Cog psych: quizzes 5-8

concept

A(n) ____ is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language

auditorially; auditorially

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____.

state-dependent memory

Alexander learned the names of all 50 states of the United States, while he was in a very happy mood. Later, while he was in a sad mood, he could only remember 20 of the states. The principle that best explains this memory effect is___

constructive nature of memory

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the

transfer-appropriate processing

Before studying for the midterm exam, Class A was told to except a multiple-choice test, and class A performed better on the test. This result is most consistent with the ___ view of memory

encoding specificity principle

Ben tries to convince his instructor to give the midterm exam in the same room where class is held because he read that it would improve his chances of getting a higher score. Ben must know about ___

an organizational context during learning

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.

concepts represented by activity in individual nodes

Connectionist networks are modeled after the neural networks in the nervous system and incorporate all of the following features of the nervous system EXCEPT

elaborative rehearsal

Elementary school students in the U.S. are often taught to use very familiar words "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes. This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over, which provides and example of ___

bystanders can be incorrectly identified as perpetrators based on familiarity

In Ross's experiment, participants were more likely to identify a male teacher who read a story to children previously as a perpetrator when an actual robber did not appear in the photo lineup. Also, Thomson a psychologist, was accused of a rape just because a victim watched a TV program that Thomson appeared on the night that she was raped. What do they represent?

a letting string is a word

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

schemas

In the experiment in which participants were presented with then picture of graduate student's office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of ____ on memory

one week

Jacob's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of___

spatial

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations

the previous mugshots that she saw

Marcia was a witness to a crime. At the police station, she looked through many books of mugshots, hoping to identify the criminal. 2 weeks later, the police asked her to come in and look at a lineup of criminals. Although the actual criminal was not in the lineup, Marcia identified one of the people in the lineup as the guy she saw commit the crime. According the misinformation effect, Marcia was probably influenced by:

repressed

Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ___

increasing

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup,____ similarity between the fillers and the suspects does result in missed identification of some guilty suspects but also substantially reduces erroneous identification of many innocent people.

definitional

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.

imagery and perception can interact with one another

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that

encoding specificity

Professor LePeu arranged for his class to take their French 100 midterm exam in the classroom where they learned the material in the first place. Professor LePeu had read this would improve students' retrieval of information, a phenomenon known as___

mental chronometry

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event

Stany and Johnson's weapons "focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

valley girl

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair? a. true lies b. mission impossible c. valley girl d. amazing grace

involves making inferences

The experiment in which hammer was falsely remembered by participants who read sentences about John hitting a nail, but not by participants who read sentences about John looking for a nail illustrated that memory

after the event

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

retrieval cue

The picture of the Hippo reminds Lillian that the Hippocampus, a brain structure, is implicated in memory. The sign serves as a ____

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves:

participants often not only consciously recollect critical lures, but also they were highly confident that critical lures were among presented items, even though critical lures were never presented

The results of the laboratory studies of DRM paradigm indicate that:

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is ___

method of loci

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental images of a spatial layout is know as

word superiority

The____ effect refers to a phenomenon of a form of perception in which a person can more readily identify letters when they are presented in the context of words than when they are presented as solitary letters

source-monitoring error

This occurs when a person remembers information, but has a difficult time in remembering the context in which they heard the information and erroneously attribute it to a different context

police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer

What is true of the cognitive interview technique?

simultaneous

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a ___ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified

prototype

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Bree just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning for 3 weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

size of the field of view

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the

failing to elaborately rehearse these kinds of events due to fear

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT

spreading activation

primes associated concepts

cryptomnesia

unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as