Cog Psych - Ch. 13
truth
concerned with what is the case
validity
concerned with whether the conclusions follow the premises
risk aversion strategy
decision making strategy governed by idea of avoiding risk, used when problem stated in terms of gains
risk taking strategy
decision making strategy governed by idea of taking risks used when problem stated in term of losses
framing effect
decisions are influences by how the choices are stated or framed
formal
deductive reasoning involves _____ logic
availability heuristic
events more easily remembered are judged as being more probable
heuristics
experience-based rules of thumb for making decisions
premises
first two statements in a syllogism
deductive
general principles, facts and conclusions lead to specific instances, concerned with syllogisms in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises
informal , everyday reasoning
inductive reasoning involves _____ logic or _____
hypothesis
inductive reasoning results in a
relative prevalence of various causes of death
lichtenstein judged the
utility
outcomes that are desirable are in the persons best interest
conjunction rule
p(two events) < P(one of the two events)
ignore
people _____ the connection rule
not necessarily money, people find value in other things , many decisions do not maximize the probability of the best outcome
problems with utility approach
more ppl said to flip E&4
results of wason selection task
inductive
specific instances, examples and conclusions lead to general principles, involves deciding what is probably the case based on ones knowledge
confirmation bias
tendency to seek out and interpret information in a way that confirms our existing beliefs
confirmation or falsification
testing the hypothesis made by inductive reasoning results in
illusory correlation
the perception of a relationship where no relationship actually exists
reasoning
the process of drawing conclusions
decision making
the process of making choices between alternatives
decisions
the process of making choices between alternatives
whether it follows logically from the premises
the validity of an argument depends only on
falsification principle
to test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule
availability, representatives
two commonly used heuristics
representatives heuristic
we estimate the likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype that already exists in our minds
All A are B, all B are C, therefore all A are C
what is the pattern for validity
tendency to remember hits and ignore misses
what leads to illusory correlations
prototype
what we think is the most relevant or typical example of a particular event or object
prefrontal cortex
which region of the brain plays a central role in judgement, reasoning, and decision making?