Cog Psych 12
In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the ____ group had the fastest response time.
bread and butter
The typical purpose of subgoals is to
bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.
Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving
reorganization or restructuring.
The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate
representation and restructuring.
The radiation problem can be solved using
representation and restructuring.
Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ____ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.
rise suddenly just; gradually rise
People are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on
structural features.
Gentner and Goldinmeadow (2003) illustrated that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to ____ features that ____ their ability to solve other problems.
structural; enhance
A _____ string led to a restructured representation in the two-string problem.
swinging
Experts _____ than novices.
take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem
____ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving.
Gestalt psychologists
Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem?
Has one correct answer
Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?
Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection
Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?
Two-string problem
Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?
Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice
The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as
analogical transfer.
Dr. Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Curious is studying the effect of _____ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache?
analogies
The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ____ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems.
analogies
The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of ____ in problem solving.
analogy
In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _______ approach developed by Ronald Finke.
divergent thinking
Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents
divergent thinking.
In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that _____ may be more important than _____ in creative thinking.
flexibility; experience
Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. They found the ____ version to be more effective, because it had ____ features in common with the radiation problem.
fragile-glass; structural
Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates
group brainstorming.
In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ____ state.
intermediate
A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of ____ research.
in vivo problem-solving
In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the ________ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty.
initial
Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the
initial state
Your textbook suggests that a trait that appears to be common to both mental illness and creativity is ________.
latent inhibition
Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they
made the objects themselves.
The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the
match box can be used as a shelf.
Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:
noticing, mapping, and applying.
Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)
novel object.
Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as
operators.
The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT
operators.
Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves
search.
The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from
seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.
Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _____ problem.
source
Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because
the solution is immediately obvious.
Insight refers to
the sudden realization of a problem's solution.
Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that
the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving.
The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine
what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.
