Cog Exam 3 MC
In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as an _________.
Artifact
Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the ______ experiment.
Mental walk
Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization
Definitional
The definitional approach to categorization
Doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants
Which of the following is most commonly associated with music-enhanced autobiographical memories (MEAMS)?
Emotion
The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery
Is based on spatial or language mechanisms
Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?
It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time
According to the typicality effect
Items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.
A spatial imagery test measures a person's capacity with imaging which of the following?
Layout
Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network?
Learning
The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and
Source misattribution
The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgements for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory.
Source misattributions
Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?
Prototype
Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (Note: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.
583: 653: 518 ms
Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside
A bumblebee
A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of
A sequence of actions
Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you created an image as though you were standing
At the far side of the front yard, away from the house.
In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was
Auditory from a female speaker
Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ______ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.
Back propagation
Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved
Creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge
In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as _________.
Crowding
It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ___, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.
Crowding
In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on
Cultural expectations
One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that
Damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation
The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information ________.
Distributed
What is likely to occur if a person sustains damage to the parietal lobe of the brain?
Image processing will be reduced by half.
Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated
Imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms
"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT
Imagery requires a special mechanism
Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?
Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics".
Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune", the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" HIs sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used ___ in playing the game
Inner audition
The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory
Involves making inferences
Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. The patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows
Neglects always occurred on the left side of the image, with the "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.
In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a
Node
The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their
Order
Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that
People were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.
Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex
Plays a causal roles in both perception and imagery.
Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?
Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.
______ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.
Pragmatic inference
Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts?
Propositional
Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store ___.
Script
According to the ________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain
Semantic category
The ___ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation
Semantic network
According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _______.
Sensory attributes; function
The other day, Thuy experienced a Proustian effect memory. What did Thuy likely do to trigger this experience?
Smell perfume
Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ____ categories results in the largest gain in information
Superordinate level to basic level
The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by
The distance that must be traveled through the network.
Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences?
The embodied approach
The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when
The error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned
Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauces splattered on the front door). By doing so, Trinh is using ___ to organize her memories.
The method of loci
Which of the following would be in a basic level category?
Truck
Amedi and coworkers (2005) used fMRI to investigate brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____, some areas associated with nonvisual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____.
Using visual images; deactivated
Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that
When viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong.
Ellen is 52 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory?
Winning the first grade spelling bee
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?
Working units
In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether
a presented stimulus is a word
Ganis and coworkers (2004) used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that
perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does
Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property ________ is stored at the _____ node.
Can fly; bird
The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?
Cake mug
Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rose, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town, so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "where to next? Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately __ seconds.
2
Monique is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using
A depictive representation
In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?
A field sparrow is an animal
According to the concept of topographical mapping, which of the following stimuli encountered on a beach trip will activate the farthest forward in the visual cortex?
A pink beachball on your towel
The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT
A spatial layout
The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder
Can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life
The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder
Can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life
The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on
Category members that have been encountered in the past
Measuring the amount of time a person requires to complete different cognitive tasks is the goal of mental _____
Chronometry
Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks?
Cognitive economy
Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network
Connection weights
Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information
Even if they are told to ignore the post-event information
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and misinformation effect?
Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.
If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ______ approach to categorization.
Exemplar
Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?
Exemplar
_________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.
Exemplars
A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that
Extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate
Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus
Facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time
"S", who had photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated
Less efficiently than normal
Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants
Make more errors in their recollections
Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using
Mental chronometry
The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves
Mental images
Kosslyn's island experiment used the ______ procedure.
Mental scanning
Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?
Repetition
Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ______.
Repressed
Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwater. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen
Schema
In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of ____ on memory.
Schemas
Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the
Size of the field of view
Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?
Source monitoring
A mental rotation task is focused on the ___ aspect of imagery.
Spatial
Kosslyn interpreted the results of his imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves __________ representations.
Spatial
Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ____ into their network model.
Spreading activation
Complete the following analogy: perception is to ___ as imagery is to ___.
Stone;smoke
Items high on prototypicality have _______ family resemblances.
Strong
Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed
The priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.
Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _______ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird".
The same as
The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves
The same participants remembering information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.
For the category "fruit", people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that
The word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi
The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (e.g., the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because
They showcase the fact memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance
Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery?
Thought is always accompanied by imagery
Which type of research employed a "train on perception, test on perception" method to demonstrate imagery/perception overlap?
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers show that ______ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.
Transition points
A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be
A task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title
According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?
A turtle is an animal
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories?
Accurate
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for
Adolescence and young adulthood
Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11th 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?
After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented
After the event
Imagery neurons respond to
An actual visual image as well as imagining that same image
Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories
Arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories
According to Rosch, the ________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience
Basic
Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?
Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero
Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the
Cognitive hypothesis
Two different definitions of ____ offered by your book include (s) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas."
Concepts
The process of back propagation is most closely associated with
Connectionist network
The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a _______ process.
Constructive
In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of
Constructive memory process
Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the
Constructive nature of memory.
The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following?
Content
Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion?
Cortisol
Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as
Cryptomnesia
Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?
Family resemblance
Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?
Graduating from college at age 22
Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?
Illusory truth effect
Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves
More exemplars than Bob's
The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the
Narrative rehearsal hypothesis
Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory?
Prefrontal cortex
As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT
Propositions
According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following?
Strong encoding
Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos
The person took himself or herself
Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that
The presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event
An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ______ effect.
Typicality