CNG 202 Unix Administration
After typing the command umask 731, the permissions on all subsequently created files and directories will be affected. In this case, what will be the permissions on all new files?
---r--rw-
The command chmod 317 file1 would produce which of the following lines in the ls command?
--w-r--rwx 1 user1 root 0 Apr 29 15:40 file1
Hardware platform
A particular configuration and grouping of computer hardware, normally centered on and determined by processor type and architecture.
user
A person who uses a computer
partition
A physical division of a hard disk drive
Device Driver
A piece of software containing instructions that the kernal of a operating system uses to control and interact with a specific type of computer hardware.
symbolic link
A pointer to another file on the same or another filesystem; commonly referred to as shortcut
special device file
A file used to identify hardware devices such as hard disks and serial ports.
/etc/fstab
A file used to specify which filesystem to mount automatically at boot time and queried by the mount
Beowulf Clustering
A popular and widespread method of clustering computers together to perform useful tasks using Linux
data blocks
A filesystem allocation unit in which the data that makes up the contents of the file as well as the filename are stored.
GNU project
A free operating system project started by Richard Stallman
storage Area Network (SAN)
A group of computers that access the same storage device across a fast network
Cluster
A grouping of several smaller computers that function as one large supercomputer
physical volume (PV)
A hard disk partition that is used by the LVM
soft limit
A hard disk quota that the user can exceed for a certain period of time
hard limit
A hard disk quota that the user cannot exceed
Development Kernal
A linux Kernal whose minor number is odd and has been recently developed yet not thoroughly
permissions
A list that identifies who can access who can access a file or folder and their and their level of access.
socket file
A named pipe connecting processes on two different computers;
SCSI ID
A number that uniquely identifies and prioritizes devices attatched to a SCSI controller
mounting
A process used to associate a device with a directory in the logical directory tree such that users can store data on that device
Process
A program loaded into memory and running on the processor, performing a specific task
cylinder
A series of tracks on a hard disk that are written to simultaneously by the magnetic heads in a hard disk drive.
Program
A set of instructions that knows how to interact with the operating system and computer hardware to perform specific tasks; Stored as a file on some media(hard disk drive)
logical volume manager (LVM)
A set of software components within Linux that can be used to manage the storage of information across several different hard disks on a Linux system
Linux
A software operating system originated by Linus Torvalds. The common core, or Kernal, continues to evolve and be revised. Differing OSS bundled with the Linux kernal is what defines the wide variety of distributions now available.
hot fix
A solution made by a closed source vendor that fixes a software bug
directory
A special file on the filesystem used to organize other files into a logical tree structure.
umask
A special variable used to alter the permissions on all new files and directories by taking away select default file and directory permissions. A command used to view and change the umask variable.
Flavor
A specific type of UNIX operating system. like Solaris from UNIX.
named pipe file
A temporary connection that sends information from one command or process in memory to another; it can also be represented by a file on the filesystem
recursive
A term referring to itself and its own contents; a recursive search includes all subdirectories in a directory and their contents.
spanning
A type of RAID level 0 that allows two or more devices to be represented as a single large volume
Multitasking
A type of operating system that has the capability to manage multiple tasks simultaniously
Multiuser
A type of operating system that has the capability to provide access to multiple users simultaneously.
logical unit number (LUN)
A unique identifier for each device attatched to any given node in a SCSI chain.
nano editor
A user-friendly terminal text editor that uses Ctrl key combination to perform basic functions
PATH variable
A variable that stores a list of directories that will be searched on order when commands are executed without an absolute or relative pathname.
egrep
A variant of the grep command, used to search files for patterns using extended regular expressions
HP-UX
A version of UNIX developed by Hewlett-Packard
AIX
A version of UNIX developed by IBM
Solaris
A version of UNIX developed by Sun micro systems from AT&T source code.
logical volume (LV)
A volume that is managed by the LVM and composed of free space within a VG
FSF
Free Software Foundation, An organization started by Richard Stallman, that promotes and encourages the collaboration of software developers worldwide to allow the free sharing of source code and software programs
GPL
GNU Public License, A software license ensuring that the source code for any OSS will remain freely available to anyone who wants to examine, build on, or improve.
GNOME
GNU network Object Model Environment, One of the two competing graphical user interface (GUI) environments for Linux
GNU
GNU's not UNIX
GUI
Graphical User Interface, The component of an operating system that provides a user friendly interface comprising graphics or icons to represent desired tasks. Users can point and click to execute a command rather than having to know commands
Solid-State Drives(SSDs)
Hard disk devices that use flash memory chips for storage instead of electromagnetic platters
What is a minor number?
Indicates the stability of a kernel
IP
Internet Protocol address, A unique string of numbers assigned to a computer to uniquely identify it on the internet
The root user utilizes the chgrp command to give ownership of a file to another user. What must the root user do to regain ownership of the file?
Run chown and list the root user as the new owner.
inode table
The collections of indoors for all inodes for all files and directories on a filesystem.
X Windows
The core component of the GUI on Linux
When you change the data in a file that is hard-linked to three others, __________
The data in the file you modified as well as the data in all hard-linked files are modified, because they share the same data and all have the same indoor and file size.
primary group
The default group to which a user belongs
/home directory
The default location for user home directories.
/tmp directory
The directly that holds temporary files created by programs
mount point
The directory in a file structure to which something is mounted
/dev directory
The directory off the root where device files are typically stored.
/bin directory
The directory that contains binary commands for all users.
/dev directory
The directory that contains device files
/var directory
The directory that contains log files and spools.
/usr directories
The directory that contains most system commands and utilities
/proc directory
The directory that contains process and kernel information
/lib directory
The directory that contains shared program libraries (used by the commands in/bin and /sbin) as well as kernel modules.
/sbin directory
The directory that contains system binary commands(used for administration)
/etc directory
The directory that contains system-specific configuration files.
/boot directory
The directory that contains the Linux kernal and Files used by the boot loader data block.
/opt directory
The directory that stores additional software programs
filesystem corruption
The errors in a filesystem structure that prevent the retrieval of stored data
root filesystem
The filesystem that contains most files that make up the operating system; it should have enough free space to prevent errors and slow performance
A user types in the command head /poems/mary. What will be displayed on the terminal screen?
The first 10 lines of the file mary
UNIX
The first true multitasking, multiuser operating system developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, from which Linux was originated
user Interface
The interface the user sees and uses to interact with the operating system and application programs
concatenation
The joining of text to make one larger whole. In lInux, words and strings of text are joined together to form a displayed file.
hard disk quotas
The limits on the number of files, or total storage space on a hard disk drive, available to a user
quotas
The limits that can be imposed on users and groups for filesystem usage
/usr/local directory
The location for most additional programs
interactive mode
The mode that file management commands use when a file can be overwritten; the system interacts with a user, asking the user to confirm the action.
revision number
The number after the second dot in the version number of a Linux kernal, which identifies the certain release number of a kernal.
Minor Number
The number following the first dot in the number used to identify a Linux kernal version. denoting a minor modification. if odd, it is a version under development and not yet fully tested. see also development kernal and production kernal.
Major Number
The number proceeding the first dot in the number used to identify a Linux kernal version. It is used to denote a major change or modification.
major number
The number used by the kernel to identify which device driver to call to interact properly with a given category of hardware; hard disk drives, CD-ROM's and video cards are all categories of hardware; similar devices share a common major number
minor number
The number used by the kernel to identify which specific hardware device, within a given category, to use a driver to communicate with; see also major number
filesystem
The organization imposed on a physical storage medium that is used to manage the storage and retrieval of data
Proxy server
a server or hardware device that requests Internet resources on behalf of other computers.
which
command used to locate files that exist within directories listed in the PATH variable
tune2fs
command used to modify ext2 and ext3 filesystem parameters
cfdisk
command used to partition hardisks; it displays a graphical interface in which the user can select partitioning options.
requota
command used to produce a report on quotas for a particular filesystem
FQDN
fully qualified domain name, a string of words identifying a server on the internet.
parent directory
the directory that is one level closer to the root directory in the directory tree relative to your current directory
linked file
the files that represent the same data as other files
absolute pathname
the full pathname to a certain file or directory, starting from the root directory.
wildcard metacharacters
the metacharacters used to match certain characters in a file or directory name; they are often used to specify multiple files.
target file/directory
the portion of a command that refers to the file or directory to which information is directed.
superblock
the portion of a filesystem that stores critical information such as the indoor table.
text tools
the program that allows for the creation, modification and searching of text files
filename
the user friendly identifier given to a file
Hard Links need to reside on the same filesystem as the target, whereas symbolic links need not be on the same filesystem as the target.
true
Linux has only one root directory per directory tree.
true
Given the following output from the ls command, how many files are linked with file1?
two
find
command used to find files on a file system using various criteria
Which of the following statements are true?
-Quotas can limit both user space and the number of files a user can own - Hard limits can never be exceeded - Soft limits allow a user to exceed them for a certain period of time
You plug a USB flash memory drive into a system that has two SATA hard disks. How will the partition on the USB flash memory drive be identified by Linux?
/dev/sdc1
Linus Torvalds
A Finnish Graduate student who coded and created the first version of Linux and subsequently distributed it under the GNU project License.
GUI Environment
A GUI core component such as Windows X, combined with a window manager and desktop environment that provides the look and feel of a GUI. Although functionality might be similar among GUI environments, users might prefer one environment to another due to its ease.
production kernal
A Linux Kernal whose minor number (the number after the dot in the version number) is even and which is, therefore, deemed stable for use after widespread testing.
software RAID
A RAID system that is controlled by software running within the operating system
Serial Attatched SCSI (SAS)
A SCSI technology that transfers information in serial mode rather than the traditional parallel mode.
mkfs (make filesystem)
A command used to format or create filesystems
mount
A command used to mount filesystems on a device to mount point directories
mkswap
A command used to prepare newly created swap partitions for use by the Linux system
Distribution
A complete set of operating system software including the Linux kernal, supporting function libraries, and a variety of OSS packages are what differentiates the various distributions of Linux.
tarball
A compressed archive of files containing scripts that install Linux software to the correct locations on a computer system
Server
A computer configured to allow other computers to connect to it from across a network
router
A computer running routing software, or a special-function hardware device providing interconnection between networks; it contains information regarding the structure of the networks and sends information from one component network to another.
Workstation
A computer used to connect to services on a server
home directory
A directory on the filesystem set aside for users to store personal files and information
subdirectory
A directory that resides within another directory in the directory tree.
/media directory
A directory typically used for mounting removable media devices
Network File System (NFS)
A distributed filesystem developed by Sun Microsystems that allows computers of differing types to access files shared on the network.
executable program
A file that can be executed by the Linux operating system to run in memory as a process and perform a useful function
/proc/devices
A file that contains currently used device information
binary data file
A file that contains machine language (binary 1s and 0s) and stores info (such as common functions and graphics) used by binary compiled programs
device file
A file used by Linux commands that represents a specific device on the system; These files do not have a data section and use major and minor numbers to reference the proper driver and specific device on the system, respectively.
/mnt directory
An empty directory used for temporarily mounting media.
segmentation fault
An error that software encounters when it cannot locate the information needed to complete its task.
Newsgroup
An internet protocol service accessed via an application program called a newsreader. This service allows access to postings (email's in a central place accessible by all newsgroup users) normally, organized along specific themes. Users with questions on specific topics can post messages which can be answered by other users.
search Engine
An internet website like Google
Artistic license
An open source License that allows source code to be distributed freely but at the discretion of the original owner.
database
An organized set of data
filename extension
At the end of a filename, a dot followed by a series of identifiers that denotes the file type; the filename extension .txt denotes a text file
BSD
Berkeley Software Distribution, A version of UNIX developed out of the original UNIX source code and given free to the university of California at Berkeley by AT&T.
Which of the following is an absolute pathname?
C:\myFolder\resume
chgrp (change group)
Command used to change the group owner of a file or directory
DBMS
Database Management System, software that manages data.
The tac command __________.
Displays the contents of a file in reverse order, last line first and first line last.
What was created to define a standard directory structure and common file location for Linux?
FHS
The less command offers less functionality than the more command.
False
ISO images
Files that contain an ISO 9660 filesystem within
FHS
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, A standard outlining the location of set files and directories on a Linux system
What must a user do to run cp or mv interactively and be asked if she wants to overwrite an existing file?
Just type cp or mv, because they run in interactive mode by default.
KDE
K desktop environment, One of the competing graphical user interfaces(GUI) available for Linux
LDP
Linux Documentation Project, A large collection of Linux resources, information, and help files supplied free of charge and maintained by the Linux community.
LUG
Linux User Group, An open forum of Linux users who discuss and help each other in using and modifying the Linux operating system and the OSS run on it. There are LUG's worldwide.
MDA
Mail Delivery Agent, The service that downloads e-mail from a mail transfer agent
MTA
Mail Transfer agent, An email server
MUA
Mail User Agent, A program that allows email to be read by a user.
MINIX
Mini-UNIX created by Andrew Tannenbaum. Instructions on how to code the kernal for this version of the UNIX operating system were publicly available. Using this as a starting point, Linus Torvalds improved this version of UNIX for the Intel Platform and created the first version of Linux.
A user runs the fsck command with the - a option on a filesystem that is showing signs of corruption. How would that user locate any files the system was unable to repair?
Mount the filesystem and check the lost+found directory underneath the mount point
MULTICS
Multiplexed information and computing service, A prototype time-sharing operating system that was developed in the late-1960's by AT&T Bell Laboratories.
SuSE
One of the most popular and prevalent distributions of Linux in Europe
Red Hat
One of the most popular and prevalent distributions of Linux in North America distributed and supported by Red Hat Inc. Fedora is a red hat-based Linux distribution.
command mode
One of the two models in vi; it allows a user to perform any available text editing task that is not related to inserting text into the document
OSS
Open-Source Software, The program distributed and licensed so that the source code making up the program is freely available to anyone who wants to examine, utilize or improve upon it.
OS
Operating system, The software used to control and directly interact with computer hardware components.
EMACS
Popular and widespread text editor more conducive to vi.
FAQ's
Really!?
Freeware
Software distributed by the developer at no cost to the user.
disk-burning software
Software that can be used to record data to CD-RW or DVD-RW media
overclocked
Term used to describe a CPU that runs faster than the clock speed for which it has been rated.
system service
The additional functionality provided by a program that has been incorporated into and started as part of the operating systems
track
The area on a hard disk that forms a concentric circle of sectors.
bad blocks
The areas of a storage medium
physical extent (PE) size
The block size used by the LVM when storing data on a volume group
Scalability
The capability of computers to increase workload as the number of processors increases
Kernal
The central, core program of the operating system. The shared commonality of the kernal is what defines Linux; the differing OSS applications that can interact with the common kernal are what differentiates Linux distributions
mode
The part of the indoor that stores information on access permissions.
source file/directory
The portion of a command that refers to the file or directory from which information is taken.
inode
The portion of a file that stores information on the file's attributes, access permissions, locations
formatting
The process in which a filesystem is placed on a hardisk
redundant array of independent disks (RAID)
The process of combining the storage space of several hard disks drives into one larger, logical storage unit.
syncing
The process of writing data to the hard disk drive that was stored in RAM
Shareware
The program developed and provided at minimal cost to the end user. These programs are initially free but require payment after a period of time or a certain amount of usage.
Software
The programs stored on a storage device in a computer that provides a certain function when executed.
/root directory
The root user's home directory
Server service
The service that are made available for other computers across a network
Workstation services
The services that are used to access shared resources on a network shared resources on a network server
Source code
The sets of organized instructions on how to function and perform tasks that define or constitute a program
sector
The smallest unit of data storage on a hard disk; sectors are arranged into concentric circles called tracks and can be grouped into blocks for use by the system
Application
The software that runs on an operating system and provides the user with specific functionality. (word Processing, financial calculations...)
Package manager
The software used to install, mantain and remove other software programs by storing all relevant software information in a central software database on the computer.
Closed Source Software
The software whose source code is not freely available from the original author, (eg.Windows 7)
character devices
The storage devices that transfer data to and from the system one data bit at a time; they are represented by character device files
Programming Language
The syntax used for developing a program. Different programming languages use different syntaxes.
Parallel SCSI
The traditional SCSI technology that transfers data across parallel cables
block
The unit of data commonly used by filesystem commands; a block can contain several sectors
owner
The user whose name appears in a long listing of a file or directory and who has the ability to change permissions on that file or directory
TCO
Total Cost of Ownership, the full sum of all accumulated costs, over and above the simple purchase price of utilizing a product. Includes training, maintenance, additional hardware and downtime.
A directory is a type of file?
True
A user mounts a device to a mount point directory and realizes afterwards that there are files previously found within the mount point directory that are needed. What should this user do?
Unmount the device from the directory
After typing the ls -F command, you see the following line in the output: -rw-r-xr-- 1 user1 root 0 Apr 29 15:40 file1 What does this mean?
User1 has read and write permission, members of the root group have read and execute permissions, and all others have read permissions to the file.
volume group
VG is a group of physical volumes that are used by the LVM
Which of the following statements regarding LVM structure is correct?
VGs are composed of one or more PVs
group
When used in the mode of a certain file or directory, the collection of users who have ownership of that file or directory
user
When used in the mode of a certain file or directory, the owner of that file or directory.
Using wildcard metacharacters, how can you indicate a character that is not a or b or c or d?
[!a-d]
If "resume" is the name of a file in the home directory off the root of the filesystem and your present working directory is home, what is the relative name for the file named resume?
\home\resume
hard link
a file joined to other files on the same filesystem that shares the same inode
log file
a file that contains past system events
cracker
a person that uses computer software for malicious activities.
Hacker
a person who explores computer science to gain knowledge. It should not be confused with the term cracker
fuser
command used to identify any users or processes using a particular file or directory
You want to see the filesystem that are presently in used on the system. What command could you use?
cat /etc/mtab
When applied to a directory, the SGID special permission _____________.
causes all new files created in the directory to have the same group membership as the directory, and not the entity that created them
A user typed in the command pwd and saw the following output: /home/jim/sales/pending. How could that user navigate to the /home/jim directory?
cd ../..
If a user's current directory is /home/mary/project1 which command could she use to move to the etc directory directly under the root?
cd /etc
cd
change directory
A file has the following permissions: r----x-w-. The command chmod 143 would have the same effect as the command __________.
chmod u=x,g=r,o=wx file1
Which of the following commands will change the user ownership and group ownership of file1 to user1 and root, respectively?
chown user1:root file1
ll
command alias for ls -l gives long file listing
The vi editor can function in which two of the following modes?
command and insert
dd
command that can be used to write images to a device such as a USB flash memory drive or hard disk
tac
command that displays a file on a screen, beginning with the last line of the file and ending with the first line of the file
more
command that displays a text file page-by-page and line-by-line on the terminal screen
du command
command that displays directory usage
tail
command that displays lines of text at the end of a file; by default, the tail command displays the last ten lines
od
command that displays the contents of a file in octal format.
file
command that displays the file type of a specified file name
head
command that displays the first 10 lines of a text file by default.
fgrep
command that does not allow the use of regular expressions
ls
command that lists the files in a given directory
grep
command that searches files for patterns of characters using regular expression metacharacters. global regular expression print.
mkdir
command the command used to create directories
mkisofs
command to make ISO image from one or many files on the system
pvscan
command to view LVM physical volumes
quotaon
command used to activate disk quotas
vgextend
command used to add additional physical volumes to an LVM volume group
lvextend
command used to add additional space from volume groups to existing LVM logical volumes
umount
command used to break the association between between a device and a directory in the logical directory tree
chmod
command used to change the mode(permissions) of a file or directory.
chown
command used to change the owner and group owner of a file or directory.
fsck(file system check)
command used to check integrity of filesystem and repair damaged files
lvcreate
command used to create LVM logical volumes
pvcreate
command used to create LVM physical volumes
vgcreate
command used to create LVM volume groups
cp
command used to create copies of files and directories.
ln
command used to create hard and symbolic links
touch
command used to create new files. it was originally used to update the time stamp on a file.
fdisk
command used to create, delete, and manipulate partitions on hard disks
quotaoff
command used to deactivate disk quotas
swapoff
command used to disable a partition for use as virtual memory on the Linux system
less
command used to display a text file page-by-page on the terminal screen.
df
command used to display disk free space by filesystem
pwd
command used to display the current directory in the directory tree
swapon
command used to enable a partition for use as virtual memory
/dev/MAKEDEV
command used to re create a device file if one or more of the following pieces of device information is unknown: major number, minor number, or type(character or block)
mknod
command used to re-create a device file, provided the major number, minor number and type (character or block) are known
rmdir
command used to remove empty directories
rm
command used to remove files and directories
strings
command used to search for and display text characters in a binary file
edquota
command used to specify quota limits for users and groups
mv
command used to to move/rename files and directories.
lvdisplay
command used to view LVM logical volumes
lvscan
command used to view LVM logical volumes
pvdisplays
command used to view LVM physical volumes
vgdisplay
command used to view LVM volume groups
vgscan
command used to view LVM volume groups
quota
command used to view disk quotas imposed on a user
What does the /var directory contain?
contains log files and spools
terminator
device used to terminate an electrical conduction medium to absorb the transmitted signal and prevent signal bounce
Which command is used to display the amount of free space that exists on a filesystem
df
A symbolic link is also known as a soft link and is depicted by an @ symbol appearing at the beginning of the filename when viewed using the ls -l command
false
There is no real difference between the "S" and "s" special permissions when displayed using the ls -l command. One just means it is on a file and the other that it is on a directory.
false
Tab-completion feature
feature of BASH shell that fills in the remaining characters of a unique filename or directory name when the user presses Tab
text file
file that stores information in a readable text format
Which command is used to format a partition on a hard disk drive with the ext4 filesystem?
mke2fs -t ext4 device
HOWTO
help
vi editor
huh?
metacharacter
is used to represent a user's home directory
After typing the ls -F command, you notice a filename that ends with an asterisk(*) character. What does that mean?
it is an executable file
cat
linux command used to display(or concatenate) the entire contents of a text file to the screen
What will the following wildcard regular expression return: file[a-c]?
matches one character from the range specified within the braces or in other words. filea, fileb, filec
Which command mounts all existing filesystems in /etc/fstab?
mount -a
What does the mv command do?
moves directory/makes files
Which command do you use to rename files and directories
mv
After typing the ls -a command, you notice that there is a file whose filename begins with a dot(.) what does that mean?
one dot refers to the current directory
insert mode
one of the two modules in vi editor
relative pathname
pathname of a target directory relative to your current directory in the tree.
How can you specify a text pattern that must be at the beginning of a line of text using a regular expression?
precede with the string with a ^.
How can a user switch from insert mode to command mode when using the vi editor?
press the esc key
Which command would a user type on the command line to find out which directory in the directory tree he is currently located in?
pwd
What will typing q! at the : prompt in the command mode do when using the vi editor?
quit without saving any changes.
What are the three standard Linux permissions?
read write execute
Hardware
really!?? huh?!? Who do you think you are??
regexp
regular expression
A special device file is used to ________.
represent hardware devices such as hard disks and ports
The default permissions given by the system prior to analyzing the umask are ___________ for directories and _____________ for files.
rwxrwxrwx and rw-rw-rw-
The which command ____________.
searches for a file only in directories that are in the PATH variable.
target ID
see also SCSI ID
relative expressions
special metacharacters used to match patterns of text within text files; commonly used by text tool commands, including grep.
Which command searches for and displays any text contents of a binary file
strings
gedit editor
text editor used in the GUI
clustering
the act of making a cluster
locate
the command used to locate files from a file database
other
when used in the mode of a certain file or directory, refers to all users on the Linux system.