cog science final

schemas

can put things you would expect to see in a similar scenario that weren't actually there into your memory about a particular scene

Delayed partial report procedure

information in sensory memory fades within one of two seconds

plotted functions that described the operation of the mind

Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they...

Retrieval cues

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of _______ in long-term memory.

Make more errors in their recollections.

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants

the perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images

How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work?

spatial

A mental rotation task is focused on the _____ aspect of imagery

all-or-none law

A neuron initial response to an incoming signal can vary in size. The external response of the cell, however, does not vary in size. If the signal is sent, it is always of the same magnitude. This effect is called the...

the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information

Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because...

Illusory truth effect

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?

Testing

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?

language acquisition

Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in their life, and he is using Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

spatial

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves _____ representations.

Kim performs better because of consolidation

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for the chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

hierarchical

Language consists of smaller components that are components of a larger story. This demonstrates the _____ property of language

Reminiscence bump

enhanced memory for positive information from adolescence to young adulthood

phonological

Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out on the plate. The coach asked her why she pulled the risky move. Robin replied, "You yelled 'Go! Go! Go!'" Her coach answered, "I was saying, 'No! No! No!'" This was the result of what error?

gains; risk aversion

Rosa is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. Big Fizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Rosa decides to purchase a Big Fizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of ________, she will use a ________ strategy

multiple choice questions

example of recognition tests

rehearsal

important for transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory

Have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word on the list.

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to

belief bias

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the _________

analogy

The tumor and evil dictator problems were used in your text to illustrate the role of ______ in problem-solving

Seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

Slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem

Think-aloud protocol are used to determine

The box is empty

People are more likely to solve the candle problem if

Performance is better for the concrete task

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in a happy memory when "their song" plays on the radio.

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

it replaced fMRI because it was less expensive

Which of the following in NOT true of PET...

mental processes influence learning outcomes

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of behaviorism?

the whole is different from the sum of its parts

Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt psychology...

understanding a friend's text despite many typos being present

Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?

dichotic listening

Which of the following is an experiential procedure used to study how attention affects the reprocessing of competing stimuli?

Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea

Which of the following statements is correct?

recognition of inverted faces is harder than for upright faces

Which of the following statements it TRUE about the recognition of inverted faces?

cognitive mapping

Which of the following terms is correct in context with "conception within the rat's mind of the maze's layout"?

words and nonwords

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reason behind it.

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

divergent thinking

With orange juice cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

Language has a syntactic structure that is governed by rules

Yoda has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language?

similarity

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of...

Korsakoff's syndrome

no difficulty identifying a photograph of childhood home

digit span task

one measure of capacity of short-term memory

parietal

A 10-month old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard-wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the _____ lobe.

fMRI

A brain imaging technique that measures how blood flow changes in response to cognitive activity...

repetition priming

A participant reads a list of words in which the word "elephant" appears several times. Then the participant views another list of words. When the word "elephant" appears in the 2nd list of words the participants response rate is faster than for word snot found in the previous list. This effect is called...

Remembering details about graduating from college.

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

Articulatory suppression.

A task with the instructions "read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

the framing effect

Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she takes a route on her drive home that goes past the abandoned shacks, but she feels more negative when she takes a route that goes past the mansions with large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by

chemical; electrical

Communication between neurons is _______, while communication within a neuron is ______.

confirmation bias

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are skewed by the operation of the

temporal lobe

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which region of the brain?

A direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image

Mental scanning experiments found

both the first and last words

Murdoch's "remembering-a-list" experiment describes the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ________ of a list.

produce sentences they have never heard

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

Problem-solving often gets stalled if a problem requires the participant to move briefly away from the goal state in order (ultimately) to reach the goal

Participants' use of the "hill-climbing strategy" is evidence that

encoding specificity

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

What negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings

People tend to overestimate

People were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that

tendency to put objects in categories in the mind to organize

Recall words in a different order than listed due to

an inborn biological program

Regarding children's language development, Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by...

When viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

talking on either kind if phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent

Strayer and Johnston's experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that ...

word reading is automated

Stroop interference demonstrates that...

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics"

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is the least likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

late selection

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while you roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti comes on. Although you are not paying attention to the TV you remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce. This is known as...

environmental context

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of _____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations

change

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called ____ blindness.

implicit memory effect

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names and later misattributed previously viewed names as being famous results from

inferred from the participant's behavior

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be...

Prosopagnosia

The fusiform area (FFA) in the brain. Is often damaged in patients with...

method of loci

Trinh is a famous chef and does not like to share her recipes so she does not write them down. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. By doing so, Trinh is using _____ to organize her memories.

build-up and release of proactive interference

Trying to memorize lots of names at once at a party, you only remember the names of the first group you met and a special tidbit of info tied to one person in the last group:

An illusory correlation

Tuan bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Tuan's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of

Always neglected things on the left side

Unilateral neglect

source monitoring

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

one sends information and the other receives information

What is a key difference between dendrites and axons?

short-term memory

You are given a ticket number over the phone by a customer support representative. You are then transferred and asked for your ticket number by the new representative, but you have forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your

in different parts of the brain

You are walking down the street and see a nice car drive by. You notice its color, movement, and shape. All of these features are processed...

computers

Your text describes the occurrence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way that psychology was studied. This so-called revolution occurred parallel to the introduction of...

weapon focus

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event