CNPS 365 quiz 1
PA thearpy techniques
1.free associations ¥ clients r encouraged to say whatever comes to mind ◦ no censorship n stuff ¥ must identify repressed material that is locked n unconscious 2.interpretation ¥ anaylsts point out ,explaining ,even teaching client meaning of behaviour that is manifested in dreams, free association, resistances, defences + therapeutic relationship itself ¥ enale ego to assimilate new material + speed up process of uncovering further unconscious material ¥ more of hypothesis; provided in collaborative manner to help clients make sense of their lives and to expand their consciousness ¥ phenomenon to be interpreted is close to conscious awareness ¥ therapists should interpret material that client has not yet seen But is capable of tolerating and incorporating 3.dream analysis ¥ latent content - hidden symbolic and unconscious motives, wishes, fears ◦ painful and threatening so transformed into manifest content (dream as it appears to dreamer) ¥ dream work : process by which latent content of dream is transformed into less threatening manifest content 4.analysis and interpretation of resistance ¥ resistance - anything that works against progress of therapy + prevents client from producing previously unconscious material ¥ any idea, attitude, feeling or action that fosters status quo and gets in the way of change ¥ therapists create safe climate so clients can recognize resistance and explore it in therapy ◦ don frame it negative way ◦ point out the most obvious resistances to lessen rejection from client + increase exploration ¥ recognize how they are repeating same dynamic patterns n relationships w/ therapist + present relations/ significant others
historical bg.
1.kierkegaard ¥ anxiety is school which we are educated to be a self , w/o experience of angst we may go thru life as sleep walkers ¥ sickness unto death when we r true to ourselves ¥ human is a project, task is to create, not find ¥ originator of existential perspective 2.friedrich nietzsche ¥ empahsized subjectivity ¥ rational is misleading - will to power; we give up honest acknowledge of this source of value when society invites us to rationalize powerlessness by advocating other world concerns ¥ creativity and originality ¥ originator of existential perspective 3.heidegger ¥ we exist in world + not try to think of ourselveve s a beings apart from world into which we are thro ¥ phenomenological existentialism - view of human history doesn't focus on past events but motivates individuals to look forward to authentic experiences that are yet to come 4.marin buber ¥ humans live n betweenness - there is never just an I but always an other ◦ i = agent, changes depending on whether other is an it or Thou ¥ I/it relationship r limiting ¥ presence ◦ enables tru I/thou ◦ allows for meaning to exist in situation ◦ enables individual to be responsible in here and now ¥ when relationship is fully mutual = dialogic (a fully human condition 5.ludwig binswanger ¥ holistic model of self addressing relation b/t person to enviro ¥ based on heideggers ¥ existential analysis - subjective = spiritual dimensions of human existence ¥ crises in therapy = major choice points for client 6.medard boss ¥ dasein - being in the world - ability to reflect on life events and attribute meaning to hose events ¥ therapists must enter clients subjective world without presuppositions that would get in way of experiential understanding 7.jean paul sartre ¥ existence of space- nothingness- between whole of our past and then ow frees us to choose what we will ¥ our values are what we choose ¥ failure to acknowledge our freedom = choices —> emotional problems ¥ freedom is hard to face so we tend to invent an excuse by saying, i change change now bc of mypastcondition = bad faith ¥ condemene to be free, to choose is to become committed ¥ ever action = choice
AT concepts
1.subjective perception of reality ¥ phenomenological - view world from clients subjective frame of reference ◦ individs perceptions, thoughts, feelings, values, beliefs, convictions + conclsions ◦ objective reality is less important that how we interpret reality = meanings we attach to what we experience 2.unity and patterns of human personality ¥ individual psyc -indivisible; unity + indivisibility of person and stressed understanding whole person in context of their life ¥ holistic concept - we cannot be understood in parts, must understand relation to socially embedded contracts ◦ more emphasis on interpersonal relationships > internal psychodynamics 3.behaviour as purposeful and goal oriented ¥ all human behaviour has purpose ¥ we can only think, feel, act in relation to our goal ¥ emphasize future; most decisions based on persons experiences on present situation + direction they r moving ¥ fictional finalism - imagined life goal that dudes persons behaviour ◦ it is now guiding self idea; goal of perfection - greater competence for oneself + common good of others ¥ final goal -> creative power to choose what we will accept as truth, how we will behave + how we will interpret events striving for significance and superiority ¥ inferiority is a step for 4.striving superiority ¥ superiority doesn't mean over others; its from a perceived lower position to perceived better (minus to plus) ¥ ppl cope w/ feelings of helplessness by striving for competence, self master, perfection 5.lifestyle ¥ movement fro m felt minus to desired plus results in development of life goal which unifies personality + invidious believfs and assumptions ¥ life style - our perceptions regarding self, others, world + includes connecting themes and rles of interaction that give meaning to our actions ◦ characteristic way we think, act, feel, perceive and live ¥ ppl are proactive to their social enviro ; events are not causes of what ppl become, interpretation of events that shape personality ¥ we can reframe childhood experiences + consciousy create a new style of living 6.social interest and community feeling ¥ gemeinschaftgefuhl - refers to individuals awareness of being part of human community + to individuals attitudes in dealing with the social world ¥ social interest -action line of one's community feeling + involves being as concerned about others as one is about themselves ◦ reflect capcity to cooperate + contribute to something bigger than themselves ◦ beegins in childhood + help child find place in society + acquire sense of belonging ◦ indicator of mental health ; those w/ it strive toward healthy/socially useful side of life (inferiority /alienation decrease) ¥ community feeling - feeling connected to all humanity- past present and future + being involved in making world a better place ◦ nuptials evolutionary need to belong + manifests itself in courage, empathy, caring , compassion etc ¥ many problems related to fear of not being accepted by groups we value -> anxiety
PHASE 2: assessing individuals psyc dynamics
1.¥ subjective interview - counsellor helps the client tell his or her life story as completely possible ◦ generous use of empathic listening and responding ◦ activelistening not enough ▪ significant question + inquiry ◦ treat clients as experts in their own lives, allowing clients to feel completely heard ¥ subjective interview should extract patterns in person life, develop hypothesis about what works for person, determine what accounts for the various concerns in the clients life ◦ is there anything else u think i should know to understand you and your concerns ◦ how would u like ur life do be diff/ what would u be doing differently ¥ organic = medical intervention if nothing would be diff 2.¥ objective interview - seeks to discover info about how problems in client life began, any preciptiating event,s medical history, social history, reason why client chose therapy at this time, persons coping w/ life task, lifestyle assessment ◦ also interpret persons early memories - understand meaning she/he attached to life experiences ◦ operates on assumption interpretations ppl develop about themselves, others, world ◦ ie jenny lived in critical enviro n now believes that she must be perfect o avoid even appearance f failure 3.early recollections ¥ series of small mysteries that can be womeven together into tapestry that leads to an understanding of how we view ourselves, world, life in the future ¥ we selectively attend to from the past is reflective of what we believe, how we behave in the present, our anticipation of the future ¥ only remember 6-12 memories b4 age 10 ◦ discovering how mistaken notions based faulty goals + values continue to create problems in clients life ◦ servce an organizaiton funciton to understanding the purposefulness of behaviour, style of live, striving for superior, holism + birth order ¥ use it as a positive technique to asses clients conditions about selfs, others ,life ,ethic s B) assess the clients stance in relation to counselling session and counselling relationship c) verify client coping patterns d) asses individual strengths, assets, and interfering ideas 4.integration and sumary ¥ integrated summaries devleoped - diff summaries prepared for diff clients but common ones are a narrative summary of persons subjective experience and life story, summary of fame constellation, developmental data, summerof early recollections, personal strengths, interfering areas, and summary of coping strategies
ego psychology
¥ ego psyc - emphasis on id, ego, super ego ◦ psychoaalysis to childrne/ adolescents
CPA code of ethics
CPA principle I: respect for dignity of person ● General respect, rights, fairness ● Psycs greatest responsibility to protect rights of those in most vulnerable positions (clients, students, research participants) ● Ethical standards: non-discrimination, fair treatment/due process, informed consent, protection of vulnerable individuals, confidentiality Principle I: confidentiality ● Professional standard of conduct not to disclose info abt client except under conditions agreed to by client ● An implied promise to keep info disclosed in psyc client relaitonship private Limits of confidentiality ● 1. Imminent risk of harm to self or others (case law, adult guardianship act) ● 2. Harm or risk of harm to child or senior (child, family, community service act) ● 3. Unsafe to drive (motor vehicle ct) - call a cab/COPS ● 4. Court order (ask if there are any legal proceedings) ● 5. Supervision (if applicable, are u ok with me telling supervisor in order to be better) principle II: responsible caring ● Welfare of consumers ● Greatest responsibility is to those in most vulnerable position (like I) ● Safeguarding wellbeing (II) rather than rights (I) ● Risk/benefit analysis & minimize harm and maximize benefits ● Need for competence & self knowledge principle III: integrity in relationships ● Accuracy & honesty ● Straightforwardness & openness Dual/Multiple Relationships • Dual or multiple relationships is where the psychologist functions in one professional role as well as another significant role in relation to the same person (e.g., therapist, supervisor, friend). sexual relations ● There are no circumstances in which sexual activity between psyc and client is acceptable principle IV: responsibility to society ● Advancement of knowledge & understanding ● Promotion of welfare of all human beings ● Respect for society & development of society ● Extended responsibility principle IV: responsibility to society ● Advancement of knowledge & understanding ● Promotion of welfare of all human beings ● Respect for society & development of society ● Extended responsibiliy
PA pros & cons
PROS: -erkson - sociocultural fators affecting ppl in many cultures over life span -can help review enviro situations at various critical turning points to determine how they've affected them -therapists become aware of their own sources of countertransference, including their biases, prejudices, racial/ethnic stereotypes shortcomings ¥ traditional psychoanalytic approaches = costly, generally perceived as being based n upper and middle class values ¥ psychoanalytic therapy - personality reconstruction LT > st problems
AT: Pros & cons
STRENGTHS: ¥ hold great promise for addressing diversity issues cuz emphasis on understanding individ in familiar, social cultural context, role of social interest = contributing to others + focus on belonging and collective spirit ¥ alderian therapist tend to focus on cooperation + social oriented values as opposed to competitive and inviidualitc values ¥ adaptble to cultural values that emphasize community ¥ not wedded to any particular set of procedures + may apply range of cognitive/action-oriented techniques ¥ many clients have conditioned to respect am heritage appreciate their fan on their own personal development ¥ culture is vantage point from which life is experience + interpreted = their customs must be addressed by individual shortcomingsfrom diversity perspective ¥ primary empahsis on changing autonomous self amy be problematic ¥ ppl who not interested in exploring past childhood experiences/ dremas/ family experiences ¥ limited effectiveness for clients who do not understand purpose e of exploring details of lifespan ¥ alderman therapists are not experts in solving other pals problems - teach ppl alternative methods of coping w/ life concerns ¥ may find inappropro to share am information n shit ¥ if therapist is able to demonstrate an understanding of clients cultural values, it is likely that this person will be more open to assessment ant treatment process
EP: PROS & CONS
Strengths ¥ highly relevant for multicultural context ¥ most useful approach to finding meaning + harmony ¥ emphasizes presence, I/thou relationship courage ¥ useful in working with culturaly diverse populations bc focus on universality or simulates we share ¥ focus on subjective epxeirence/phenomenololgy + strength ¥ inviting clients to examine degree to which their behaviour is being influenced by social + cultural conditioning ¥ their freedom can be hindered by institutions and limited by their fan - difficult to separate individual freedom + context of fame structure ¥ wide ranging international interest short comings ¥ excessively individualistic and ignore social factors that cause human problems ¥ schneider - existnetial integrative: existential practitioners are not only concerned w/ facilitating individual change but with promoting an in-depth inquiry that as implications for social change ◦ one cannot heal individuals to the neglect of social context within which they are thrust ◦ to be responsible - one must develop a vision of responsible social change alongside + coordination w/ ones vision of individual transformation ◦ those who enter feel like they have very little choice esp institutional discrimination ◦ therapeutic practice will be effective only to extent that therapists eintervene w/ some form of social action of change those factors that are creating clients problem ◦ highly focused on philosophical assumption of self determination - not account complex factors that many people who have been oppressed must deal with ◦ not possible to think about self an d self determination apart from context of social network + enviro conditions ¥ instrumental in fact that enables clients to make conscious choices when it comes to values they live by ¥ they do assist clients in critically evaluating source of their values + making choice rather than uncritically accepting the values of their culture/family ¥ some clients want structured + problem oriented approach - they expect counsellor to bring about change in their life ¥ challnege: provide enough concert direction for these clients without taking the responsibility away from them
id, ego, super ego
id ¥ original sys of personality - primary source of psychic energy + seats instincts ¥ pleasure principle: reducing tension, avoiding pain, gaining pleasure; illogical, amoral + driven to satisfy ego ¥ contact external world of reality ¥ reality principle: ego is realistic + logical thinking and formulates plans of action for satisfying needs as seat of intelligence + rationality superego ¥ judicial branch of personality ¥ represents ideal > real, strives for perfection not pleasure ¥ represents trad values + ideals passed on ¥ rewards = pride/self love; punishments = guilt/inferior
contemp EP figures
james bugental ¥ life changing psychotherapy - effort to help clients examine how they have answered life existential questions + invite them to revise their answers so they can live more authentically ¥ presence & searching - helping client make new discovers rather than talking about themselves ¥ resistance to being fully present in therapy + in life ◦ self-and-world construct: how a person understands his or her being and relationship to world at large ◦ therapists tags resistance os client increase his or her awareness -> more choice ¥ here-and-now dialogue british contribution to existential therapy ¥ emmy van deurzen - not to cure ppl - find meaning in past hardships > experience these difficulties as defining them in old patterns ¥ able to recongize contradictions and paradoxes of life and to face their troubles and solve dilemmas
proposition 4: search for meaning
problem of discardingg old values ¥ clients may discard traditional values w/ o creating other suitable ones to replace them ¥ help clients create a value system based on way of living that is consistent with their way of being ¥ job to trust capacity of clients to eventually create and internally derived value sys that provides foundation for a meaningful life meaninglessness ¥ existential neurosis - experience of meaninglessness ◦ wonder whether its wort to struggle/ even living ¥ existential vaccum - meaninglesness can lead to emptiness and hollowness ◦ when ppl do not busy themselves creating new meaning ¥ logotherapy - help clients find meaning in life ◦ point out they can create meaning even in suffering ◦ human suffering can be turned into human achievement by stand an individual takes when faced it ¥ those who can confront pain -> effectively deal w/ their despair and thus triumph ¥ meaning is subjective, not universal
brief psychoanalytic thearpy
¥ - 10-24 sess, useing psychodyanmic concetps - enduring imapct of psychosexual, ssocial, object relation stages of development, existence of unconsciousness + resistance, interpretation, working alliance, reenactment of clisnets past emotional issues + relation to therapist ◦ goal to foster changes in behaviour, thinking feeling ◦ using client-therapist relationship to understand how person interacts with world ◦ ppl are more direct + confrontative ◦ suited for ppl who are neurotic,m motivated, focused
relational model
¥ - therapy is an interactional process b/t client + therapist ◦ ushered emphasis on more egalitarian therapeutic style ◦ relational analysts put value on not knowing and approach clients w/ genuine curiosity ◦ therapists expect to participate in mutual enactments or repetition of themes froom clients life that evoke themes of their own ¥ our internal (unconscious structures) are all relational and relative
issues faced by beginning counsellors
¥ 1. dealing with anxiety ◦ u aware of uncertainties of future w clients = abilities to be really their for them ◦ recognize and deal with them! ¥ 2. being yourself + self-disclosure ◦ overly concerned with what books say and what to proceed ◦ too less exposure vs too much( what to reveal, when to reveal, how much to reveal) ¥ 3. avoiding perfectionism ◦ its great to make mistakes ¥ 4. being honest about your limitations ◦ can't succeed with every client ◦ learn how and when to make referral for clients when ur limitations prevent you from helping them ¥ 5. understanding silence ◦ may be refreshing or overwhelming ◦ acknowledge and explore client with the meaning of silence ¥ 6. dealing with demands from clients ◦ make ur expectations and boundaries clear during initial counselling sessions or in disclosure statement ¥ 7. dealing with clients who lack commitment ◦ clear limits of confidentiality + other factors affecting course f therapy ◦ important ot prepare the for the process ¥ 8. tolerating ambiguity ◦ clients seem to get worse b4 show therapeutic gains ◦ gains may manifest after therapy ¥ 9. becoming aware of your counter transference ◦ countertransference: any of our projections that influence the way we perceive and react to client ◦ triggered by emotional reactivty, respond defensively, or when lose ability to be present in relation bc of our own issues become involved ◦ more important to be willing to work on ourselves in our own sessions with another therapist, supervisor or colleague ¥ 10. developing a sense of humour ◦ laughter can be used to cover up anxiety, escape from experiencing threatening material ◦ distinguish between ◦ distracting humour or enhancing situation ¥ 11. sharing responsibility with client ◦ designing contracts + homework assignments with ur clients can be instrumental to your clients increasingly finding directions within themselves ¥ 12. decliing to give advice ¥ 13. defining your role as a counsellor ◦ central function is to help clients recognize their own strengths, discover what is preventing them for using their resources, + clarifying what kind of life they want to live ¥ 14. learning to use techniques appropriately ◦ know theoretical rationale for each technique u use + if they are appropriate for goals of therapy ¥ 15. developing your own counselling style ◦ no one way to conduct therapy ¥ 16. maintaining your vitality as person and as professional ◦ self monitoring is first step ▪ hoenst inventory of how well u are taking care of urself and in what domains u want to change ▪ self care isn't luxury it is an ethical mandate
psychosexual stage
¥ 1. oral stage- inability to trust oneself,others/ fear of loving + forming close relations + low self esteem ¥ 2. anal stage - inability to recognize and express anger -> denial of one's own power as person + lack sense of autonomy ¥ 3. phallic stage - inability to fully accept one's sexuality + sexual feelings + also to one's difficulty in accepting oneself as man or woman
life tasks
¥ 3 universal life tasks ◦ building friendships (social task) ◦ establishing intimacy (love-marriage task) ◦ contributing to society ( occupational task) ◦ need to address regardless of other contextual factors like age ◦ each requires development for friendship ,b belonging, contribution, self worth + cooperation ◦ impairment in any one -> psyc disorder ◦ personality = result of stances taken in relation to life tasks ▪ therapy is when we r struggling ▪ aim to develop increased social interest + modify lifestyles
significance of the unconscious
¥ From such a "topographic" perspective, Freud (1926) reached another crucial conclusion: certain mental contents that had previously been conscious may arouse sufficient shame, guilt, or anxiety to set in motion a variety of mental processes that either render them entirely unconscious or deprive them of their emotional charge, disavow their significance, or shift responsibility for them to someone else ¥ Freud's insight about the great frequency of conflicts between aspects of personal motivation and the need to avoid painful emotions has made it possible to intervene therapeutically (not only by means of analytic treatment proper but also through a variety of psychotherapies based on psychoanalytic principles) in a manner that may establish effective defenses without stifling the individual. compulsion to repeat:. Freud observed that analysands were never aware of any motive for these behaviors, nor could an observer discover any in every instance; hence Freud (1920) rightly concluded that there has to be a fundamental biological basis, inherent in the organization of the central nervous system, for the tendency to repeat. genetic and structural view points: ¥ role of early childhood vicissitudes (the traumatic consequences of stressful experiences, of illness and, above all, of unfortunate family relationships) in personality development and pathogenesis ¥ it was the structural viewpoint that provided Freud's psychological theory with its connection to neuroscience. ◦ realization that the long-term effects of early experience imply that it has left behind affect-laden memories that continue to act as structured mental dispositions, that is, enduring functional propensities
phase 4: reorientation and re-education
¥ action oriented phase ¥ client can choose to adopt a new style of life based n insights they gained in earlier phases of etharpy ¥ figuring out how to orient their current style of living to useful side of life ¥ increasing their community feeling + social interest ¥ useless side of life - self absorption, withdrawal from life tasks ,self protection, acts against one fellow human being - pp. are less functional + vscusceptible to ospychopathology ¥ reorientation - shifting rules of interactions, process and motivation ◦ shifts are facilitated thru changes in awareness - often during therapy session which are transformed into tin outside therapy office ◦ esp at this phase of therapy, adlerians focus on education encouragement process ¥ bbuild courage as ppl become more aware, sense they're not along + hope - they see new possibilities for themselves and dailyy living ¥ encouragement in promoting and activating social interest ¥ clients are encourage to recognize that they are in charge of their own lives and can make different choices based n new understandings 2.change and search for new possibilities ¥ clients are asked to catch themselves in process of repeating old patterns that have led to ineffective behaviour ¥ if clients hope to change, they must be willing to set tasks for themselves in everyday life + do something specific about their problems ¥ clients translate their new insights into concrete actions ¥ stress that it takes courage = encouragement for clients to apply what they have learned in therapy to daily living 3.making a difference ¥ manifest by change in behaviour, attidue or perception ¥ techniques - names of immediacy , advice, humour ,silence, paradoxical intentions, avoiding traps, confrontation , use of stores and fable,s early recollection analysis, lifestyle assessment encouraging, task setting and committing, giving homework, terminating and summarizing have been used ¥ focus on motivation modification > behaviour change and encourage clients to make holistic changes on useful side of living ¥ pushbutton technique - help clients become aware of their role in contributing to unpleasant feelings ◦ recreate unpleasant memory which is then followed by recalling a pleasure memory ◦ depressive memory put index on right leg; happy memory put index on other leg ◦ recognizes control is major theme in depression; help regain sense of control over negative feelings that seem overwhelming an effective way of using technique - teen/adult
jung's perspective of personality
¥ analytical psyc: elaborate explanation of human nature that combines ideas from history mythology, anther, religion ¥ we are influenced by our future as well as past ¥ present personality is shaped by who and what we have been + what we aspire to be ¥ individuation: harmoniious integration of conscious and unconscious aspects of personality - innate + primary goal ¥ shadow - primitive impulses such as selfishness and greed ¥ collective unconscious- deepest and least accessible level of psyche which contains acucmulaition of inherited experiences of human and prehuman species ¥ images of universal experiences in collective unconscious are archetypes ◦ persona - public face we wear to protect ourselves ◦ animus/anima- masculinity/ feminity ◦ shadow - most dangerou/powerful ¥ dreams have purposes they are prospective - help people prepare themselves for the experience; aim is resolution + integration
types of anxiety (freud)
¥ anxiety -feeling of dread that results form repressed feelings, memories, desires, experiences that ermine to surface of awareness ¥ state of tension that motivates us to do something ◦ develops out of conflict among id, ego, superego ¥ reality anxiety - fear of danger from external world ¥ neurotic anxiety: fear that all instincts will get out of hand + causee person to do something that will get them punished ¥ moral anxiety: fear of one's own conscience ◦ feel guilty when do something contrary to moral code
PA therapist function and role
¥ blank screen approach - avoid self disclosure and maintain sense of neutrality to foster transference relationship (clients make projections unto them) ¥ help clients qcquire freedom to love, work, n play ◦ self awareness, honesty, effective personal relationships, realistic way of coping + controlling anxiety/impulses ¥ therapeutic alliance is primary treatment goal + repairing damaged alliance is essential if therapy is to progress ¥ interpretations - acerbate process of uncovering unconscious material ◦ PT pays attention to what's spoken and not, listen for gaps + inconsistence,s infers meaning of reported dreams/free associations, remain sensitive to clues concerning clients feelings toward therapist ◦ teach clients meaning of these processes -> achieve insight + increase awareness of ways to change -> gain control ◦ psychodynamic - foster capacity of clients to solve their own problems
profession/personal boundaries
¥ boundary crossing: departure from a commonly accepted practice that could be potentially benefit a client (i.e. attending a wedding of client could be beneficial) ¥ boundary violation - serious breach that harms client + therefore unethical such as exploitation
summary of stages of development (contempt PA)
¥ central influence on contemp object relationships ¥ normal infantile autism (first 3 weeks) infant presumed to be responding more to states of phsyiologicaltension than psyc processes ◦ infant processes parts not unified self ¥ 2. symbiosis (3-8 mo): infant has pronounced dependency on mother ¥ seperation individuation (405 mo) , child moves away from symbiotic forms or relating but still turns for comfort and confirmation ¥ children who do not experience pop to differentiate + lack pop to idealize others while also taking pride in themselves may suffer from narcissistic character disorders/ self esteem ¥ narcisstic personality - grandiose/ exaggerated sense of self importance + epxloitive attitude towards other masking a frail self concept ¥ borderline personality disorder - rooted in period of separation + individuation ◦ mchildren unable to tolerate beginning individuation + withdraw emotional support ◦ borderline people - instability, irritability, self destructive acts impulsive ange, extreme mood shifts - lack of clear identity/ understanding of others, poor impulse control inability to tolerate anxiety ¥ final sulphas involved move toward constancy of self and object ◦ children can relate w/o being overwhelmed of fears of losing sense of individuality
relationship b/t PA therapist + clients
¥ classical - analysts stands outside relation, comments on it, offers insight producing inerprations ¥ contemp relational psychoanalysis - therapist doesn't strive for objective stance/ here and now transference as on earlier reenactment ¥ contemp psychodynamic therapists view their emotional communication w/ clients as useful way to gain info + create connection ¥ analytic thearpy - feeligns perceptions + actions happening in moment of therapy ¥ therapeutic relation is central to increasing client self awareness, self understanding + exploration ¥ transference: clients unconscious shifting to analyst of feelings sattitudes and fantasies that are reactions to significant others in clients past ¥ working through: consists of repetitive and elaborate explanations of unconscious material + defences (originate from childhood) ◦ clients learn t o accept their defensive structures + recognize how they may have served a purpose in past —> resolution of past + enable clients to make new choices ¥ not all clients feelings are manifestations of transference ◦ not all negative responses - negative transference and vice versa ¥ countertransference; phenomenon that occurs when there s inappropro affect, when therapists respond in irrational ways or when they lose heir objectivity in relation bc own conflicts triggered ◦ therapists unconscious emotional responses to client based on therapists own past -> distorted perception of clients behaviour ◦ invovled therapists total emotional response to client + may include withdrawal, anger, avoidance, sadness, etc ◦ manifested in subtle nonverbal, tonal and attidunal actions that affect clients
client's experience in PA therapy
¥ classical psychoanalysis - intensive, long term therapy process ◦ free association, on the couch ◦ lets clients loosen defense mechanisms - vulnerability ◦ keep situation safe for client ¥ psychodynamic therapy - shortening + simplifying original ◦ still alert to transference, manifestations, explore meaning of clients dreams, explore both past and present , offer interpretations, resistance, unconscious ¥ psychoanalytic therapy y- stick w/ intensive process ◦ fewer sessions per week + face-face; less therapeutic regression ◦ ready to terminate when they + analyst mutually agree they have resolved those symptoms = core conflicts were amenable to resolution ◦ successful analysis answers clients why questions ◦ termination brings up intense feelings of attachment, separation + so ▪ set well in advance + go over what they have learned
clients experience in AT
¥ cling to familiar patterns ¥ private logic - concepts about self, others life constituting philosophy on which individuals life style is based ¥ private logic involves out convictions and beliefs that get in the way of social interest + do not facilitate useful + constructive belonging ¥ heart of therapy is helping clients to discover purposes of behaviours or symptoms that basic maistakes associated w/ their personal coping and how to correct that
EP: therapist function and role
¥ concerned w/ understanding subjective world of client + help them come to new understandings + options ¥ restricted existence - clients have limited awareness of themselves + often vague about nature of their problems ◦ may see few options for dealing life situations ◦ assist clients in seeing the was in which they constrict their awareness + cost of such constrictions ¥ techniques that use from diverse rietntations - no right way to do therapy ¥ reflect on or write problematic events they face in family event
proposition 6: awareness of death and nonbeing
¥ death = basic human condition to living ¥ not a threat, provides motivation for us to take advantage of appreciating the present moment ¥ death & life interdependent ¥ fear of death percolates beneath surface = haunts us through life ¥ confronting fear- help us transform inauthentic mode of living to authentic one ¥ exploring degree to which clients are doing the things they value ¥ we ave ultimat responsibility for how well we are living
birth order and siblings
¥ emphasize early relationships within family as earliest = most influential social system ¥ psyc situatuion of each child is diff from that of others due to birth order ¥ 1. oldest child generally receives lots of attention - somewhat spoiled; tends to be dependable, hardworking ,strives to keep agead ◦ when theres another person feels intruded + robbed - reasserts position by being model child ¥ 2. second child - shares attention w/ another child, its a race trying to surpass, younger child knack for finding out weak spots + win praise from bot parents if older failed ◦ opposite to firstborn ¥ 3. middle child - feels squeezed out feels unfairness of life + feel cheated - poor me ◦ switchedboard + peace makerr, hold things together ¥ 4. youngest child - baby of fame + tends to be most pampered but develop helplessness into an art for m and becoming expert ◦ tend to go their own way, developing in ways no otehers in family have attempted and outshine everyone ¥ 5. only child - shares oldest child cars , may not learn to share or cooperate; pampered = become dependently tied to one or both , when challenged -> unfair
self psychology
¥ emphasized how we use interpersonal relationships to develop our own sense of self ◦ nonjudgemental accceptance, empathy, authenticity
EP: client's experience in therapy
¥ encouraged to assume responsibility for how they are currently choosing to be in their world ¥ effective therapy doesn't stop with this awareness itself + therapist encourages clients to take action on basis of insights they develop through therapeutic process ¥ experimentation w/ new behaviours + need to be active n decide what emotions to explore ¥ when clients plead helplessness + attempt to convince themselves that they are powerless - individuals can begin building and augmenting that range taking small steps ¥ its scary to get in touch with ourselves + confronting ultimate concerns rather than coping w/ immediate problems ¥ removing roadblocks to meaningful living and helping clients assume responsibility for their actions ¥ assist in facing life w/ courage, hope ,ad willingness to find meaning
victor frankl
¥ essence of being human lies ins searching for meaning and purpose thru actions and deeds / value or by suffering ¥ influenced by freud - third school of viennese psychoanalysis ¥ logotherapy - therapy through meaning ◦ central motivation for living - will to meaning ◦ integrate body mind spirit to be fully alive
evidence based practice
¥ evidence based practice; integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in context of patient characteristics, culture, and preference ◦ three pillars 1) looking for best avaialble research ◦ 2_ relying on clinical expertise ◦ 3) taking into consideration the client characteristics, culture, preferences ◦ aim: require psychotherapists to base their practice on techniques that have empirical evidence to support their efficacy ¥ mental health settings clinicians are pressured to use intervention that are both brief and standardized ¥ treatments are operation zed by reliance on a treatment manual that identifies what is to be done in therapy session and how many sessions will be required ¥ relying exclusively on standardized treatment for specific problems may raise other ethical concerns ¥ human change is complex + difficult to measure + not all clients have clearly defined psyc disorders ¥ EBP don't offer individuals who want meaning n fulfillment ¥ con: potential for misuse and abuse by third party payer who could selectively use research findings as cost containment measure
AT function and role
¥ examining basic mistakes, help clients identify + explore core fearsas being imperfect, vulnerable, disapproved, suffering from regrets ¥ family constellation - style of living be means of questionnaire which includes parents, sibling, other living home, life stacks, and early recollections ◦ renders invidious life story to this point in time ¥ early recollections - stories of events that person says occurred before he or she was 10 yrs old ◦ useful in understanding + indicates what clients do and how they think in both adaptive = nonadaptive ways ◦ life style assessment - process of gathering early memories , involves earning to understanding goals and motivations
Proposition 5: anxiety as condition of living
¥ existential anxiety - unavoidable result of being confronted w/ givens of existence - death, freedom, choice, isolation, meaninglessness ◦ recognize realities + confront w/ pain/suffering, struggle for survival, basic fallibility ¥ normal anxiety- appropriate response to an event being faced ◦ accepting freedom + responsibility in making decisions and life choices ◦ powerful motivational fore toward change + growth ¥ neurotic anxiety - anxiety about concrete things that is out of proportion to situation ◦ typically out of awareness + immobilizing ¥ existential anxiety part of living + awareness + full alive ◦ courage t live fully entails accepting reality of death = anxiety associated w/ uncertainty ¥ therapist helps clients recognize learning how to tolerate ambiguity, uncertainty, how to live w/o props can be necessary phase in journey therapist + client can explore possibility that breaking away
AT & family counselling
¥ family constellation - foundation to family therapy perspective ¥ family atmosphere is climate characterizing relationship b/t parents = aptitudes toward life ,etc ¥ atmospehre + role models provide influence for child as they grow up ¥ awarensso f the interaction of individuals w/in family system
ADLERIAN therapy view of human nature
¥ focus on person past as perceived in present+ how imdivid interpretation of early events ocntinued to influence that person's present behaviour ¥ humans are motivated primarily by social relatedness (>sexual urges) ¥ behave is purposeful + goal directed + consciousness > unconsciousness ¥ choice + responsibility, meaning in life + striving for success, completion and perfection ¥ inferiority feelings - wellspring of creativity, motivate us to strive for mastery, success and completion ◦ drive to overcome it + thrive ◦ 6 yrs - fictional vision of ourselves as perfect/ complete = form into life goal ¥ human behaviour neither determined by heredity nor enviro - capacity oto interpret, influence + create events ¥ reject deterministic stance, they do not go to extreme n say that individuals can become whatever hey want- bio/enviro conditions limits capacity ¥ focus on reeducating individuals + reshaping society ¥ pioner - holistic, social, goal oriented, systmeatic + humanistic
EP: appropro
¥ for ppl who are coping w/ developmental crises, experiencing grief and los, confronting death, facing a major life decision, it may be appropriate ¥ struggle ofr identity adolescene, possible disappoints in middle age m adjust ting to hcildren leaving home ¥ most appropriate for clients who are committed to dealing with their pboelms about living, for people who feel alienated from current expectations of society + who are searching for meaning in their lives, it tends to work well with people who are at crossroads + who questions the state of affairs in the world + are willing to challenge the stats quo
AT goals
¥ forming relationship based n mutual respect; holistically psychological investigation ; disclosing faulty assumptions + mistaken goals ¥ reorientation to the useful side of life ¥ main aim - develop clients sense of belonging + assist in adoption of behaviours + process characterized by community feeling + social interest ◦ modifying life goals, fundamental premises, basic concepts ¥ favour growth model of personality w/ emphasis on strengths, wellbeing rather than pathology based medical model ¥ emphasis is on health + prevention not remediation ¥ teaching, guiding, offering encouragement to discouraged clients ¥ courage - willingness to act even when fearful in ways that are consistent w/ social interest ¥ provide pop to view in diff perspective + educate in new ways of looking at themselves - new cognitive map ¥ maniacci + mosak ◦ foster oscial interest by helping clients connect responsibility to their community ◦ helping clients overcome feelings of discouragement + inferiority ◦ helping clients overcomee feelings of discouragement = inferiority ◦ modifying clients lifestyle in direction of becoming more adaptive, flexible, social ◦ changing faulty motivation ◦ encouraging equality and acceptance of self and others ◦ helping ppl to become contributing members of world community therapists function and role
Proposition 1: capacity for awareness
¥ freedom choice responsibility constitute foundation of self awareness ¥ greater our awareness, greater our possibilities for freedom ◦ we r finite, no unlimited time ◦ potential to take action or not ◦ choose our actions, can partiallycreate destiny ◦ among is product of discovering how we are thrown or situated in world, commitment -> living creativly ◦ as we increase our awareness of choices we also increase our sense of responsibility for consequences ◦ subject to loneliness, meaninglessness, emptiness, guilt, isolation ◦ we are basicallyy alone yet we have OPP to interact w others ¥ endives may experience ◦ trading security of dependence for anxieies that accompany choosing for themselves ◦ see identity anchored in someone else definitions in themselves, seeing approval/ confirmation from others insteado fhtemselves ◦ learn they are keeping htmesleves prisoners by pas tdeicison, they can make new ones ◦ learn cannot change certain events but can change view/reaction ◦ they are not condemned to future similar to past + can learn from past -> reshape future ◦ preocupied w/ suffering, death, dying - not appreciating living ◦ they are able to accept their limitations yet still feel worthwhile for understanding they do not need to be perfecto feel worthy ◦ they come to realize that failing to live in present moment if to much preoccupation of past, planning for future, doing things multiple thins
relationship b/t AT therapist client
¥ good client-therapist based n cooperation, mutual trust, respect confidence, collaboration, alignement of goals ¥ begin to formulate a plan/contract, dealing what they want, how they plan + preventing them from successful attaining their goals application: therapeutic techniques and procedures ¥ 1. establish proper therapeutic relationship ¥ 2. explore psyc dynamics operating in client (assessment) ¥ 3. encourage the development of self understanding 9insight unto purpose) ¥ 4. help client make new choices (reorientation and reeducations)
PA to group counselling
¥ group work can recreate early life situations that affect client ¥ individuals elicit a range of feelings - attraction, anger, competition and avoidance ¥ likely to competed for attention of leader and rivalry can be explored in group as a way of gaining increased awareness of how participants dealt with competition as children and how their past success or lack of it affects their present interaction ¥ group apreticaptns recreate social action -> conflict identified and worked with the group ¥ group therapist has reactions (countertransference) but need to be alert of the ones that interfere ¥ needs to exercise vigilance lest they misuse their power by turning group into forum for pushing clients to adjusting by conforming to dominant cultural values at expense of losing their own world view + cultural identity ¥ need to be aware of their own potential biases
object relations theory
¥ how relationships w other ppl are affected by the way we have internalized our experiences of others and set up representations of others within ourselves ¥ interpersonal relationships that are represented intraphysically and they influence our interactions w/ ppl around us ◦ object = what satisfies a need or significant person or thing that is object or target of someones feelings or drive ▪ other - imporntat person to whom child + later adult becomes attached
psychoanalytic therapeutic goals
¥ increase adaptive function, reduction of symptoms + resolution of conflict ◦ make unconscious conscious, behaviour based n reality > cravings ¥ probing past -> uncover self understanding ¥ psychoanalytic therapy- oriented to achieving insight
AT & group counselling
¥ inferiority feelings challenged + counteract effectively in groups + mistaken concept/values are at root of oscial/emotion problems can be influenced bc group is a value forming agent ¥ group provides social context which members can develop sense of belonging, social connectedness, community ¥ helpful in promoting social interest - altruism, group cohesion etc ¥ thru mutual sharing of early recollections ,memories, develop sense of connection w/ one another - group cohesion increased ¥ challenge self limiting assumptions, members are encouraged to act as if they were person they ant to be ◦ asked to attach themselves in old habits ◦ come to appreciate if they hope to change, need to set task for themselves, apply group lessosn to daily life + take steps in finding solution to their problems ¥ core characteristics - rapid establishment of strong therapeutic alliance, clear problem focus/goal alignment, rapid assessment, emphasis on active and directive therapeutic interventions, focus on strengths + abilities of clients, optimistic view of change, focus on both present and future + emphasis on tailoring treatment to unique needs of clients in most time efficient manner possible
phases of existential counselling
¥ initial phase- thearpist assist clients in identifying + clarifying assumptions about world ◦ invited to define + question the ways in which they perceive and make sense of their existence ◦ they may focus on what others as resulting almost entirely from external causes ◦ middle phase - clients assisted in more fully examining source + authority of their present value system —> new insights + restructuring of values and aptitudes ◦ better idea of what kind of life they consider worthy to live and develop a clearer sense their internal valuing processes ◦ final phase - helping ppl take what they learn about htsmelves and put it into action ◦ aim: enable clients to discover ways of implementing their examined + internalized values in concrete way between sessions + after therapy was terminated ◦ clients typically discover their strengths + find ways to put them to service of living a purposeful existence
phase 3 encourage self understanding and insight
¥ interpret findings of assessment as avenue for promotin self understanding + insight ¥ self understanding ony possible when hidden purpsoe/goals made conscious ◦ insight = special form of awareness facilitating meaningful understanding within therapeutic relation + foundation for change ◦ insight - means to an end ◦ interpretation - deals with clients underlying motives for behaving the way they do in the here and now ◦ leading statements - could it be the , is it possible that
EP therapeutic goals
¥ invitation to clients to recognize ways in which they aren't living fully authentic lives and to make choices that will lead to their becoming what they are capable of being ¥ assist clients in moving toward authenticity + learning to recognize they have been deceiving themselves ¥ face anxiety + engage in action that is based on authentic purpose of creating a worthy existence ¥ autehtnicity involves claiming authorship - taking responsibility for our actions and the way we are living ¥ teach clients to lisen to what they already know ¥ aims ◦ 1) to help clients become more present to both themselves and others ◦ 2. assist clients in identifying ways they block themselves from fuller presences ◦ 3. to challenge clients to assume responsibility for designing their present lives ◦ 4. to encourage clients to choose more expanded ways of being in their daily lives
types of ethics
¥ mandatory ethics: level of ethical functioning at minimum level of professional practice ¥ aspirational ethics: focus on doing what is best interests of clients ◦ involves highest standards of thinking + conducts ◦ fear based is not ethical; concern based is better ¥ positive ethics: practitioners who want to do the best for clients rather than meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble
roll may & irvin yalom
¥ meaning of anxiety ¥ psychotherapy aimed at helping ppl discover meaning of their lives + should be concern with problems of being rather than problem solving ◦ courage to "be" + choices determine kind of person we become ¥ real challenge for ppl to be bale to live in world where they are alone + will eventually have to face death ¥ existential psychotherapy ¥ givens of existence - freedom and responsibility, existential isolation, meaningless and death
proposition 2: freedom & responsibility
¥ ppl are free to choose among altneratives = therefore play a role in shaping their own destiny ¥ 1) freedome to bemuse within context of naturall + self imposed limitations ¥ 2) capcity to reflect on meaning of our choices ¥ 3) capacity to act on choices we make ¥ inauthetnicity: long for freedom we try to escape form our freedom by defining ourselves as fixed r static entity ◦ not accepting personal resposiblity —> don't choose, make excuses "i grew up in dysfunctional fam so thats why I'm like dis" ¥ freedom -we are responsible for our lives for our actions + failures to take action ¥ existential guilt - being aware of having evaded a commitment or having chosen not to choose ◦ incompleteness/ realization we r not who want to be ¥ authenticity - we are living by being true to our own evaluation of what is valuable existence for ourselves, it is courage to be who we are ¥ being free= being human = identical = taking responsibility = basic condition for change ¥ freedom is bound by certain limitations, we are not free from conditions, but we are free to take a stand against these restrictions ◦ conditions are subject to our decisions which means we are responsible ¥ therapists assist clients in discovering how they are avoiding freedom and encourages them to learn to risk using it ◦ teaching clients that they can accept they have choices, even if they ave devoted most of their life to evading them
proposition 3: striving for identity and relationships to others
¥ ppl concerne aout preserving their uniqueness and centred ness yet same time, they have interest in going outside of themselves to relate to other beings and to nuature ¥ we sought directions ,answers, values, from important ppl; rather than trusting ourselves - our being becomes rooted in outward expecations, we have become estranged to ourselves courage to be ¥ courage to discover true grond of being - power to transcend nonbeing that would destroy us ¥ big fear - there is no core, no self, no substance, they are merely reflections of everyone's expectations of themselves ◦ work by inviting clients t o accept ways in which they have lived outside themselves + explore ways in which they are out of contact of themselves experience of aloneness ¥ human condition - experience of aloneness ¥ recognize that we can't depend on anyone, we must've meaning and decide how we live ¥ must know how to stand alone b4 standing by another experience of relatedness ¥ want want to depend on our relationships n become important to someone - find fulfilment ¥ fucntions - help clients distinguish between neurotically dependent attachment to another + life affirming relationship in which both persons are enhanced ◦ examine the past ◦ intersubjectivity - our interrelatedness w/ others + need for us to struggle w/ this in creative way struggling w/ our identity ¥ doing mode- avoid experience of being ¥ fears of dealing with alness -> caught up in ritualistic behaviour patterns cementing us to an image or identity we required in early childhood
EP: application to group counselling
¥ ppl making commitment to life long journey of self exploration w/ these goals ¥ 1) enabling memebrs to become honest w/ themselves ¥ 2) widening their perspective on themselves + world around them ¥ 3) clarifying what gives meaning to their present future life ¥ open attitude is essential ¥ group leader is generally more of participant observer who engages ias an informed fellow traveler rather than aloof sage ◦ appropriate self disclosure, gives feedback, shares reactions ¥ existential group provides optimal conditions for therapeutic work ore responsibility ◦ members responsible for their behaviour + mirror of how they function in world ◦ instrumental to see how some of self constricting patterns manifest in group aprallel patterns in their every day life ◦ member learn to view themselves thru others eyes thru feedback/ interactions ◦ provides pop to partiicpants to relate to others in meaningful ways to learn to be themselves in company of other ppl + establish rewarding nourishing relationships ¥ no ultimate answers for ultimate concern ¥ provides powerful context to look at oneself and to consider what choices might be more authentically one's own ¥ can gradually discover ways in which they have lost their direction + can begin to be more true to themselves
CCPA Code of ethics
¥ principle A: beneficence and nonmaleficence ◦ psyc strive to benefit those w/ whom they work + take care to do no harm ◦ seek 2 safeguard welfare and rights of those with whom they interact professionally and other affect persons and welfare of animal subjects of research ◦ attempt to resolve conflicts in responsible fashion that avoids or minimizes harm ◦ alert to and guard against personal, financial, social, organizational, or political factors that might lead to misuse of their influence - strive to be aware of their possible effect own physical and mental health on their ability to help those w/ whom they work ¥ principle B: fidelity and responsibility ◦ establish relationships of trust w/ those w/ whom they work; aware of their professional and scientific responsibilities to society and to specific communities in which they work ◦ seke to manage conflicts of interest -> exploitation / harm, take responsibility for their behaviours , contribute personal time not for personal advantage ◦ consult or cooperate w/ other prof + institutions ¥ principle C: integrity ◦ psyc seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in science, teaching ,practice of psyc ◦ do not steal/cheat/egnage in fraud, subterfuge, and intentional misrepresentation ◦ psyc strive to keep promises avoid unwise/unclear commitments ◦ deception - justifiable, maximize benefits, minimize harm, psych have serious obligation to consider need for possible consequences, their responsibility to correct any resulting mistrust or other harmful effects that arise from use of such techniques ¥ principle D: justice ◦ * psycs recognize that fairness and justice entitle all persons to access and benefit from the contributions of psyc and to equal quality of processes, procedures, and services being conducted by psych ◦ exercise reasonable judgement and take precaution to ensure that their potential biases, boundaries of their competence + limitations of their expertise do not lead or condone unjust practices ¥ principle E: respect for pal's rights and dignity ◦ psyc respect dignity and worth all ppl and rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self determination ◦ aware of special safeguards necessary to protect rights and welfare of persons or communities whose vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision making ◦ aware of and respect cultural, individual, role differences (age, gender, race, etc) ◦ try to eliminate biases that affect work
EP: view of human nature
¥ react against tendency to identify therapy w/ set of techniques ¥ understanding of person + exploring aspects of behaviour ¥ existential tradition - seeks balance between recognizing limits and tragic dimensions of human existence on hne hand + possibilities and oopprtunitys of human life on other hand ¥ focus now = individuals experience of being in world alone + facing anxiety of this isolation ¥ humans are constant state of transition, emerging evolving + response to tension, contractions and conflict n our lives
EP: relationship b/t client + therapist
¥ relationship is important bc wqualty of person-toperosn encounter is stimulus for positive change ¥ social microcosm in the sense that interpersonal and existential problems of the client will become apparent in the here and now of therapy relationship ¥ basic attitudes toward client + own personal characteristics of honesty, integrity and courage are what they have to offer ¥ journey taken by therapist and client that delves deeply into the world as perceived and experienced by client ¥ I/it relation to time and space which is necessary starting place for self ¥ I/thou relationship essential for connecting ship is the paradigm of the fully human self and achievement of which is goal of buyer's existential philosophy ¥ I/thou - there is direct, mutual, and present interaction ¥ create intimate and caring relationships ¥ core of therapeutic relationship is respect - faith in clients potential to cope authentically with their troubles + ability to discover alliterative ways of being ¥ existential therapists share their reactions to client w/ genuine concern and empathy as one way of depending of therapeutic relationship ¥ presence of therapist - aware of distance; dual functions of reconnecting people to their pain and to attuning them to the opportunities to transforms their pain
EP: brief therapy
¥ time-lifted approach to serve as catalyst for clients to become actively and fully involved in each of their theapy session ¥ termination - important for invidious to evaluate what they have accomplished + what issues need to be addressed later
AT Phase 1: establishing relationship
¥ work in collab way w/ clients and r/s based on sense of interest that grows into caring involvement + friendship ¥ therapeutic progress is only when alignment of clearly defined goals b/t therapist = client ¥ person-toperson contact > starting w/ problem ◦ help clients become aware of their assets and strengths > dealing w/ deficit and liabilities ◦ positive r/s created y listening,responding demosntrating respect for clients capacity to understand purpose and seek change + exhibiting hope and caring ¥ counsellors are generally active, provide structure = assist clients in defining personal goals, conduct psyc assessments + offer interpretations ◦ grapsh nonverbal/verbal ; access core patterns phase 2 asessing individs psyc dynamics
personal therapy for counsellor
◦ 1. offers a model of therapeutic practice in which trainee experiences the work of a more experience therapist + learns experimentally what is helpful or not helpful ◦ 2) beneficial experience in personal therapy can further enhance a therapist interpersonal skills that are essential to skillfully practicing therapy ◦ 3) can contribute to therapists ability to deal with ongoing stresses associated with clinical work ◦ can prevent from future countertransference from harming clients
