficult to estimate
Disadvantages of Design-Build Method
- BIM has come a long way - Current industry uptake is encouraging but business and cultural changes still need to be addressed! - Cost of missed opportunities HUGE but often ignored in evaluating the cost of non-adoption! - We are NOT there yet... - Much more needs to be done... - Next generation of engineers will speed up progress - Perseverance needed: path from research to mainstream adoption can be very long!!! - Doing nothing is not an option!
Dr. Chimay Anumba's Conclusions
'a modeling technology and associated set of processes to produce, communicate and analyze building models'
Eastman definition of BIM
Building Knowledge Modeling (BKM) uses ________ _________ for automatic compliance checking.
Embedded Knowledge
- Context-Aware Virtual Prototyping (CAVP) - Building Knowledge Modeling - Automated Compliance Checking - BIM for 'X' Abilities (nD Modeling) - Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) - Mixed Reality - Evidence-Based Virtual Prototyping - 3D Printing (automated transition from Model to Building)
Emerging Directions in BIM
In ___________ ________, detailers refine their parametric objects for well understood reasons such as, • to minimize labor, • to achieve a particular visual appearance, • to reduce the mixing of different types of work crews, or • to minimize the types or sizes of materials.
Fabrication Modeling
- Delivery Method - Project Schedule - Technical Expertise - Client's Technology Requirements
Factors to be considered when building a winning technology team
LOD 500
Field Verified Installation
1. Make sure what you are proposing shows clear and demonstrable value. 2. Clearly state whether this is a proven tool or process, a developing one, or an innovative one. 3. Show real results from the impact of implementation. 4. Give the owner what he or she wants or clearly state why you can't. 5. Make sure you are offering something that you can deliver.
Five Key factors for Marketing your brand of BIM
- Make the most of existing systems - Use BIM as leverage for other capabilities - Take advantage of other emerging technologies - Extend current BIM functionality...
Future Directions in BIM should seek to:
LOD 100
Generic Representation
- Most AEC firms now have some level of BIM adoption - Many clients/owners now require 'BIM' as part of bid submissions - Many degree programs developing BIM courses
Growth in BIM Uptake
Fragmentation = inadequate interoperability =
Hidden costs in construction
Successful BIM integration is dependent on:
How well BIM use is planned for and communicated among the project team.
For building planning, design, construction and management,
Industry Foundation Classes
________ __________ _______ - or IFC, for short, makes it possible to hold and exchange relevant data between different software applications.
Industry Foundation Classes
Refers to the need to pass data from one software tool to another without losing information, and eliminates the need to duplicate data.
Interoperability
________________ is the ability to exchange data between applications, which smoothes workflow, facilitates their automation, and makes possible the synchronization of multiple models representing a project.
Interoperability
- Architect - HVAC - Client - Contractor - Estimator - Project Manager - Structure
Interoperability Web in Construction Industry
LOD 200
LOD 100 + General size/shape/location
LOD 300
LOD 200 + Specific size/shape/location
LOD 350
LOD 300 + Actual size/shape/location
LOD 400
LOD 350 + Special Mounting and fabrication details
LOD defines the precision of the 3D elements and the amount of information contained within each element. Currently three major ___ ________ are being used in the United States: 1. AIA , 2. BIMForum, and 3. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE )
LOD Matrixes
The BIM system extracts takeoff quantities automatically when the building design uses intelligent objects instead of static lines.
LOD in Model-Based Estimating
_____ __ ___________ is "the minimum dimensional, spatial, quantitative, qualitative, and other data included in a Model Element to support the Authorized Uses associated with such ___."
Level of Development
MODCON - Professor Gifford Albright
Man-Machine System for the Optimum Design and Construction of Buildings
Suitable for project types like Design-Build, IPD, and other forms of integrated delivery; maps out the intentions of the project team, the high-level deliverables of a project, resolution methods, and goals; is used as a tool—and quite often as a contract addendum that needs to be adhered to.
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
'a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility...'
NBIMS definition of BIM
- Structured modeling process • The history tree is the master • Constrained sketching • Inherent parent/child relationships • Part/assembly modes • Edits are typically indirect • Linear parameters • Direct edits are ordered in tree
Parametric (History Based) Modeling
Three strategies for BIM Implementation
Pile On Swap Out Process First
The company or organization looks at tools consistently as an addition to their current systems. This is the least painful of the 3 methods.
Pile On Method
- Making the most of existing systems - Extending current BIM functionality - BIM as leverage for other capabilities
Potential Future Directions of BIM
A team begins by looking at their current processes and then asks "How do we want to work?" This question requires "blue sky" thinking and assumes that the technologies needed to enable this new way of working will be there when they determine their optimal working conditions.
Process First Method
_______ ______ are critical to improvement, because they allow users to continually think of ways to improve and deliver work.
Process Shifts
Successful BIM use requires three factors:
Processes Technologies Behaviors
A computer operation with both verbal and graphic printout that will allow an architect, engineer and others to sit down together and quickly conceive, design and specify a building on the basis of total performance criteria.
Professor Gifford Albright's 1961 vision for MODCON
_____ ________, the easy creation and editing of arbitrary 3D solid shapes was developed in 1973, separately by three groups, • Ian Braid at Cambridge University, • Bruce Baumgart at Stanford, • Ari Requicha and Herb Voelcker at the University of Rochester.
Solid Modeling
In this method, a company examines a new tool and its features and then looks internally to see which current tool or tools could be replaced.
Swap Out Method
- 'Master' with multi-disciplinary education: - architecture, mathematics, engineering, materials, technology, etc. - Single point responsibility - Limited requirements for data sharing and/or visualization...
The Master Builder in Early Professional Practice
- Automated 'printing' of buildings from virtual models - Initial research efforts led by: - University of Southern California - Loughborough University, UK - 3D printing now being widely adopted in all industries...
The next logical step for BIM
Educated guess based on past performance and other available industry data to generate, although this method of scheduling has long been considered the golden standard, it is by no means effective.
Traditionally Created Schedules
Concurrent Conceptual Design Support - Seamless Integration: - across disciplines/processes/tools/etc. - Proactive Process Control - Link between BIM and Physical Construction - Support for Whole Building Lifecycle: - Concept -> Design -> Construction...Demolition
What is missing from BIM?
- Ensuring that the other party only gets elements relevant to her part of the job. - Ensuring that element interpretation is correct regardless of the differences between the parties.
Workflow compatibility
B-rep represented shapes as a ______, oriented set of bounded surfaces. A shape was a set of these bounded surfaces that satisfied a defined set of volume-enclosing criteria, regarding connectedness, orientation, and surface continuity among others (Requicha 1980).
closed
The use of BIM during ________________ for spatial coordination was a catalyst for the rapid adoption of BIM in the construction industry.
constructability
The ____ _____ of BIM is the ability to take model information and extend its use by giving it meaning for other related workflows and processes.
core value
The _______ of BIM is to build a structure virtually prior to physically constructing it.
promise
The major benefits of interoperability are not limited to automating an exchange but the larger benefits include:
• refining work flows, • eliminating steps, and • improving processes.
