Cognition & Memory Ch. 1-4

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Afferent neurons

"Coming Towards" spinal chord; sensory neurons: Signals from senses Think: Approach

Efferent neurons

"Go Away" spinal chord; motor neurons: signal to muscles Think Exit

In order to summarize the Gestalt psychologists' movement in a few words, one might say

"The perceptual whole is different than the sum of its parts."

Among its other functions, the amygdala seems to serve as a(n)

"emotional evaluator"

Phonological Buffer

"inner ear" A passive storage device that serves as part of the articulatory rehearsal loop. serves as part of the mechanisms ordinarily needed for hearing. In memory rehearsal, however, it is loaded by means of subvocalization. Materials can fade, but they can be refreshed by new covert speech under the control of the central executive.

The fMRI results using a "remember/know" testing procedure suggest that

"remember" responses are associated with activity in the hippocampal region during learning.

The pathway leading from occipital cortex to parietal cortex is called the a. "where" system. b. parallel processing system. c. "what" system. d. ventral stream.

"where" system

A "well-formed" letter string is one that a. does not share perceptual similarities with other letter strings. b. contains all the feature information necessary for perception. c. is clearly and legibly written. d. conforms to the usual spelling patterns of English.

*d. conforms to the usual spelling patterns of English.

Which of the following is a problem with the recognition-by-components model? a. Memory for upside-down houses is a bit worse than memory for upright houses. b. Occluded objects cannot be distinguished. c. A "p" cannot be distinguished from a "q." d. Participants are faster to identify a fire hydrant in a picture of a firehouse than in a picture of a kitchen.

Movement facilitates perception when reaching to grasp an object by

- Comparing expected changes in position to actual changes in position. - Using your hand as a size reference to infer the size or distance of the object. - Comparing expected force needed to grasp or move an object to actual force required.

Jose is walking toward Dan, who is standing still. As Dan watches Jose move toward him, a series of physical and perceptual events will occur.

- the image of jose increases on dans retina - Dan will use the changing relationship between Jose and the background to make inferences about Jose's movement. - Dan will use the changing relationship between Jose and the background to make inferences about Jose's size.

Which condition would produce the most accurate response? a. Participants are asked whether they were shown a "d" or "b" when presented with these letters only. b. Participants are asked whether they were shown a "d" or "b" when presented with the word "LARD." c. Participants are asked whether they were shown a "d" or "b" when presented with the letter string "LRSPD." d. Participants are asked whether they were shown a "d" or "b" when presented with a word in another language.

. Participants are asked whether they were shown a "d" or "b" when presented with the word "LARD."

2 reasons psychologists became disenchanted with introspection/structuralism

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Capgras syndrome: how the temporal lobe/amygdala and right prefrontal cortex contribute

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angel/corner detectors

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center-surround cells

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computer vs. brain: different

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computer vs. brain: similar

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dot detectors

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edge detectors

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face recognition

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frequency in language

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lateral inhibition

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movement detectors

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restoration effect

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schedules of reinforcement

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spatial position

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transposition

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working memory: articulatory rehearsal loop

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working memory: central executive

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Assume that unvoiced sounds have a 60-ms voice-onset time (VOT), and voiced sounds have a 0-ms VOT. Participants in an experiment would be LEAST likely to hear the difference between a 10-ms VOT and a

0-ms VOT

You are recording from a neuron that sends action potentials when the animal is shown a line. With thinner lines it seems to respond less and with the thinnest lines, that can still be seen, not at all. You are curious and decide to record voltage from the neuron's dendrite while you presenting the line that does not produce action potentials. When you present a horizontal line that is 0.1mm thick, you find that the voltage of the neuron changes from -70mv to -65mv. When you present a line that is 0.2mm thick the voltage changes to -60mv. It changes to -75mv for a line 0.05mm thick. If the neuron's threshold for firing is -55mv, how thick is the thinnest line that will result in an action potential?

0.4mm

M cells

1 of 2 types of cells within the optic nerve. Provide the input for the LGN's magnocellular cells and are specialized for the detection of MOTION and the perception of depth.

P cells

1 of 2 types of cells within the optic nerve. Provide the main input for the LGN's parvocellular cells and appear to be specialized for spatial analysis and the detailed analysis of form (PATTERN).

About how long does short-term memory last?

15-20 seconds

If a cat casts a 5 millimeter image on your retina when it is 10 feet away from you, that same cat will cast an image that is ________ millimeters when it is 20 feet away from you.

2.5

A friend tells you the seven-digit passcode to enter her home. How long will this information remain in your working memory if you do not rehearse it?

20-30 seconds - information remains in working memory for approximately 20-30 seconds

From his experiment using partial report task, what was the duration of iconic memory that Sperling determined?

300 milliseconds

According to George Miller, about how many numbers can most people hold in short-term memory on average?

In an experimental procedure, participants hear a sequence of letters and then, 10 seconds later, are required to repeat back the sequence. The longest sequence for which participants can easily do this is likely to contain approximately _____ letters.

The holding capacity of working memory is often said to be _______.

7 chunks

An IQ score of _____ is the cutoff for intellectual disabilities.

7; limited in size

Which of the following examples illustrates how category typicality and judgments of category membership usually go together?

A German shepherd is recognized to have all of the features typical of a dog and is quickly recognized as such.

Rosa is seventy years old. According to research, her sleep patterns have probably changed in what way(s) over her lifespan? a. The proportion of REM sleep has decreased. b. The overall amount of sleep has decreased. c. The overall amount of sleep has increased. d. A and b are both true

A and b are both true.

In a standard sentence-verification task, which of the following sentences would produce the SLOWEST response time?

A bat is a bird.

Priming based on specific expectations about the identity of the upcoming stimulus produces

A benefit for processing if the expectations are correct but slows processing if the expectations are incorrect.

Which of the following is true regarding research and cross-cultural interactions?

A better understanding of nonverbal cues can greatly improve cross-cultural communication.

Binocular disparity

A binocular distance cue - the difference in the retinal images of the two eyes that provides information about depth. Only really useful for close by objects.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A brain imaging technique that measures how blood flow changes in response to cognitive activity.

Necker cube

A cubed ambiguous figure that can perceived in different ways (not an illusion, but ambiguous).

anarthria

A disorder characterized by an inability to control the muscles needed for ordinary speech. Anarthric individuals cannot speak, although other aspects of language functioning are unimpaired.

ANARTHRIA

A disorder characterized by an inability to control the muscles needed for ordinary speech. Anarthric individuals cannot speak, although other aspects of their language functioning are unimpaired.

Anarthria

A disorder characterized by, an inability to control the muscles needed for ordinary speech. individuals cannot speak, although other aspects of language functioning are unimpaired.

A tachistoscope is a device used to

A display stimuli briefly

aphasia

A disruption to language capacities, often caused by brain damage

BINOCULAR DISPARITY

A distance cue based on the differences between the two eyes' views of the world. This difference becomes less pronounced the farther an object is from the observer.

agnosia

A disturbance in a person's ability to identify familiar objects

apraxia

A disturbance in the capacity to initiate or organize voluntary action, often caused by brain damage

Linear perspective

A monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.

Texture gradients

A monocular cue where objects closer appear more distinct than those far away

Nerve net

A network of continuously interconnected nerve fibers (as contrasted with neural networks, in which fibers are connected by synapses).

Retina

A network of neurons that lines the back of the eye. The transformation of light into electrical signals and the initial processing of visual information occur in the retina.

positron emission tomography (PET scanning)

A neuroimaging technique that determines how much glucose (the brain's fuel) is being used by specific areas of the brain at a particular moment in time

computerized axial tomography (CT scanning)

A neuroimaging technique that uses X-rays to construct a precise three-dimensional image of the brain's anatomy

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A neuroimaging technique that uses magnetic fields (created by radio waves) to construct a detailed three-dimensional representation of brain tissue. Like CT scans, MRI scans reveal the brain's anatomy, but they are much more precise than CT scans

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A neuroimaging technique that uses magnetic fields to construct a detailed three-dimensional representation of the activity levels in different areas of the brain at a particular moment in time

CENTER-SURROUND CELL

A neuron in the visual system that has a "donut-shaped" receptive field. Stipulation in the center of the receptive field has one effect on the cell; stimulation in the surrounding ring has the opposite effect.

Which situation is the most difficult (and most dangerous)?

A novice driver talking on a cell phone

thalamus

A part of the lower portion of the forebrain that serves as a major relay and integration center for sensory information

Which does NOT describe a cost of chunking?

A participant is engaging the information in a relatively superficial fashion when chunking.

phonological buffer

A passive storage device that serves as part of the articulatory rehearsal loop. The phonological buffer serves as part of the mechanisms ordinarily needed for hearing. In memory rehearsal, however, the buffer is loaded by means of subvocalization. Materials within the buffer then fade, but they can be refreshed by new covert speech under the control of the central executive

PHONOLOGICAL BUFFER

contralateral control

A pattern in which the left half of the brain controls the right half of the body, and the right half of the brain controls the left half of the body

Neural synchrony

A pattern of firing by neurons in which neurons in one brain area fire at the same time as neurons in another area and the brain notices they are firing in response to the same stimulus. Attention plays a key role in this.

CONE

A photoreceptor that is able to discriminate hues and that has high acuity. Cones are concentrated in the retina's fovea and become less frequent in the visual periphery. Often contrasted with rod.

span test

A procedure used for measuring working memory's holding capacity. In newer studies, the operation span test is used

SPAN TEST

A procedure used for measuring working memory's holding capacity. In newer studies, the operation span test is used.

Span Test

A procedure used for measuring working memory's holding capacity. used in newer studies.Have people repeat letters adding one at a time.

electroencephalography

A recording of voltage changes occurring at the scalp that reflect activity in the brain underneath

Capgras syndrome

A relatively rare disorder, resulting from specific forms of brain damage, in which the afflicted person recognizes the people in his or her world but denies that they are who they appear to be. Instead, the person insists, these familiar individuals are well-disguised impostors

CONCURRENT ARTICULATION TASK

A requirement that a research participant speak or mime speech while doing some other task. In many cases, the person is required to say "Tah-Tah-Tah" over and over, or "one, two, three, one, two, three." These procedures occupy the muscles and control mechanisms needed for speech, so they prevent the person from using these resources for subvocalization.

concurrent articulation task

A requirement that someone speak or mime speech while doing some other task. In many cases, the person is required to say "Tah-Tah-Tah" over and over, or "one, two, three, one, two, three." These procedures occupy the muscles and control mechanisms needed for speech, and so they prevent the person from using these resources for subvocalization

Concurrent Articulation Task

limbic system

A set of brain structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of the thalamus. The limbic system is believed to be involved in the control of emotional behavior and motivation, and it also plays a key role in learning and memory

Participants are shown pictures of two alternating scenes that are separated by a brief blank interval. The scenes are identical except for one small detail. In this, case participants find it hard to detect the change. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

A similar effect can also be found with movies and in actual live events (where participants fail to detect changes that have been made).

Double dissociation

A situation in which a single dissociation can be demonstrated in one person and the opposite type of single dissociation can be demonstrated in another person (i.e., Person 1: function A is present, function B is damaged; Person 2: function A is damaged, function B is present).

hypothalamus

A small structure at the base of the forebrain that plays a vital role in the control of motivated behaviors such as eating, drinking, and sexual activity

lesion

A specific area of tissue damage

If a researcher applies mild electric current to a specific area of an animal's right hemisphere primary motor projection area, which of the following is likely to happen?

A specific movement of a body part on the left side of the animal

hippocampus

A structure in the temporal lobe that is involved in the creation of long-term memories and spatial memory

Parallel processing (pg76)

A system in which many different steps are going on simultaneously. Advantages: speed, mutual influence The brain divides what it sees into 4 components: color, motion, shape & depth

Serial processing

A system in which steps are carried out one at a time.

WORKING-MEMORY SYSTEM

A system of mental resources used for holding information in an easily accessible form. The central executive is at the heart of this system, and the executive then relies on a number of low-level assistants, including the visuospatial buffer and the articulatory rehearsal loop.

Working-Memory System

working-memory system

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A technique in which a series of strong magnetic pulses at a specific location on the scalp causes temporary disruption in the brain region directly underneath this scalp area

Single-cell recording

A technique through which investigators can record the pattern of electrical changes within a single neuron, moment by moment

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A technique, based on detection of how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibers, for tracing nerve pathways and determining connections.

Level of analysis

A topic can be understood by studying it at a number of different levels of a system.

glia

A type of cell found (along with neurons) in the central nervous system. Glial cells have many functions, including the support of neurons, the repair of neural connections in case of damage, and a key role in guiding the initial development of neural connections. A specialized type of glia also provide electrical insulation for some neurons, allowing much faster transmission of neural signals

BIPOLAR CELL

A type of neuron in the eye. Bipolar cells receive their input from the photoreceptors and transmit their output to the retinal ganglion cells.

TRANSCENDENTAL METHOD

A type of theorizing first proposed by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. To use this method, an investigator first observes the effects or consequences of a process and then asks: What must the process have been in order to bring about these effects?

transcendental method

A type of theorizing first proposed by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. To use this method, you first observe the effects or consequences of a process and then ask, What must the process have been in order to bring about these effects?

Transcendental Method (pg 13)

A type of theorizing first proposed by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. To use this method, you first observe the effects or consequences of a process and work backwards and ask, What must the process have been in order to bring about these effects? "inference to best explanation" modern science

Olivia has sustained damage to the prefrontal area. As a result, she is most likely to have

A variety of problems, including problems planning and implementing strategies

A woman is sitting in her kitchen and sees the two ends of an egg carton sticking out from behind a box of pancake mix on the kitchen counter. According to the Gestalt principle of Good Continuity, this woman knows that the object that she sees sticking out from behind the box of pancake mix is in fact a carton of eggs because...

A whole egg carton is more likely than pieces of an egg carton.

Acuity

Ability to see fine detail. Much higher in cones than rods.

Attention is best characterized as a(n)

Achievement

Dr. Hout has fMRI evidence about the role of the FFA in visual processing. What should he do next?

Acquire evidence from another method, like CT, TMS

Researchers using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) find activity in the fusiform face area (FFA) when participants are viewing faces. This means that FFA:

Activity is correlated with recognizing faces

Which of the following is FALSE with regard to mistaken introspections?

After-the-fact reconstructions and true introspections are easily distinguishable by the person doing the introspection.

Which of the following systems is responsible for achieving and maintaining an alert state in the brain?

Alerting

A late selection view of attention suggests that

All inputs are fully processed; however, only the attended input reaches consciousness

Which of the following statements regarding food preferences is TRUE? a. Children have more abundant taste buds than adults and therefore often dislike foods with strong and unusual tastes. b. Many food preferences result from childhood experiences and cultural influences. c. Humans evolved to prefer sweet foods that are generally nonpoisonous, good sources of food. d. All of the above are true

All of the above are true.

Which of these is NOT true for an information-processing view of memory?

All the steps of the model run in parallel.

William James

American psychologist (functionalist) who focused on consciousness ("the stream of consciousness") and cognitions

This structure is NOT visible when viewing an image of an intact brain:

Amygdala (pg 28)

According to the all-or-none law of action potential initiation, if there is a weak stimulus, then:

An action potential will be sent down the axon, always of the same magnitude.

Broca's area

An area in the frontal lobe associated with the production of language. Damage to this area causes Broca's aphasia.

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

An area in the temporal cortex that is activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies, but not by faces or other objects.

Fusiform face area (FFA)

An area in the temporal lobe that contains many neurons that respond selectively to faces.

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

An area in the temporal lobe that contains neurons that are selectively activated by pictures of indoor and outdoor scenes.

Area MT

An area in the visual cortex that contains neurons that are acutely sensitive to direction and speed of movement (damage --> akinetopsia)

Area V4

An area in the visual cortex that contains neurons that fire most strongly to certain colours and shapes.

Nerve impulse

An electrical response that is propagated down the length of an axon (nerve fiber). Also called an Action potential.

CONJUNCTION ERROR

An error in perception in which a person correctly perceives what features are present but misperceives how the features are joined, so that (for example) a red circle and a green square might be perceived as a red square and a green circle.

Check all of the following characteristics that distinguish semantic and episodic memory:

An experience without the fact. Knowing the detail but not where you learned it. The presence of "mental time travel".

neuron

An individual cell within the nervous system

Which of the following experiences is most likely to result in a modified or false memory of an event?

Any misleading postevent information, including hearing or seeing altered versions of events.

Bob suffered brain damage and now has difficulty recognizing objects. He was shown a clock and was asked to draw it, but drew only a square. However, when asked to draw a clock from memory, he was able to do it. Bob is likely suffering from

Apperceptive agnosia

Wernicke's area

Area in the temporal lobe associated with understanding language. Damage to this area causes Wernicke's aphasia.

You ask participants to recall a group of words presented in a specific order, and find evidence of standard primacy and recency effects. How could you modify your experiment to minimize the recency effect?

Ask participants to count backwards for 30 seconds after they see the last word on the list.

In levels-of-processing theory, which of the following would be considered to have the deepest level of processing when trying to memorize an object?

Asking to think of an unusual use for the object.

Apperceptive agnosia and associative agnosia both involve difficulties with object recognition; however, they differ in that

Associative agnosia involves problems linking visual forms together.

Imagine you find that words that were initially presented in the context of a sentence show stronger priming in an indirect memory task than words that were presented alone. Keeping in mind what you know about process purity, which of the following can you conclude from this?

At least one kind of memory was affected, but beyond that it is unclear.

Which of the following statements is NOT a concern about the use of introspection as a research tool?

At present, there is enormous uncertainty about the relationship between the activity in the brain and the ideas and thoughts available to introspection.

Each area of the brain does its own job and neural activity tends to be highly transient. _______ is what enables us to sustain the activity in these various systems.

Attention

You are walking down a quiet street in a residential area when all of a sudden the alarm of the car you are walking by starts to go off and startles you, causing you to jump and gasp. This is an example of:

Attentional Capture and a very salient stimulus

Sympathetic

Autonomic/Peripheral; Mobilizes body for action. The 3 F's: Fight, Flight, F... Sex

Parasympathetic

Autonomic/Peripheral; conserves energy in rest, slows heart after escape or in relaxation, regulates energy conserving functions, enables humans to return to homeostasis

Neuron A communicates with neuron B. The ________ of neuron A forms a synapse with the ________ of neuron B.

Axon terminal; dendrite

Select each that is a part of a neuron:

Axon, Dendrite, cell body

Participants are shown a visual stimulus for just 30 milliseconds (ms) and are then asked, "Was there an E or a K in the stimulus?" We would expect the best performance if the stimulus is

BARK

Which of the following is the LEAST accurate statement about behaviorism?

Behaviorism is primarily designed to explain why organisms believe their behavior is justified or reasonable.

As it grew up, the dog came to recognize the smell of urine and associated spots that smelled like urine with the act of urinating. They have learned to urinate wherever they smell urine.

Behaviorist

Which is the clearest example of what psychologists call an action slip?

Being distracted while driving to the mall and turning the wrong way down the street you take every day to school.

Capgras syndrome

Belief that close family members have been kidnapped and replaced by identical looking imposters

subcortical

Beneath the surface (i.e., beneath the cortex

Betsy fears that aliens have abducted her during the night. She reports lying in bed and experiencing strange flashes of light and a sensation of floating off the bed. According to the textbook, what is a more likely explanation for the experiences she describes?

Betsy's hypnagogic experiences may have been incorporated into fragmented dreams and remembered in the morning.

English nonwords (e.g., "HICE") are easier to perceive than strings of letters not resembling English words (e.g., "RSFK") because

Bigram detectors for more-common letter combinations fire more readily.

Participants are shown a pair of similar pictures separated by a blank interval. The pictures are identical except for a single aspect (e.g., a man is wearing a hat in one scene but not in the other). In these kinds of tasks, participants often find it hard to detect the change. This phenomenon is known as change

Blindness

Different types of information are sometimes processed by different neurons. This speeds processing and allows for specialization but creates a problem when the types of information have to be put back together. Select each of the following statements that is accurate and has an accurate description of how the information is combined to form a percept.

Blurry color afterimages become sharp when presented with fine black-and-white spatial information. Fine spatial information is used to constrain the location of the color.

Which of the following statements are true concerning neural communication? a. Messages travel electrically from one point to another within the neuron. b. Messages are transmitted chemically between neurons. c. Both a and b are true. d. Neither a nor b is true.

Both a and b are true.

What happens in the feature integration theory?

Both preattentive feature analysis and binding of features to objects during focused attention.

The way we operationally define the terms "feature" and "form" matter greatly when addressing top-down vs bottom-up processing.

Both responses are correct

Imagine you are reading a puzzling email from a friend. You identify the words, but have a hard time "reading between the lines." In this example, word identification involves ________ processing while "reading between the lines" involves ________ processing.

Bottom-up ; top-down

Which of the following suggest there may actually be some overlap between long-term and short-term memory?

Brain Imaging studies.

Central nervous system

Brain and spinal chord

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans show

Brain areas that are currently consuming a particularly high level of glucose

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Brain imaging technique that creates images of structures within the brain. See also Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Select each of the following that support the hypothesis that visual processing takes place in separate parallel channels.

Brain lesions in temporal cortex can sometimes leave an individual unable to recall the name of an object. Motion is better processed in the visual periphery than when observed directly. Studies of neuronal cell types in the retina show that different cells project to separate patches of tissue in primary visual cortex.

Select each of the following that support the hypothesis that visual processing takes place in separate parallel channels.

behaviorist theory

Behaviorist Theory (pg 11)

Broad principles concerned with how behavior changes in response to different configurations of stimuli (including stimuli often called "rewards" and "punishments"). In its early days, this theory sought to avoid mentalistic terms. First half of 20th century. The way people act, feel, guided by how they understand or interpret situation.

BEHAVIORIST THEORY

Broad principles concerned with how behavior changes in response to different configurations of stimuli (including stimuli that are often called "rewards" and "punishments"). In its early days, behaviorist theory sought to avoid mentalistic terms (terms that referred to representations or processes inside the mind).

Consider the speech of the following two patients. Patient A: "I...w-w-w-...went...um...th." Patient B: "Then, the zoo did very wildly to him, and before all he then did again to her. It did too him and her and them and all from here." Patient A probably suffers from damage to _______ resulting in a _______ aphasia. Patient B probably suffers from damage to _______ resulting in a _______ aphasia

Broca's area, nonfluent; Wernicke's area, fluent

Which statement about visual attention is MOST accurate?

By priming our detectors, we make expected stimuli more likely to be noticed and remembered.

Ganglion cells A, B, and C are next to each other in the retina and inhibit each other laterally. If light is hitting the entire receptive fields of A and B, but only partially hitting the receptive field of C, what will happen?

C will be the most active cell.

The ________ contains the machinery necessary to keep the cell alive and functioning properly.

Cell body

Neuron

Cell that is specialized to receive and transmit information in the nervous system.

Bipolar cells

Cells in the retina that connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells

Ganglion cells

Cells spread evenly across the retina, which are excited by bipolar cells. All these axons converge to form the optic nerve.

Center surround cells

Cells that fire one way to light presented to the central region of the receptive field and the opposite way to light presented to the surrounding ring (note: if both center and periphery are stimulated at same time, they cancel out so its the same as if there was no stimulus at all)

Orientation-specific visual fields

Cells that fire to specific orientations - they have a preferred orientations that they will fire most for.

Spinal chord

Central nervous system; processes sensory input and motor output using afferent and efferent neurons, and reflexes

Which of the following is true with respect to neurons in the visual regions of the brain?

Certain cells are specialized for detecting dots, edges, and specific line orientations.

event-related potential

Changes in an EEG in the brief period just before, during, and after an explicitly defined event, usually measured by averaging together many trials in which this event has occurred

Neurotransmitter

Chemical that is released at the synapse in response to incoming action potentials.

Neuron X sends a signal that is picked up and processed by Neuron Y. This between-cell communication occurs via

Chemical transmission between Neuron X and and Neuron Y

Communication between neurons is ________, while communication within a neuron is ________.

Chemical; electrical

Which of the following statements about marijuana is FALSE?

Chronic marijuana users often experience the intense cravings associated with withdrawal.

The dog seems to have learned to urinate whenever it smells urine but it should not have to relieve itself since it did so on the last block. It may have another motivation for urinating when it does not need to.

Cognitive Psychologist

Experiments, like Tolman's maze experiment, demonstrated that explaining behavior required the existence of inferred mental processes. The observation that in order to understand some behaviors we need to consider mental processes led to the:

Cognitive Revolution

Piaget

Cognitive development of children

For each of the following, select those pairs that are thought to be processed as separate visual streams.

Color and brightness, Fine spatial information and movement

Patty is asked to find a red square among a display that also contains blue squares and red circles. This task requires what kind of search process?

Combination

The corpus callosum is a large

Commissure

Movement facilitates perception when reaching to grasp an object by which of the following?

Comparing expected changes in position to actual changes in position. Comparing expected force needed to grasp or move an object to actual force required. Using your hand as a size reference to infer the size or distance of the object.

Nervous System

Comprised of brain, spinal chord, and other nerve fibers. Processes info- interprets, makes decisions, guides actions. Central and Peripheral

Forebrain

Comprised of the thalamus, amygdala, corpus callosum, hypothalamus, limbic system

Prosopagnosia

Condition caused by damage to the temporal lobe that is characterized by an inability to recognize faces.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Conscious processing is more efficient than unconscious processing but is also relatively unsophisticated.

Barlett

Constructive processes in memory

Regarding the process of recognizing faces, which of the following is LEAST accurate?

Context is the most important variable when testing facial recognition

thalamus

Controls the way emotions are expressed

Motor Cortex

Controls voluntary body movements

Which of the following statements about creative thought is most likely to be true?

Correct The "aha" experience implies only that we've discovered a new approach to a problem, not that we've discovered the right solution.

Crystallized intelligence _______ with age whereas fluid intelligence _______ with age.

Correct increases; decreases

Intelligence as measured by IQ is most similar in

Correct monozygotic twins.

Wallas argued that creative thought proceeds through four stages in which order?

Correct preparation, incubation, illumination, verification

Most of the brain's structures are hidden deep inside the ________, which is the outer, visible layer.

Cortex

SUBVOCALIZATION

Covert speech in which one goes through the motions of speaking, or perhaps forms a detailed motor plan for speech movements, but without making any sound.

subvocalization

Covert speech, in which you go through the motions of speaking, or perhaps form a detailed motor plan for speech movements, but without making any sound.

Subvocalization

Covert speech, in which you go through the motions of speaking, or perhaps form a detailed motor plan for speech movements, but without making any sound. "inner voice" for rehearsal loop

Which of the following statements is true?

Creativity may result from the right combination of ordinary processes.

Which is not a proposed explanation for the reminiscence bump?

Cultural self-image (better memory for periods that matched cultural expectations)

If an experimenter asks you to memorize a shopping list but asks you to wait before reporting, _______ may cause you to forget items. If they ask you to memorize multiple lists and you struggle remembering specific items in the later , you may be experiencing ______.

Decay, Interference

Deep processing may lead to improved memory performance because it facilitates retrieval. How exactly does this happen?

Deep processing forms many connections between the current item and previous knowledge.

Complete the analogy: Incoming is to outgoing as ________ is to ________.

Dendrite; axon

Monocular distance cues

Depth cues that depend only on what each eye sees by itself.

Gestalt principles

Describe the top-down processing that organizes sensory information into distinct forms (similarity, proximity, good continuation, closure, simplicity)

Detection of features is separate from the association of those features.

Resting potential

Difference in charge between the inside and outside of a nerve fiber when the fiber is at rest (no other electrical signals are present).

Akinetopsia

Disorder in which patient is unable to see objects in motion - as if they're lagging in time.

Smaller

Distant objects produce a ___________ (smaller/larger) image than do nearby objects of the same size.

Studies looking at electrical activity in the brain suggest that the processing steps for attended stimuli and unattended stimuli are

Distinguishable around 80 ms after stimuli presentation

Autonomic nervous system can cause

Dry mouth, sweaty palms, increased heart rate, oxygen rate increased, increased blood flow typically to legs or other extremities, slowed/stopped digestion, sweating

Scientists sometimes find that one person will demonstrate ESP in one laboratory, but not in another. This suggests that __________________.

ESP is not a reliable phenomenon

Tolman

Early behaviorist who emphasized cognitive maps, even in the study of rats in a maze

In a study of visual selection, participants were shown a video of people throwing and catching a ball. Some of the people were wearing white shirts and some were wearing black shirts. Participants were asked to attend only to the group of people wearing white shirts and count the number of times they threw the ball. In this study, participants

Easily completed the task, but in the process failed to notice some peculiar events that occurred

What's the difference between echoic memory and iconic memory?

Echoic memory lasts for number of seconds, rather than a fraction of a second

Mistakes in word reading occur under a feature-net model of recognition. This results because the feature net encourages ________ over ________.

Efficiency ; accuracy

The water-jar problem, in which participants are given three jars of different sizes and need to use those jars to come up with a certain volume of water, has been used to demonstrate

Einstellung

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Elements of a particular episode are stored in a "file" that separates them from elements of other episodes.

Among its other functions, the amygdala seems to serve as a(n)

Emotional evaluator or threat detector

right hemisphere

Emotional, intuitive half of the brain; artistic or creative skills; recognition of faces

Which of the following is FALSE with regard to the role of emotions in decision making?

Emotions have little place in the reasoned process of decision making.

Which statement pertaining to the overall state of memory is FALSE?

Errors in memory are more common than accurate memories.

Conjunction errors

Errors in which person correctly detects features present in a visual display, but makes mistakes as to how the features are bound together. Occurs with lack of attention.

Neural representation, principle of

Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person's nervous system.

Which of the following statements is FALSE about automatic tasks?

Executive control cannot override automaticity.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic distinguishing experts in a particular domain from novices in that domain?

Experts rely more heavily on the working-backwards strategy.

Several researchers have compared brain activity during the learning process for words that were later remembered or forgotten. Which of the following is NOT consistent with their findings?

Exposure to an item is enough for retention.

"Executive control cannot override automaticity" is a

FALSE statement about automatic tasks

"You can divide attention if the tasks are very similar" is a

FALSE statement because attention is limited in many ways

Damage to the ________ is likely to cause problems with precise eye movements.

FOREBRAIN????? PARIETAL LOBES??

Which is NOT part of the evidence for a dissociation between familiarity and source memory?

Familiarity is promoted by creating a link between the test item and the setting; source memory is promoted by focusing on the material to be learned.

Distance cues

Features of a stimulus that indicate an object's position

Cognitive neuroscience

Field concerned with studying the neural basis of cognition.

Which of the following chains of feature detectors is NOT an example of hierarchical processing?

Fingers, face, hand, head

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. If you were asked to solve problems that you had never seen before, you would be relying on your fluid intelligence. b. Fluid intelligence reflects an inherited predisposition. c. Fluid intelligence increases with advancing age. d. Typically fluid intelligence decreases with advancing age

Fluid intelligence increases with advancing age.

The cortex makes up the surface of what brain structure?

Forebrain

Hippocampus

Forebrain/Limbic: Formation of new memories

Amygdala

Forebrain/Limbic: Links information from senses and is involved in emotion

Hypothalamus

Forebrain/limbic; Regulates hunger, thirst, and sex drives - The Four F's • Feeding • Fleeing • Fighting • F...sex

Limbic system

Forebrain; Controls emotion and memory

Thalamus

Forebrain; Relays pain signals to brain from Spinal Cord;Relays signals from sensory organs to brain. Sensory relay center

Recall is the process of retrieving items from memory. _______ recall is retrieving a memory based only on the request to do so. _______ recall is the process of retrieving an item associated with a specific prompt.

Free; Cued

Using quiz questions as prompts to write your own answer as a way of studying for the midterm would be which of the following study techniques?

Generate and Test

Which of the following types of processing for a target word will probably lead to the BEST memory performance?

Generating a sentence that uses the target word.

Carolyn and Brad have been to genetic counseling because she is pregnant, but they are very upset because based on the session they realize that between them they are likely passing on genes for heart disease, cancer, depression, alcoholism and mental illness. What advice would you give them about their concerns? a. We all have something and it is just the luck of the draw as to what a person ends up with. b. Genes do influence our predisposition to illness but there are several other variables, like life style, that ultimately affect the outcome. c. The research indicates that genes have the smallest influence on illnesses, so not to worry. d. Environmental variables have the strongest influence on individual outcomes

Genes do influence our predisposition to illness but there are several other variables, like life style, that ultimately affect the outcome.

The term "geons" is short for

Geometric ions

In each trial of an experiment, participants see a warning signal and then, a half second later, see a pair of letters. The participants press one button if the letters are the same (e.g., W W ) and a different button if the letters are different (e.g., P X ). In 80% of the trials, the warning signal is identical to the letters that will be shown on that trial. The following are the warning signals and the test stimuli presented on Trial 97 of the procedure: Group 1: warning signal = L; test pair = L L Group 2: warning signal = U; test pair = L L Group 3: warning signal = +; test pair = L L In this setup we should expect the fastest responses from

Group 1 and the slowest responses from Group 2.

Neural circuit

Group of interconnected neurons that are responsible for neural processing.

Neural network

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected together.

In a tachistoscopic procedure, a word is likely to be more difficult to recognize if it

Has an unusual spelling pattern

While out walking your dog, it stops to sniff patch of sidewalk on the corner. It then circles the spot and promptly urinates there even though it had relieved itself on the last block as well. Your friends offer two explanations: 1. I would find it appealing to urinate in a spot where others also found it acceptable to urinate so I would stop and urinate when I smelled urine. 2. As it grew up, the dog came to recognize the smell of urine and associated spots that smelled like urine with the act of urinating. They have learned to urinate wherever they smell urine. Choose the experiment below that allows us to best figure out who is more likely correct.

Have your friend walk ahead with a dog who is fully relieved (unable to leave urine). Watch for a spot where the lead dog stops to try to urinate and then approach the spot with your own dog. If your dog urinates, explanation 1 is more likely.

Which of the following statements about Phineus Gage is FALSE?

He had Capgras syndrome.

Why might someone have a hard time solving the problem of how to support a candle on a wall?

He or she had trouble seeing past the most salient functions of the available tools.

In Donders' classic study reviewed in chapter 1, how did he compute the time required for a participant to make a decision?

He subtracted the RT in the simple condition from the RT in the choice condition

Unconscious inference

Helmholtz's idea that some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment - for example, the inverse relationship between size and distance.

How does memory search in highly creative people differ from memory search in everyone else?

Highly creative people are better at making novel associations.

Glial Cells

Holds neurons together, help neurons communicate, and cleans up the mess.

Sensory code

How neural firing represents various characteristics of the environment.

Which of the following was NOT one of the problems associated with introspection as a research technique?

How people react to a stimulus is heavily influenced by past experience.

Which theorist identified eight distinct, independent forms of intelligence and suggested that the value of these intelligences may change according to culture?

Howard Gardner

Shantel has heard about the use of hypnosis to reduce pain and anxiety during childbirth and is interested in trying this technique. What does research suggest about the use of hypnosis to relieve pain?

Hypnosis helps to relieve anxiety and fear, thereby reducing pain.

Maria witnessed a crime when the store where she works was robbed. She is having trouble recalling the details of the robber and his car. She reasons that if she is hypnotized, she will remember the details more clearly and perhaps even recall the license plate number. What does research suggest about the effect of hypnosis on memory?

Hypnosis may actually increase the potential for error in recalling events.

What would be an example of a speech error that most directly shows the effect of an incorrect morpheme choice?

I have classifying many different species on plants.

A patient with visual agnosia will probably show an inability to

Identify common objects in plain view

The face/vase example illustrates what important principle of perceptual organization?

If the figure and the background are ambiguous, the image can be interpreted in multiple ways.

Which of the following is TRUE of covariation?

Illusory covariations sometimes generate prejudice towards groups of people.

Lindsie participated in an fMRI experiment. The researchers found high activity levels in visual areas when she was looking at an image and high activity in those same areas when she was ________.

Imagining the image

Veronica wanted to go to the grocery store but was out of paper for writing a shopping list. She came up with several possible ways to remember what she needed to buy (listed below). Which of her ideas is NOT a simple mnemonic strategy?

Imagining what she can cook with all of the items on the list and imagining what all the food would taste like.

The task of shadowing involves

Immediately repeating, word for word, the contents of a message

Based on past research about explicit and implicit memory, which of the following patterns would you MOST expect to find?

In a word-stem-completion task, people are more likely to produce a word they have recently seen, even if they do not remember seeing it, than an equally plausible word they have not seen recently.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

In the primary somatosensory projection area, the larger the physical size of a body area, the more cortical area is devoted to it.

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

In the thalamus. Receives information from the optic nerve and transmit it to the primary projection area for vision in the occipital lobe.

Where does the "attentional spotlight" reside in the brain?

In the visual system / occipital lobe

Which of the following is NOT true about Rosch's prototype theory of category membership

In this theory, the boundaries of the category are specified, rather than the center of the category

Participants are instructed to fixate on a point on a computer screen and report on a "+" sign that appears off to one side. After several trials, the fixation point is replaced by a new shape, but the participants do not notice this change. This is a study of

Inattentional blindness

While out walking your dog, it stops to sniff patch of sidewalk on the corner. It then circles the spot and promptly urinates there even though it had relieved itself on the last block as well. Decide which of the following statements explaining this situation best fits with each psychological school of thought. I would find it appealing to urinate in a spot where others also found it acceptable to urinate so I would stop and urinate when I smelled urine.

Introspectionist

Which of the following exemplifies the memory effects of repeated exposure without intention to remember?

Irv is unable to describe the appearance of his wristwatch even though he has owned it for years and looks at it many times each day.

One of the disadvantages of synaptic communication is that it takes time for chemicals to pass from one side of the synapse to another. Which of the following is a benefit of synaptic transmission?

It allows our nervous system to compare multiple signals from many sources.

What is the CLEAREST advantage of connecting new information to prior knowledge in several different ways?

It allows the information to be accessed from multiple retrieval paths.

What is a potential downside to the processing of parallel visual streams?

It can be difficult to associate an object in one stream with the same object represented in another stream.

Which of the following claims is true of the response selector?

It can time-share between multiple tasks, launching responses as needed.

What is an advantage of trying to learn something using deep (meaning-related) processing rather than strategies like mnemonics?

It creates more retrieval paths for the memory.

What is the main reason why both late and early selection models can be true?

It depends on how many resources are consumed by a task.

Which statement about working memory is FALSE?

It functions mainly as a storage container.

When people can tell us which things they actually remember and which they just know, what advantage does this give us?

It gives us some indication of which memories are more likely to be true.

Which of the following statements applies to expectation-based priming but not to stimulus-based priming?

It has a cost attached.

Which of the following is NOT true of speech segmentation?

It is made easier by the process of coarticulation, where each phoneme overlaps with the ones before and after it.

What is an advantage for conscious, as opposed to unconscious, performance?

It is much more flexible.

The bigram CO is more common in English than CQ, which makes identifying CORN more likely than identifying CQRN. According to feature nets, how is knowledge of bigram frequency stored?

It is not explicitly stored anywhere

Some researchers have compared visual attention to a searchlight beam sweeping across the visual field. Which of the following claims about this beam is NOT currently supported by evidence?

It is possible to split the beam of visual attention, so that two nonadjacent positions are both within the beam

Some researchers have compared visual attention to a searchlight beam sweeping across the visual field. Which of the following claims about this beam is NOT currently supported by evidence?

It is possible to split the beam of visual attention, so that two nonadjacent positions are both within the beam.

Repeated exposure to a person or situation will cause memory for specific instances to fade, making it difficult to recall details of any one episode. This can be problematic, but it can also be seen as a good thing. In what way does this process benefit us?

It leads to the creation of general knowledge.

Why does statistical training have an effect on judgment and reasoning?

It makes it easier to for us trigger System 2.

How does attention help solve the binding problem?

It narrows the possible sources from which perceptual cues could be arriving at a given moment.

Why does elaborative encoding facilitate recall?

It provides many potential retrieval paths.

What is the purpose of using a mask in word recognition tasks?

It serves to stop participants from continuing to process the stimulus.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of executive control?

It underlies habitual responding but not goal-directed behaviors.

What prediction could you make on the basis of the "recognition-via-multiple-views" approach to object recognition?

It will be harder to recognize an object from some vantage points than from others.

Which of the following is true?

Just because people use prototypes does not mean that is the only information available to them.

Which of the following concerns is NOT addressed by adopting a cognitive approach to the study of psychology?

Just because something happens in a laboratory experiment does not mean it necessarily happens that way in real-life settings.

Patients with Parkinson's disease have decreased activity in cells that produce dopamine. The drug L-dopa is converted in the brain to dopamine and sometimes relieves the tremors, rigidity, and difficulty in movement characteristic of patients with Parkinson's disease. Is L-dopa an agonist or antagonist for dopamine?

L-dopa is an agonist

Seligman

Learned helplessness. strict behaviorist who transitioned to cognitive.

Retina

Light sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eyeball

Cindy and Linda are both eyewitnesses to a bank robbery. At the police station, they each select Mike from a police lineup and say, "He's the thief!" It turns out, though, that Mike has been a customer at the store at which Cindy works while Linda has never before seen Mike. With this background

Linda's identification is more valuable to the police because Cindy may have been misled by the fact that Mike seemed familiar because of her other encounters with him.

Localization of function

Location of specific functions in specific areas of the brain. For example, areas have been identified that are specialized to process information involved in the perception of movement, form, speech, and different aspects of memory.

In order to be described as using covert attention, what is required?

Looking at one place but directing your attention somewhere else.

Which of the following are most crucial for the perception of movement? a. P cells in the optic nerve and parvocellular cells in the LGN b. P cells in the optic nerve and magnocellular cells in the LGN c. M cells in the optic nerve and magnocellular cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) d. M cells in the optic nerve and parvocellular cells in the LGN.

M cells in the optic nerve and magnocellular cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Which of the following are most crucial for the perception of movement?

M cells in the optic nerve, and magnocellular cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

__________is a designer drug that, at high doses, can cause dangerous increases in body temperature and blood pressure that can lead to seizures, heart attacks, and strokes. Chronic use of this drug may produce long-lasting, perhaps permanent, damage to neurons that release serotonin and therefore may increase depression.

MDMA

A woman comes into her doctor's office complaining that she has a headache and that her dog sitter replaced her dog with an imposter. An extended interview revealed personality changes consistent with a stroke and possible brain tissue loss in the amygdala. It is possible she is no longer able to have an appropriate affective response to her pet but the conclusion should be confirmed by visualizing the potentially damaged area. Decide which neuroscience tool would provide the simplest and least invasive method for visualizing the amygdala.

MRI

Greater than normal activation was found in the patient's amygdala when presented with images of the dog implying an unusual affective reaction to the image.

MRI

Which of the following regions in visual cortex is most likely to show abnormalities in a patient with akinetopsia? a. MT b. PO c. V1 d. V4

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

Made major contributions to many fields, and his transcendental method enabled him to ask what qualities of the mind make experience possible.

A synapse is:

Made up of the end of one neuron's axon, another neuron's receiving membrane, and the gap between these two

Which of the following experimental results is LEAST likely to be found?

Made-up names heard before are judged to be famous people's names on a test immediately following initial presentation.

What does MRI stand for?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Biederman's recognition by components (RBC) model

Makes use of geon detectors, which in turn trigger detectors for geon assemblies

In dichotic listening experiments, some aspects of the unattended message seem to leak through and are heard despite the participant's intention to ignore the message. Which of the following statements reflects what is LEAST likely to leak through in this fashion?

Material that is easily distinguishable from the attended message in its semantic content

Which of the following does NOT describe an introspective approach to the study of the mind?

Measuring the number of times a person turns left in a maze before and after left turns are paired with shocks.

Which of the following is a problem with the recognition-by-components (RBC) model?

Memory for upside-down houses is a bit worse than memory for upright houses.

Which of the following is a problem with the recognition-by-components model?

Memory for upside-down houses is a bit worse than memory for upright houses.

All of the following statements accurately describe the effects of mnemonics EXCEPT:

Mnemonics facilitate multiple connections between new material and prior knowledge.

Pictorial cues

Monocular depth cues that create an impression of depth on a flat surface.

Recordings from neurons in area V4 of the visual cortex are

More responsive to attended inputs than unattended inputs

Which of the following statements about generativity is FALSE?

Morphemes can be added to words in any order.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Savants are intellectually disabled people who have limited mental abilities, but excel in a specific area of intellectual functioning. b. The term intellectually disabled usually indicates that someone is significantly below average in general intellectual functioning (IQ is below 70). c. Less than 1 to 3 percent of the population would be classified as intellectually disabled. d. Most intellectually disabled people cannot become self-sufficient

Most intellectually disabled people cannot become self-sufficient.

In one experiment, participants were repeatedly shown two lines and asked to judge which line was longer. Meanwhile, black dots appeared randomly on the other parts of the screen during each trial. For some trials, the dots moved to create "fins," as shown in Figure 4.3 in the textbook. Which of the following results were found?

Most of the participants reported the top line as longer, even though the lines are equal in length.

Which of the following is NOT part of how the binding problem is solved?

Much of the information is combined in a separate area of the brain.

Which of the following is NOT part of how the binding problem is solved? a. Attention directed toward the item being perceived aids binding. b. Much of the information is combined in a separate area of the brain. c. Cells from the different systems oscillate together in the same rhythm. d. Systems have their own spatial maps, which they can align together.

Much of the information is combined in a separate area of the brain.

TORSTEN WIESEL AND DAVID HUBEL

Much of what we know about the visual system derives from the pioneering work done by David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel. This pair of researchers won the 1981 Nobel Prize for their discoveries. (The Nobel Prize was shared with Roger Sperry for his independent research on the cerebral hemispheres).

The available data from patients with brain damage to circuits controlling attention indicate that

Multiple brain mechanisms are responsible for the control of attention

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be included within a kitchen schema?

My mother's kitchen contains a microwave oven.

"Practice means that the response selector is no longer needed" is:

NOT a good reason on why practice can improve performance.

A feature net is a

Network of cognitive "detectors" organized in hierarchical layers

Sparse coding

Neural coding based on the pattern of activity in small groups of neurons.

Population coding

Neural representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons.

Enables us with some methods, to scrutinize the precise structure of the brain and with other methods, to track the moment-by-moment pattern activation or activitiy levels within specfically defined brain areas.

Neuroimaging techniques (pg 19)

Feature detectors

Neurons that respond to specific visual features, such as orientation, size, or the more complex features that make up environmental stimuli.

Electrical recordings from the patient's scalp showed a response in occipital areas that was smaller than to other images of dogs implying she may be having difficulty perceiving her pet.

Neurophysiology

Which cognitive neuroscience method and description of how it studies mental processing and representations is incorrect?

Neuropsychology: observing dysfunction only when a double dissociation is present.

A woman comes into her doctor's office complaining that she has a headache and that her dog sitter replaced her dog with an imposter. Decide which neuroscience tool was likely used to generate each explanation. An extended interview revealed personality changes consistent with a stroke and possible brain tissue loss in the amygdala. It is possible she is no longer able to have an appropriate affective response to her pet.

Neuropychology

Which of the following is an example of a prescriptive rule of grammar?

Never end a sentence in a preposition.

one type of error that can result from feature nets ar recognition errors. are recognition errors a significant problem?

No, these errors are infrequent and are usually not problematic.

Subliminal messages, those messages presented below threshold, can affect behavior in which of the following ways? a. They can help you learn while asleep. b. They can change consumer behavior or who you vote for. c. They can improve your memory for things that you learn while awake. d. None of the above.

None of the above

Which of the following statements about sleep and dreaming are TRUE? a. When people experience genital arousal during sleep, it means they are having a sexual dream. b. Dreaming of dying can be fatal. c. Dreams last only a few seconds. d. None of the above statements are true.

None of the above statements are true.

similarity

Objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group.

Bandura

Observational learning occurs immediately through observation, often without reward, not just gradually through operant conditioning

Distributed representation

Occurs when a specific cognition activates many areas of the brain.

WILHELM WUNDT (1832-1920)

Often regarded as the "father of experimental psychology."

_____________ is the result of stimulation of receptor cells in the nose when you smell a cheese burger or a gardenia.

Olfaction

Which of the following claims is FALSE?

Once people rely on prototypes, they no longer use exemplars for judging category membership.

Which of the following statements best describes viewpoint-dependent object recognition?

One must match the current view of an object with a view of the object stored in memory, using the process of rotation.

ARTICULATORY REHEARSAL LOOP

One of the low-level assistants hypothesized as being part of the working-memory system. This loop draws on subvocalized (covert) speech, which serves to create a record in the phonological buffer. Materials in this buffer then fade, but they can be refreshed by another cycle of covert speech.

articulatory rehearsal loop

One of the low-level assistants hypothesized as part of the working-memory system. This loop draws on subvocalized (covert) speech, which serves to create a record in the phonological buffer. Materials in this buffer then fade, but they can be refreshed by another cycle of covert speech

Articulatory Rehearsal Loop

commissure

One of the thick bundles of fibers via which information is sent back and forth between the two cerebral hemispheres

midbrain

One of the three main structures (along with the forebrain and the hindbrain) of the brain; the midbrain plays an important role in coordinating movements, and it contains structures that serve as "relay" stations for information arriving from the sensory organs

hindbrain

One of the three main structures (along with the forebrain and the midbrain) of the brain; the hindbrain sits atop the spinal cord and includes several structures crucial for controlling key life functions

forebrain

One of the three main structures (along with the hindbrain and the midbrain) of the brain; the forebrain plays a crucial role in supporting intellectual functioning

cerebral hemisphere

One of the two hemispherical brain structures—one on the left side, one on the right—that constitute the major part of the forebrain in mammals

Which of the following is NOT true about heuristics?

One way to ensure error-free decisions is to use the typicality heuristic.

Given current evidence, what is the most likely impact of language on thought?

One's language impacts one's thought indirectly by impacting memory and attention.

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the light-from-above assumption?

Our exposure to physical regularities in the natural world.

On one trial of an experiment, a participant is shown the sequence GWXT. On a different trial, the participant is shown the sequence PAFE. On the basis of prior research, we should expect that

PAFE will be easier to perceive than GWTX because detectors for PA and FE are likely to be well primed

Cell body

Part of a cell that contains mechanisms that keep the cell alive. In some neurons, the cell body and the dendrites associated with it receive information from other neurons.

figure/ground organization

Part of a stimulus appears to stand out as an object (figure) against a less prominent background (ground)

Axon

Part of the neuron that transmits signals from the cell body to the synapse at the end of the axon.

Which condition would produce the most accurate response?

Participants are asked whether they were shown a "d" or "b" when presented in the word "LARD."

Which condition would produce the most accurate response?

Participants are asked whether they were shown a "d" or "b" when presented with the word "LARD."

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the perception of briefly presented words?

Participants are better at recognizing words that were recently seen.

In a tachistoscopic procedure, participants are shown the sequence NACL. Evidence indicates that

Participants are likely to misperceive the sequence, reading it as if it were a common letter pattern, such as NAIL

Which group would perform the BEST on a memory test?

Participants engaged in deep processing without previous warning of a memory test.

Two groups of participants were asked to learn a series of word pairs and were then given a memory test. Both groups were told to remember the second word in each pair and use the first word as an aid to remember the targets. For Group A, the first word was semantically associated with the target word (e.g., dark-light). For Group B, the first word rhymed with the target word (e.g., sight-light). Each group was given hints during the memory test. These hints could be related to meaning (e.g., "Was there a word associated with 'dark'?") or sound (e.g., "Was there a word associated with 'sight'?"). Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Participants in Group B performed better when given a meaning hint than when given a sound hint.

In one experiment, participants were shown a stimulus preceded by a neutral cue, a correct prime, or a misleading prime. For some participants, the primes were usually correct (high validity), and for others they were usually misleading (low validity). Which of the following was NOT a result of this experiment?

Participants in the high-validity condition showed no difference between neutral and mislead trials, demonstrating that there is no cost of priming.

Which of the following statements is NOT likely to be an influence of implicit memory?

Participants remember the circumstances in which they first encountered a stimulus.

The text describes one study in which some participants were asked to come up with 6 examples of when they had been assertive in the past and others were asked to come up with 12 examples. Which of the following best describes the results of this study?

Participants who came up with fewer examples judged themselves to be more assertive.

Participants are asked to report the shape of a visual stimulus that appears on the left side of a screen. Simultaneous with the presentation of this target stimulus, a second visual stimulus is flashed on the screen. Based on our understanding of inattentional blindness, which of the following is NOT sufficient to make the participants notice the second stimulus?

Participants' eyes are oriented toward the place where the second stimulus appears.

Which of the following is evidence of a double dissociation, suggesting differing underlying neural systems?

Patients with agnosia can recognize faces but not objects, while patients with prosopagnosia show the opposite pattern.

The existence of "bigram detectors" helps to explain which of the following?

People are more likely to recognize "TICE" when briefly presented than "EITC."

The existence of "bigram detectors" helps to explain which of the following?

People are more likely to recognize the letters "TICE" when they are briefly presented than the letters "EITC."

What do patients suffering from unilateral-neglect syndrome demonstrate about visual attention?

People have both space-based and object-based attention.

Which of the following is NOT true of people's reasoning about natural kinds and artifacts?

People tend to assume that the properties of artifacts are more predictable than properties of natural kinds.

Which of the following is TRUE about decision making?

People tend to overestimate how much they will later regret their errors.

Which of the following is FALSE with regard to the confirmation bias?

People tend to take disconfirming evidence at face value.

Which of the following is evidence in support of linguistic relativity?

People who speak languages with richer color vocabularies may perceive colors differently.

Which of the following is FALSE about autobiographical memories?

People will bias recollection of past events away from current characteristics.

A child goes to the doctor and is told he needs to receive a shot. Just before administering the shot, the doctor quickly diverts the little boy's attention by asking him about his favorite hobby. The child is surprised by the shot but admits that, "It didn't hurt very much this time because I wasn't thinking about it." During her time in medical school, this intelligent doctor likely read research concluding that:

Perception is both incomplete and an active process.

Mach bands

Perception of a thin dark band on the dark side of a light-dark border and a thin light band on the light side of the border. These bands are an illusion because they occur even though corresponding intensity changes do not exist. Caused by edge enhancement.

It is suggested that features have special status. Which of the following findings does NOT support this hypothesis?

Perception of features changes based on the perceiver's expectations, but perception of objects does not.

Check all of the times during which memory distortions can occur.

Perceptually, during the initial experience. In the initial period following the experience before consolidation. During recall of the memory by biasing which information is accessed.

Which of the following claims about working memory is NOT accurate?

Performance in working-memory tasks does require some focus but is not disrupted by relatively mindless tasks such as saying "tah-tah-tah" aloud while holding items in working memory.

Association cortex

Performs complex tasks. Combines info from multiple senses/areas. All cortex that isn't sensory or motor. Damage creates severe deficits in mental abilities

Autonomic nervous system

Peripheral; Info back and forth between CNS and Various Organs. Controls activities normally outside of conscious control like the heart, lungs, organs, and glands

Somatic nervous system

Peripheral; Sensory information: Sends to central nervous system for processing; Motor information: Sends messages from central nervous system to muscles to direct motion

Cones

Photoreceptors that are less sensitive than rods and need more incoming light to operate. Sensitive to color. 3 types that fire to different colors. Also, these enable you to discern fine detail.

Rods

Photoreceptors that are sensitive to low levels of light and play an essential role for moving in semidarkness. Can distinguish between intensities of light, but not colour. are color blind

_______ rules allow us to generate a sentence's ultimate meaning.

Phrase structure

Which of the following is NOT true regarding recall performance?

Physical context is more important to recall than psychological context.

Which of the following is a FALSE statement about the memory strategy of "chunking"?

Practice with chunking can greatly increase the actual size of an individual's working memory.

An experienced driver can drive while holding a relatively complex conversation. This combination of activities is difficult, however, for a novice driver. Which of the following explanations most likely explains the difference?

Practicing a task leads to a decline in the resource demands for that task

How do we know that the prefrontal cortex is important in working memory?

Prefrontal neurons fire during a delay after a stimulus is gone but before they respond.

A model that represents specific processes with arrows that indicate connections to other processes is called a:

Process model

Top-down mechanisms suggest that

Processing can be driven by knowledge and expectations.

Hierarchical processing

Processing that occurs in a progression from lower to higher areas of the brain.

Action potential

Propagated electrical potential responsible for transmitting neural information and for communication between neurons. Action potentials typically travel down a neuron's axon.

Chomsky

Psycholinguistics and "innate grammar"

Which of the following is a way that cognitive psychology is DIFFERENT from physics?

Psychologists must take into account the way participants interpret their study.

What is the most precise explanation for why many aspects of psychology (and most of cognitive psychology) rely on inferential methods?

Psychology often demands hypotheses about processes that cannot be observed directly in order to explain the capacities and the behaviors that we can observe.

Garcia and Koelling conditioned rats to avoid sugar water (which they normally like). In one condition, they paired the water with electric shocks (which are painful). In another condition, they paired sugar water with radiation (which makes them sick). What were the important findings that are problematic for a strict behaviorist?

Radiation was more effective at conditioning them to avoid the sugar water

left hemisphere

Rational, logical half of the brain; involved in tasks that require logic, order, critical thinking or analysis.

Which is the BEST example of "encoding specificity"?

Reading the word "washed" but later failing to realize that, as part of this presentation, the word "ash" has also been viewed.

The efficiency of a feature-net model occasionally leads to errors. We could avoid making word-recognition mistakes if we scrutinized each letter. Why is this a suboptimal strategy (and not the one we use)?

Reading would be very slow

Reading would be very slow.

A study has a "2x2" design in which half of the participants read a passage in a boat and the other half read the same passage on a train, and then they are tested for recall of the passage in either the environment they learned in or the other environment. Based on previous studies, what results would you expect?

Recall performance would be best for people whose testing environment matched their learning environment.

Process of Visual Perception

Reception: Light enters through the cornea. It then passes through the pupil, the hole in the middle of the iris. The lens then focuses the light on the retina, which contains the photo receptors- Light sensitive cells called rods and cones. Transduction: Electro-magnetic energy (light) is converted into electro-chemical impulses by the rods and cones. This allows the visual information to travel along the fibers of the optic nerve to the brain. Transmission: Electro-magnetic impulses travel from the optic nerve to the primary visual cortex, located in the occipital lobe (at the back of the brain). Selection: The image is broken up by specialised cells called Feature Detectors. Feature detectors are cells that individually respond to lines of certain lengths or angles. This occurs in both the optic nerve and primary visual cortex. Organization: Visual information is reorganised in the visual cortex, so that we can make sense of it. We do this by using certain visual principles, such as perceptual contancies, Gestalt principles and depth and distance cues. Interpretation: This is the process whereby the visual stimulus/object is given meaning. The temporal lobe identifies what the object is, by using both oncoming information, as well as memory and prior knowledge, motives, experiences and context. The information is also sent to the parietal lobe, which tells us where the object is in space.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the existing data on face recognition?

Recognition of faces is heavily dependent on orientation.

Which of the following statements is true about the recognition of inverted faces?

Recognition of inverted faces is harder than for upright faces

Which of the following statements is true about the recognition of inverted faces?

Recognition of inverted faces is harder than for upright faces.

primary projection areas

Regions of the cortex that serve as the brain's receiving station for sensory information (sensory projection areas) or as a dispatching station for motor commands (motor projection areas)

Which of the following strategies might you suggest to a child who is having trouble remembering a list of things?

Repeat the list over and over either inside the head or out loud; either will be very effective.

Which of the following pieces of evidence would NOT be consistent with claims about the articulatory rehearsal loop?

Repeating a nonsense syllable over and over interferes with the ability to hold a sequence of abstract shapes in working memory.

A participant reads a list of words in which the word "elephant" appears several times. Later, the participant tachistoscopically views another list of words. When the word "elephant" appears in the second list, the participant's response rate is faster than for other words not found on the previous list. This effect is called

Repetition priming

Assistants

Responsible for solely storing info. Both the articulatory loop and the visuospatial sketch pad are involved in storing information.

The auditory cortex follows the principle of contralateral control. Thus, the:

Right temporal lobe receives most of its input from the left ear.

Which of the following claims regarding schema-based knowledge is FALSE?

Schema-based knowledge relies on remembering specific information within a memory (e.g., although shelves normally contain books, I remember that those shelves contain only boxes).

What are two concepts that may contribute to source misattributions?

Schemas and Scripts

Nerve fiber

See Axon.

Which is an example of sensory memory?

Seeing the trail of a sparkler.

Auditory cortex

Sensory cortex: sound

Somatosensory cortex

Sensory cortex: touch

Visual cortex

Sensory cortex; Area in the occipital lobe that receives signals from the eyes. Feature detectors: neurons that respond best to a specific stimulus

A patient might elect to have split-brain surgery, which involves

Severing the corpus callosum

Kate has a split brain. Her doctor briefly presents the word "hammer" to only her left visual field and then asks her what she saw. Which set of responses is Kate most likely to give?

She will say she doesn't know what word appeared but she will be able to identify the object with her left hand.

Jenna sees a picture of a black lab standing in front of its owner. The dog is blocking part of the owner's leg, so that some of the leg is unavailable to Jenna. How is Jenna likely to perceive this image?

She will think the leg continues behind the body of the dog.

Refractory period

Short resting time in between nerve firings. Gates close and positive ions are pumped out until cell is repolarized.

smooth pursuit movements

Slow, tracking movements of the eyes designed to keep a moving object aligned with the fovea.

Which event will improve long-term memory performance during a free-recall task?

Slowing down the presentation of the list.

Voxel

Small cube-shaped areas in the brain used in the analysis of data from brain scanning experiments.

Microelectrodes

Small wires that are used to record electrical signals from single neurons.

Peripheral nervous system

Somatic and Autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Which of the following is NOT supportive of the claim that perception is in the "eye of the beholder" and not in the stimulus itself?

Some cells are specialized to detect only horizontal bars in the environment.

Which of the following claims about false memories is INCORRECT?

Some false memories can be implanted in children, but not ones about major traumatic events.

If the corpus callosum is cut, what will happen to the two hemispheres of the brain?

Some information will be exchanged by other commissures.

Which of the following facts is explained equally well by prototype and exemplar-based theories?

Some items appear to be more typical of a category than others.

Synapse

Space between the end of an axon and the cell body or dendrite of the next axon.

Patients with unilateral neglect ignore one side of their visual field. This problem illustrates the importance of

Space-based perception

Right hemisphere

Spatial realtions

Photoreceptors

Specialized neural cells that respond directly to incoming light. 2 types: rods and cones

Receptors

Specialized neural structures that respond to environmental stimuli such as light, mechanical stimulation, or chemical stimuli.

A student is shown pictures of cars and faces while an fMRI took measurements in the fusiform face area (FFA). There was far less response for cars when compared to faces. The experimenter then trained the student to identify the cars accurately. After the training period, the student was shown the pictures of cars and faces again while in the fMRI. According to experience-dependent plasticity, how would the student's FFA respond to cars compared to faces in the second fMRI session?

Stronger response for cars than the first fMRI.

Simple memory associations that take place through synaptic consolidation involve _______.

Structural change at synapse over minutes or hours.

Synaptic Consolidation involves _______, whereas systems consolidation involves ______ ?

Structural change at synapse over minutes or hours; reorganization of neural circuits over months or years.

Wilhelm Wundt

Structuralism/introspection

Lens

Structure in the eye that focuses light rays on the retina, along with the cornea. Surrounded by a band of muscle. When muscle tightens, lens buldges (nearby objects). When muscle relaxes, lens flattens (far objects).

Dendrites

Structures that branch out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons.

Which of the following is not a method used in behaviorism?

Studying behavior to infer mental processes.

Which feature of brain tissue allows us to talk about neurons as individual units rather than as an undifferentiated continuous mass?

Synapse

What do we call the tiny gaps between neurons and which parts of two neurons is it connect?

Synapse, Axon and Dendrite

Context influences perception

THE HAT example. A looks the same because the context leads you to certain expectations of what the letter is

Participants are shown the letter-string TPUM for 30 ms and asked to identify what they saw. If they are going to answer incorrectly, which response are they most likely to give?

TRUM

Recognition errors (like mistaking CQRN for CORN) lead us to what conclusion about feature nets?

TThe interactive nature of feature nets usually allows us to identify stimuli, but can also lead to errors.

The fusiform face area (FFA) is known to be an area that is specifically responsive to faces. Which of the following statements is also true about the FFA?

Tasks requiring other subtle distinction within a category (e.g., identifying different birds or cars) also produce high levels of activation in this area.

The fusiform face area (FFA) is known to be an area that is specifically responsive to faces. Which of the following statements is also true about the FFA?

Tasks requiring other subtle distinctions within a category (e.g., identifying different birds or cars) also produce high levels of activation in this area.

Brain imaging

Technique such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that results in images of the brain that represent brain activity. In cognitive psychology, activity is measured in response to specific cognitive tasks.

Perceptual constancy

Term referring to the fact we perceive the constant properties of objects in the world (sizes, shape, brightness)

The Necker cube was included in your textbook to highlight which idea?

That form informs individual features

Cerebral cortex

The 3-mm-thick outer layer of the brain that contains the mechanisms responsible for higher mental functions such as perception, language, thinking, and problem solving. (Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal lobes) Larger in humans

Participants in a tachistoscopic procedure are shown the sequence CQRN. Participants misperceive this string as CORN. In a bigram feature-net account, which of the following statements probably does NOT contribute to this effect?

The CQRN detector is only partially activated at the word level.

Amygdala is included in what system in the brain?

The Limbic System

BINDING PROBLEM

The Problem of reuniting the various elements of a scene, given the fact that these elements are initially dealt with by different systems in the brain.

ACUITY

The ability to discern fine detail.

BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY

The achievement of perceiving the constant brightness of objects in the world despite changes in the light reaching the eye that result from variations in illumination.

Which of the following is TRUE of the working-memory system?

The assistants are responsible solely for storage of information.

Clinical Neuropsychology (pg18)

The branch of psychology concerned with the relation between various forms of brain dysfunction and various aspects of mental functioning. They study, for example, amnesia, agnosia, and aphasia. The study of brain funtion that uses, as its main data source, cases in which damage or illness has disrupted the working of some brain structure.

NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

The branch of psychology concerned with the relation between various forms of brain dysfunction and various aspects of mental functioning. Neuropsychologists study, for example, amnesia, agnosia and aphasia.

neuropsychology

The idea of a "cognitive budget" is used several times in this chapter. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the "cognitive budget"?

The budget can increase through practice

Fovea

The center of the retina. Only has cones - no rods, so this region has the greatest acuity.

When recalling a list of letters (e.g., T, O, D, F, P, A, E, G ), participants may group the letters into syllables for future recall (e.g., TO, DIF ). Which of these answers is a potential problem for this strategy?

The chunking process requires resources, and this makes rehearsal more difficult.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes visual illusions?

The cognitive architecture that helps us in most cases causes illusions in other cases.

Based on lecture, what is the function of the corpus callosum?

The corpus callosum is a band of axonal fibers that enable communication between the hemispheres.

Working memory (WM) has been likened to a desk space that holds the current information for a short period of time. This analogy is problematic in what way?

The desk analogy is too static: WM is capable of more than simply short-term storage.

Figure ground organization

The determination of what is the figure and what is the ground the perceptual field is divided into figure and ground

Which of the following statements is inaccurate?

The early projection areas for vision are in the parietal cortex.

Lateral inhibition leads to which perceptual experience?

The edge of an object is enhanced.

This chapter describes in detail one way a feature net can be designed, but other designs may turn out to be preferable. For example, McClelland and Rumelhart's model makes use of all of the following statements EXCEPT

The elimination of feature detectors, relying instead on geon detectors

Which of the following is likely to be most important in creating the "narrowing" of focus often found in memories of emotional events?

The emotion is often caused by one particular stimulus, which is then given the majority of one's attention.

Participants are given a pair of pliers to help solve the two-string problem. Which situation would help overcome the effects of functional fixedness?

The experimenter absentmindedly sets one of the strings swinging back and forth while giving the instructions.

ecological validity

The extent to which a study is practical for real life

Which of the following is TRUE about language acquisition?

The fact that children start saying "goed" although they already know the word "went" is easily understood in terms of rule learning.

Chickens were given two other squares (square B which was dark grey and square C which was a VERY dark gray). Which of the following was accurate?

The focus of the study was to pit a behaviorial view against a gestalt view.

CENTRAL EXECUTIVE

The hypothesized director of the working memory system. This is the component of the system that is needed for any interpretation or analysis; in contrast,

central executive

The hypothesized director of the working-memory system. This is the component of the system needed for any interpretation or analysis; in contrast, mere storage of materials can be provided by working memory's assistants, which work under the control of the central executive. Also see executive control.

Central Executive

Neuron doctrine

The idea that individual cells called neurons transmit signals in the nervous system, and that these cells are not continuous with other cells as proposed by nerve net theory.

An infant grows up in a room painted with green polka dots. His twin brother grows up down the hall in a room painted with yellow polka dots. One day, the twins' father brought both twins a yellow smiley face balloon (that looked just like a yellow polka dot!). Research on experience-dependent plasticity leads us to predict that...

The infant who grew up around yellow polka dots would respond more to the balloon.

Which statement about feature nets is FALSE?

The input layer is particularly sensitive to the overall configuration of a pattern.

Recognition errors (like mistaking CQRN for CORN) lead us to what conclusion about feature nets?

The interactive nature of feature nets usually allows us to identify stimuli, but can also lead to errors.

cerebellum

The largest area of the hindbrain, crucial for the coordination of bodily movements and balance

corpus callosum

The largest of the commissures linking the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Al is forty-five, and his eye doctor told him that he now needs reading glasses. His eyesight has always been perfect. What is the most likely reason that he needs reading glasses now?

The lenses have begun to be less flexible and the ability to accommodate for near vision

The Necker cube is an example of an ambiguous figure. Which of the following statements regarding the cube is FALSE?

The lines on the page contradict one another and so a cube can never be perceived.

Occipital lobe

The lobe at the back of the brain that is devoted primarily to analyzing incoming visual information.

Parietal lobe

The lobe at the top of the brain that contains mechanisms responsible for sensations caused by stimulation of the skin and also some aspects of visual information.

parietal lobe

The lobe in each cerebral hemisphere that lies between the occipital and frontal lobes and includes some of the primary sensory projection areas, as well as circuits that are crucial for the control of attention

Frontal lobe

The lobe in the front of the brain that serves higher functions such as language, thought, memory, and motor functioning.

frontal lobe

The lobe of the brain in each cerebral hemisphere that includes the prefrontal area and the primary motor projection area

temporal lobe

The lobe of the cortex lying inward and down from the temples. The temporal lobe in each cerebral hemisphere includes the primary auditory projection area, Wernicke's area, and, subcortically, the amygdala and hippocampus

Temporal lobe

The lobe on the side of the brain that contains mechanisms responsible for language, memory, hearing, and vision.

primary sensory projection areas

The main points of arrival in the cortex for information arriving from the eyes, ears, and other sense organs

Based on current knowledge, which of the following seems the LEAST well-established reason for a traumatic childhood memory to come to light after many years?

The memory was repressed because it was too painful, but it has now been recovered.

Which of the following statements about extrasensory perception (ESP) is TRUE?

The most important criticism of experimental claims of ESP is the lack of replicablity.

The sensory homunculus is associated with which part of the brain and is illustrated to what?

The motor project area & somatosensory projections area: that varying amounts of neural tissue are dedicated to different parts of our body

prefrontal cortex

The outer surface (cortex) of the frontmost part of the brain (i.e., the frontmost part of the frontal lobe). This brain area has many functions but is crucial for the planning of complex or novel behaviors, so this brain area is often mentioned as one of the main sites underlying the brain's executive functions

cortex

The outermost surface of an organ in the body; psychologists are most commonly interested in the brain's cortex

dendrite

The part of a neuron that usually detects the incoming signal

Lateral inhibition

The pattern of interaction among neurons in the visual system in which activity in one neuron inhibits adjacent neurons' responses.

Gestalt Theory

The perception of the whole is greater/different than the sum of its parts (vs. behavioral reductionism) organization is contributed by the perceiver our perception of the visual world is organized in ways that the stimulus input is not

Enrique had his right leg amputated below the knee. Long after surgery, he continues to be bothered by phantom limb pain. Enrique feels that the amputated leg is present and is itching or cramping. What is the best explanation for this phenomenon?

The phantom pain occurs because the brain interprets neural activity from the area of the spinal cord responsible for pain signaling.

A physician has just read an article about a recently invented drug. Which of the following is LEAST important in determining whether the physician will remember the article later on?

The physician expected to need the information later on and therefore employed a maintenance memorization strategy that she believed had helped her memorize material in the past.

The primary motor projection area forms a "map" of the body and the projections control movement to specific areas of the body. The amount of cortical tissue dedicated to different parts of the body correlates with

The precision of movement for the body part

Which features of a problem would cause pictures to be a more useful strategy than mental images?

The problem solution requires a change in reference frame.

INTROSPECTION

The process through which one "looks within," to observe and record the contents of one's own mental life.

introspection

The process through which you "look within," to observe and record the contents of your own mental life

Introspection (pg 9)

The process through which you "look within," to observe and record the contents of your own mental life. Not testable. Problem: thoughts are unconscious too. Wundt and titchner.

Which of the following is an example of a garden-path sentence?

The raft floated down the river sank.

Generally, in a rate code, when the intensity of a stimulus is very high:

The rate of firing increases

occipital lobe

The rearmost lobe in each cerebral hemisphere, and which includes the primary visual projection area

Specificity coding

The representation of a specific stimulus by the firing of neurons that respond only to that stimulus. An example would be the signaling of a person's face by the firing of a neuron that responds only to that person's face.

localization of function

The research endeavor of determining what specific job is performed by a particular region of the brain

The results demonstrate both a priming effect and an effect of frequency.

longitudinal fissure

The separation dividing the brain's left cerebral hemisphere from the right

central fissure

The separation dividing the frontal lobes on each side of the brain from the parietal lobes

lateral fissure

The separation dividing the frontal lobes on each side of the brain from the temporal lobes

Area V1

The site on the occipital lobe where axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus first reach the cerebral cortex. (Retina --> LGN --> _______ ). Contains cells that detect every possible stimulus.

AREA V1

The site on the occipital lobe where axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus first reach the cerebral cortex. This site is (for one neural pathway) the location at which information about the visual world first reaches the brain.

Receptive field

The size and shape of the area in the visual world to which a cell responds

Working Memory

The storage system in which information is held while that information is being worked on. All indications are that this is a system, not a single entity, and that information is held here via active processes, not via some sort of passive storage. Formerly called "short-term memory."

working memory

The storage system in which information is held while that information is being worked on. All indications are that working memory is a system, not a single entity, and that information is held here via active processes, not via some sort of passive storage. Formerly called "short-term memory."

WORKING MEMORY

primary motor projection areas

The strip of tissue, located at the rear of the frontal lobe, that is the departure point for nerve cells that send their signals to lower portions of the brain and spinal cord, and which ultimately result in muscle movement

Neuropsychology

The study of the behavioral effects of brain damage in humans.

cognitive neuroscience

The study of the biological basis for cognitive functioning

COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

The study of the biological basis for cognitive functioning.

Cognitive Neuroscience (pg 18)

The study of the biological basis for cognitive functioning. The effort toward understanding humans' mental functioning through close study of the brain and nervous system. Learn a lot from studying people with healthy brains and those with damaged brains.

Subtraction technique

The technique used in brain imaging in which baseline activity is subtracted from the activity generated by a specific task. The result is the activity due only to the task that is being studied.

when identifying nonword letter strings that are presented very briefly, participants tend to make specific kinds of errors. these are best described?

The tend to misidentify strange letter combination as more common letter combinations

association cortex

The traditional name for the portion of the human cortex outside of the motor and sensory projection areas

If a participant is asked to perform two activities at the same time, performance will be improved if

The two activities are highly dissimilar, drawing on different task-specific resources

Spatial position

The visual areas processing features like shape, colour, and motion each know the ____________________ of the object, which is part of what allows our brain to integrate all these things as one object.

Where system

The visual pathway leading from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe; especially involved in locating objects in space and coordinating movements.

What system

The visual pathway leading from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe; especially involved in identifying visual objects.

Which of the following best summarizes the perspective of Gestalt psychologists?

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Which of the following best summarizes the perspective of Gestalt psychologists? a. The whole is equivalent to the sum of its parts. b. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. c. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. d. Aesthetic judgments can be broken down into distinct "truths."

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Which sentence is the easiest to read?

The witness examined by the lawyer was nervous.

A participant is shown a series of stimuli and is asked to name the color of the ink in which the stimuli are printed. The eighth stimulus happens to be printed in green ink. We should expect a relatively slow response if the stimulus happens to be

The word "RED" printed in green

If instructed to identify the briefly presented word "PORK," which of the following hints will provide the greatest benefit for identification?

The word is something you can eat.

convolutions

The wrinkles visible in the cortex that allow the enormous surface area of the human brain to be stuffed into the relatively small volume of the skull

Which of the following offers the most support for the idea that object recognition is viewpoint dependent?

There are neurons in the "what" pathway that respond most to a certain type of object in a certain position relative to the eyes.

Which of the following statements does NOT illustrate the difference between rods and cones?

There are three types of rods (for three different wavelengths of light) and only one type of cone

Which of the following is most accurate with respect to our knowledge about the fusiform face area (FFA)?

There is an ongoing debate about the specificity of the FFA to processing faces.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate?

There is little or no relation between memory confidence and memory accuracy.

In a study of spatial attention, participants were given a neutral, correct, or misleading cue about where on the screen a stimulus would appear. What is the BEST explanation for what happened on trials with misleading cues?

There were costs because the spotlight of attention had moved to the misled location and had to move back.

Which of the following is FALSE with regard to the illusory covariations found in studies of how people interpret (real or simulated) Rorschach responses?

There were objective correlations between the responses to the inkblots and respondent characteristics.

Which is true of P cells but NOT of M cells?

These cells are specialized for spatial analysis and form.

Which is true of P cells but NOT of M cells? a. These cells are located in the optic nerve. b. These cells are relatively large. c. These cells are specialized for spatial analysis and form. d. These cells fire only when the stimulus appears or disappears, not in between.

These cells are specialized for spatial analysis and form.

What is a benefit of problem-solving sets?

They allow you to focus your search.

Which was NOT identified by the textbook as something that the various cases of unconscious processing have in common?

They are accompanied in the person who is acting by an internal sensation of agency.

In the Nisbett and Schachter study (1966), participants were asked to let the experimenter know when they no longer wanted to continue receiving electric shocks. Which of the following is TRUE of the participants who had taken a placebo?

They experienced shaking and upset-stomach symptoms similar to those in participants not receiving the placebo.

"The dog attacked the mailman." "The mailman was attacked by the dog." Which of the following is TRUE about these two sentences?

They have the same meaning.

What is the LEAST accurate statement about linguistic universals?

They provide an argument against the necessity of an innate language device.

When identifying nonword letter strings that are presented very briefly, participants tend to make specific kinds of errors. How would these errors be best described?

They tend to misidentify strange letter combinations as more common letter combinations.

Which of the following things did researchers find that highly creative people typically had in common?

They were in the right place at the right time.

Commissures, including the corpus callosum, are

Thick bundles of fibers that allow communication between the brain's hemispheres.

Which of the following statements would Thomas NOT have heard when he attended a seminar on meditation?

To use meditation successfully requires years of careful and difficult practice.

Imagine you are putting together a puzzle. The lid of the box comes with a picture of the completed puzzle, and you reference that while you are working. The picture on the lid is acting as a

Top - down influence

Antonio is using __________ to interpret a current abstract painting during a gallery viewing. He looks for similarities in this style, and how it compares, to previous artists from different cultural backgrounds during economically challenging times.

Top-down processing

If a person recently lost their vision. Is the visual system in their brain able to engage in any of the following?

Top-down processing

Which of the following is FALSE about statistical training?

Training makes us more likely to use the representative heuristic.

when you remember the first few items from a list better than items in the middle of the list, this effect takes place because the first items were still present in your working memory upon recall

True - Better memory for the first few items in a list, or the primacy effect, takes place because you can rehearse these items and transfer them to your long-term memory

True

True or false? Helmholtz discovered that as the distance of an object doubles, the size of the image is halved (inverse relationship).

False (they work together)

True or false? Humans will gather all the "raw data" - the visual features - and then analyze/interpret the data.

True

True or false? Lens shape adjustment occurs most for nearby objects and decreases with distance.

True

True or false? People use distance to judge size.

False (they stimulate bipolar cells, which then excite ganglion cells)

True or false? Rods and cones report info directly to the cortex.

Which of the following findings does NOT support the existence of task-specific mental resources?

Two simple tasks are easy to do simultaneously, while two hard tasks are not.

Spikes per second

Units by which cells' firing rates are measured

Which of the following is NOT generally true about perceptual systems?

Unusual patterns, because of their rarity, are easier to recognize than common patterns.

Reference electrode

Used in conjunction with a recording electrode to measure the difference in charge between the two. Reference electrodes are generally placed where the electrical signal remains constant, so any change in charge between the recording and reference electrodes reflects events happening near the tip of the recording electrode.

Ebbinghaus

Used nonsense syllables to study memory/forgetting curves

A CT or computerized axial tomography scan

Uses x-rays to study the living brain's anatomy

Based on our discussion so far, a lesion (i.e., brain damage) to which of the following brain regions would affect a patient's ability to recognize a coffee cup?

V1 in the occipital lobe

Left hemisphere

Verbalisation

Capgras syndrome contributes to our understanding of cognition in each of the following ways EXCEPT the role of

Visual area V1

Which is NOT a strategy that people use to parse sentences?

Waiting until the end of a sentence before starting to interpret it.

JOHN B. WATSON (1878-1958)

Was a prominent and persuasive advocate for the behaviorist movement. Given his focus on learning and learning histories, it is unsurprising that Watson was intrigued by babies' behavior and learning.

We can often recognize an object even if some of the object's parts are hidden from view. Evidence indicates that this recognition from partial viewing will be easiest if

We can see enough of the object to identify some of its geons.

What is the BEST example of top-down processing?

We recognize the word "aardvark" more quickly if we were expecting to see an animal word.

It seems inefficient to need to rely on so many different cues for depth perception. Why, then, do we have so many disparate cues?

We use different cues in different situations.

What is the BEST example of top-down processing?

We would recognize "aardvark" more quickly if we were expecting to see an animal word.

If Hannibal Lecter removed and ate the _____ of your brain, you would no longer understand language. a. Wernicke's area b. association areas c. parietal lobes d. corpus callosum

Wernicke's area

Which of the following is an example of a question that leads to deep processing?

What is the meaning of the word "tantalizing"?

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

When asked to describe an object, people are likely to choose the most general term for that object first.

A behaviorist, like John Watson, is LEAST likely to believe which of the following statements?

When it comes to collecting data, introspection is as valuable as behavior.

Which of the following facts fts LEAST well with the claims of prototype theory?

When making up sentences about a category, people tend to create sentences most appropriate for the prototype of that category, as opposed to a more peripheral member

Many people think of a drum as the prototypical percussion instrument. Given this, which of the following results is MOST likely?

When people are asked which of two instruments is "more percussionary", they will choose the drum, if it is an option

Which of the following is FALSE regarding categorical syllogisms?

When syllogisms endorse conclusions people believe to be false, they will scrutinize them particularly hard and therefore answer more accurately.

When can the constructive nature of memory be problematic?

When the blanks to be filled differ from prior experience.

The moon often looks very large when it is low in the sky, but looks smaller when it is high in the sky. Which of the following could account for this phenomenon?

When the moon is lower in the sky, other objects like buildings or trees provide a reference point for size comparisons.

Recording electrode

When used to study neural functioning, a very thin glass or metal probe that can pick up electrical signals from single neurons.

Which of the following is a failure of selective attention?

While you are working on your problem set in the living room, you are thrown off track when your sister changes the TV channel.

Which of the following is NOT a reason why performance might improve with practice?

With practice, individual elements of a task draw more on our resources.

Which of the following would NOT be due to schemata?

Witnesses to a crime blur together in their memory what they saw with what they heard from another witness.

What causes the primacy effect?

Words that get more attention are better encoded into long-term memory.

The modal model has seen some revision in recent years, but a few key components remain. Which of the following is NO LONGER an accepted aspect of the modal model?

Working memory is used only for temporary storage of information.

Is overregularization in word recognition beneficial overall?

Yes, it allows us to perceive much more efficiently.

Is memory for complex scenes similar to memory for words?

Yes; organization facilitates memory for both types of stimuli.

In which of the following situations are you MOST likely to decide a stimulus is familiar?

You can recall when and where you last saw the stimulus.

You are watching TV when a commercial advertising a new pizza place in town comes on. You decide you want pizza and try to memorize the phone number given in the commercial. Just as you are about to dial, your cell phone rings and you talk on the phone for a few minutes. What is most likely to happen after you finish your call?

You have forgotten the phone number and must rewind your DVR to retrieve it

Which of the following does NOT provide an example for parallel processing in the visual system?

You have two eyes that process different information, but work at the same time.

Which of the following is required for an attribution of fluency to occur?

You try to interpret the feeling of specialness.

Which of the following is an example of pitch?

Your neighbor's car alarm alternates between high and low tones.

Which of the following behaviors is most difficult to explain from a behaviorist perspective?

Your response to a stimulus is dependent on how you interpret that stimulus.

Which is the voiced labiodental phoneme?

[v]

A central problem in Capgras syndrome seems to be difficulty with a) emotional analysis of faces. b) speech perception. c) matching faces that are in view to faces in memory. d) long-term memory.

As one of their main goals, the original behaviorists tried to a) discover a set of principles concerned with how behavior changes in response to different configurations of stimuli. b) gather a record of specific individuals' subjective interpretations of internal thought and experiences. c) study the influence of an individual's interpretation of a situation on his or her consequent behavior. d) show how all of an individual's feelings can be explained by his or her history of reinforcement.

In a digit-span task, a person hears a series of items and has to repeat them back immediately in correct sequence. This task is often understood to measure the a) holding capacity of working memory. b) speed with which the person can transfer items from working memory into long-term storage. c) holding capacity of long-term memory. d) speed with which the person can transfer items from sensory memory into working memory.

In an experiment designed to test the receptive field of a center-surround cell, a stimulus was placed in several locations. In one instance the firing rate of the cell DECREASED below its normal (base-rate) rate. This most likely occurred because a) the stimulus was in the part of the cell's receptive field that causes inhibition of firing rather than excitation. b) the stimulus was in the exact center of the cell's receptive field. c) the stimulus was apparently entirely outside of the cell's receptive field. d) the cell had apparently been injured and was failing to function as it normally would.

Many subcortical structures, such as the hippocampus and amygdala, come in groups of a) two. b) three. c) four. d) five.

Martin is trying to understand why he's been forgetting things lately. As a well-trained cognitive psychologist, Martin is likely to investigate this puzzle by a) examining the circumstances associated with his memory failures, including the complexity or familiarity of the material and how fully he paid attention to the material during learning. b) focusing exclusively on the stimuli he's encountered recently—including rewards or punishments he's received for remembering particular items. c) focusing entirely on the conscious experience of trying to remember and then the experience of succeeding or failing. d) relying on the anecdotes he has heard from his friends about when they remember and when they forget.

The "all-or-none" law states that a) the signal traveling down a neuron's axon does not vary in size. b) all neurons performing similar functions are grouped together in the brain. c) neurons all fire at the same rate, and so a neuron is either firing at the standard rate or not at all. d) single-cell recording can be used only in the study of vision.

The existence of functional localization is supported in part by the fact that a) the symptoms produced by brain damage depend on exactly where in the brain the damage is located. b) the brain has clearly defined separations between the various lobes. c) complex cognitive tasks such as reading or listening to music depend on many different parts of the brain. d) many people are able to recover from brain damage, even damage that seems relatively widespread.

The famous psychologist Edward Titchener claimed to have identified and catalogued nearly 10,000 sensations that he observed within himself. What method best describes his approach? a) introspection b) behaviorism c) psychoanalysis d) transcendentalism

The photoreceptors called rods are good for navigating in what kind of environment? a) dimly lit b) one in which color discrimination is vital c) one in which noises need to be finely discriminated d) one in which fine visual detail is important

Using converging methods when constructing a theoretical account is a) good because it works to eliminate alternative hypotheses. b) good because it ensures consistency in procedures. c) bad because it is confusing to have many different methods. d) bad because there is little consistency between the methods.

Which is true of P cells but NOT of M cells? a) These cells are specialized for spatial analysis and form. b) These cells fire only when the stimulus appears or disappears, not in between. c) These cells are located in the optic nerve. d) These cells are relatively large.

Which of the following are most crucial for the perception of movement? a) M cells in the optic nerve, and magnocellular cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) b) P cells in the optic nerve, parvocellular cells in the LGN c) P cells in the optic nerve, magnocellular cells in the LGN d) M cells in the optic nerve, parvocellular cells in the LGN

Which of the following behaviors is most difficult to explain from a behaviorist perspective? a) Your response to a stimulus is dependent on how you interpret that stimulus. b) You are very likely to respond differently to a novel stimulus than to a familiar one. c) Once you have learned that a particular response is rewarded, you are likely to repeat that response. d) Often someone's responses are different from what they said initially that they planned or hoped to do.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a) In the primary somatosensory projection area, the larger the physical size of a body area, the more cortical area is devoted to it. b) In the primary visual projection area, more cortical area is devoted to signals received from the fovea, where visual acuity is greatest. c) In the primary somatosensory projection area, the left side of the brain receives input from the right side of the body and the right side of the brain receives input from the left side of the body. d) In the primary auditory projection area, cells that are adjacent to each other in the cortex tend to be sensitive to sounds that are similar to each other in frequency.

Which of the following statements is inaccurate? a) The early projection areas for vision are in the parietal cortex. b) Cells in the optic nerve both transmit and analyze visual input. c) The dorsal pathway is specialized for processing object-identification information. d) The visual system relies on parallel processing.

Priming based on specific expectations about the identity of the upcoming stimulus produces

a benefit for processing if the expectations are correct but slows processing if the expectations are incorrect.

Evidence for context-dependent learning has been found in all of the following situations EX

a class lecture in a very cold or hot room.

schema

a cognitive structure that helps us perceive, organize, process and use information

memory distortion

a collection of phenomena that demonstrates how our long-term memories are not always permanent

During a successful classical conditioning procedure:

a conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus, creating a conditioned response

Lucia is taking a difficult anatomy exam and is highly focused on each question. This is an example of:

a controlled process

Motion parallax

a depth cue in which the relative movement of elements in a scene gives depth information when the observer moves relative to the scene

Optic flow

a depth cue that relies on the fact that the pattern of stimulation across the entire visual field changes as you move forward.

Long-term memory is to working memory as _______ is to _______.

a file stored on a hard drive; an open document you are working on

fMRI

a form of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain that registers blood flow to functioning areas of the brain; light up

serial position effect

a form of memory bias in which our ability in which our ability to recall a given item from a series depends on its relative position within that series

The word-superiority effect refers to the fact that it is easier to recognize

a letter within the context of a word than it is to recognize a letter presented by itself.

What was the crucial innovation that defined the recognition-by-components (RBC) model?

a level of detectors sensitive to "geons"

fissure

a long narrow slit or groove that divides the brain into lobes

sensory memory

a memory system that retains the sensory information you perceive for a very brief period of time, usually only for a fraction of a second

interactive model

a model of cognitive processing that relies on an ongoing interplay between data-driven and concept-driven processing.

Which of the following drivers is MOST likely to get into an accident?

a novice driver engaged in an important phone interview

in class, we watched a film clip showing a woman who couldn't recognize anyone's face. She could tell a face was a face but she couldn't identify the face (even her own). According to lecture, what is the most likely location of her damage?

a part of the fusiform gyrus

Edge enhancement

a process by which the visual system makes edges as visible as possible because of the lateral inhibition of cells in the middle by outer cells

Which of the following is the BEST definition of "induction"?

a process in which you draw general conclusions from specific facts or observation

If a participant is asked to remember a previously experienced event, the relevant memory must be accessed via

a retrieval path.

bottom-up processing

a sequence of events governed by the stimulus itself

top-down processing

a sequence of events that is heavily shaped by the knowledge and expectations that the person brings to the situation

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of parallel processing in the visual system?

a simple solution to the binding problem

corpus callosom

a structure of brain in the longitudinal fissure that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

prosopagnosia

a syndrome in which patients lose their ability to recognize faces and to make other fine-grained discriminations within a highly familiar category, even thought their other visual abilities seem relatively in tact

feature net

a system for recognizing patterns that involves a network of detectors, with detectors for features as the initial layer in the system.

Which of the following is MOST likely to cause you to draw an inference about a category of animal?

a theory about how a feature you have seen in one member of the category might be caused by a feature that all category members share

Michael and Maria both witnessed an auto accident. Maria remembers watching the car race past a stop sign, but she hears Michael report to the police that the car raced past a yield sign. Based on the results of similar studies, Maria is likely to recall that she saw

a yield sign, incorporating Michael's report into her own recollection.

Which statement about feature nets is FALSE? a. The input layer is particularly sensitive to the overall configuration of a pattern. b. Recognition based on geons is viewpoint independent. c. Network knowledge is represented in a distributed manner. d. A network of detectors can interpret ambiguous inputs, recover from its own errors, and make inferences about barely viewed stimuli.

a. . The input layer is particularly sensitive to the overall configuration of a pattern.

What prediction could you make on the basis of the "recognition-via-multiple-views" approach to object recognition? a. It will be harder to recognize an object from some vantage points than from others. b. Words that resemble each other visually will be difficult to discriminate. c. Representations will most likely be supported by tissue in the "where" pathway. d. It will be possible to see the Necker cube in both possible orientations at once.

a. It will be harder to recognize an object from some vantage points than from others.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the perception of briefly presented words? a. Participants are better at recognizing words that were recently seen. b. Participants can avoid making errors if sufficient top-down processing is employed. c. Participants are equally poor at identifying all nonsense words, regardless of their well-formedness. d. Participants are better at identifying letters when they are presented in isolation compared to when they are presented as part of a word.

a. Participants are better at recognizing words that were recently seen.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the existing data on face recognition? a. Recognition of faces is heavily dependent on orientation. b. The fusiform face area (FFA) is devoted entirely to recognizing faces. c. Face recognition uses a feature-net system similar to the one used for word recognition. d. The ability to recognize faces is closely tied to other forms of general visual recognition, such that loss in one ability is linked with loss in the other.

a. Recognition of faces is heavily dependent on orientation.

Which of the following is most accurate with respect to our knowledge about the fusiform face area (FFA)? a. There is an ongoing debate about the specificity of the FFA to processing faces. b. There is a general consensus that the FFA underlies many kinds of expertise. c. There is an ongoing debate about the role of the FFA in identifying general categories of faces and objects. d. There is a general consensus that the FFA is exclusively dedicated to processing faces.

a. There is an ongoing debate about the specificity of the FFA to processing faces.

What was the crucial innovation that defined the recognition-by-components (RBC) model? a. an intermediate level of detectors sensitive to "geons" b. the use of inhibitory connections c. recognition of only fully visible objects d. a hierarchy of detectors

a. an intermediate level of detectors sensitive to "geons"

If the word "trum" is presented, people are most likely to recognize it as a. truck. b. murt. c. drum. d. trun.

a. truck.

The unconscious is NOT

able to respond to situations in novel ways.

Which aspect or type of consciousness does the neuronal workspace hypothesis attempt to explain?

access

We would most expect an _______ when a situation calls for a(n) _______ response.

action slip; flexible

research conducted on homographs (bat or minute) in lexical decision tasks predicts that you are likely to

activate multiple meanings of the words and partially active closely related words

The Rumelhart and McClelland model is different from the simple feature model in all the following ways EXCEPT that it includes

activation from the feature level to the letter level.

A response threshold is the

activation level at which a response occurs

A response threshold is the

activation level at which a response occurs.

Madison has difficulty perceiving fine details. This means she has trouble with __________, which is a function of __________.

acuity; cones

Sheila is picking wild blackberries and notices a snake, ready to strike, at her. Which of the following glands will likely be releasing hormones? a. adrenal b. pituitary c. thyroid d. pancreas

adrenal

When participants were shown a passage from Rabbit Run and asked to point to the section that was responsible for their emotional reaction, they

agreed about which section was responsible but were proven incorrect.

Theories of spreading activation assume that activating one node will lead to

all connected nodes being activated.

If participants are shown the word "class" in a list of words and then tested later with the stimulus cla_ _. Which of the following conditions will yield correct completion of the word?

all of the above

In addition to IQ which of the following variables are associated with success? a. intense practice b. perseverance c. cultural beliefs d. all of the above

all of the above

Roma has a new baby with colic and she is working the night shift at the hospital so she has sleep deprivation. What type of issues might she be having? a. reduced concentration b. increased cortisol levels c. decreased self-esteem d. all of the above

all of the above

The major functions of the endocrine system include: a. reproduction and growth b. maintaining ongoing bodily processes c. assisting in regulating the "fight or flight" response d. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following could be a cause of having an intellectual disability? a. Down's syndrome b. alcohol abuse during pregnancy c. neglect d. all of the above

all of the above

mental lexicon

all the words you know, the ones you read, write and speak out loud are stored in what is known as __________

According to utility theory, people should NOT

allow the wording of a choice to affect expected value.

Establishing a memory connection

allows you to access Memory X from Memory Y if they are connected but will not help you access Memory Z if it is not connected to Memory X or Y.

Juanita daydreams and fantasizes throughout the day, practices meditation in the afternoon and sleeps all night. These are examples of:

alternate states of consciousness

typicality effect

an additional finding that arises out of research using sentence verification

Jamie has learned in her biology class that a mammal is any warm-blooded vertebrate characterized by both a covering of hair on the skin and mammary glands (in females) for nourishing the offspring. This definition is an example of:

an artificial concept

working memory: phonological buffer

an auditory image of the word

A neuron is

an individual cell within the nervous system

The 1995 bombing of the Federal Building in Oklahoma City was a very emotional event that, for many people, led to a flashbulb memory. Details of the day of this event are likely to be remembered MOST accurately by

an individual who worked in the immediate vicinity and narrowly escaped harm, questioned immediately.

What was the crucial innovation that defined the recognition-by-components (RBC) model?

an intermediate level of detectors sensitive to "geons"

Current theory suggests that the central executive may be

another name for various cognitive resources.

H.M. had part of his hippocampus removed, which left him with

anterograde amnesia. both retro and anterograde amnesia.

Brain damage producing a disruption in language is called

aphasia.

Laura suffered brain damage and now has difficulty identifying objects. Specifically, she can see components, but has a hard time putting them together. She is likely suffering from

apperceptive agnosia.

A bigram detector fires in response to the

appropriate letter pair.

Which of the following is the clinical term we use to describe a disturbance in the initiation or organization of voluntary action?

apraxia

When people offer explanations for their behaviors and decisions, it is because they

are able to make hypotheses based on what they know about the current situation and their past experiences.

Once people rely on prototypes, they no longer use exemplars for judging category membership.

are consistent with each other in which odd numbers they consider more odd. refuse to do the task because it does not make any sense.

Current documented variations between the sexes _____________. a. show that females have evolved more quickly to modern society b. indicate a significant difference c. show males to have smaller brains d. are much smaller than variations within each sex

are much smaller than variations within each sex

All of the following are true about explanatory theories EXCEPT they

are only useful in providing a cause-and-effect understanding if they are accurate.

One important difference between classical behaviorism and cognitive psychology is that cognitive psychology

argues that unobservable mental states can be scientifically studied

Participants were MOST likely to guess correctly the rule behind a series of numbers if they

asked questions that could disconfirm their theories.

According to Wittgenstein, we

assess category membership problematically by family resemblance

In a peg-word system, participants help themselves memorize a group of items by

associating each item with some part of an already memorized framework, or skeleton.

Often, people forget information about traumatic events. Repression is one controversial explanation, but other, less controversial explanations also exist. Which of the following is NOT a potential explanation for memory loss during a traumatic event?

attentional disruption during encoding

While Annie was on the phone with her sister planning a wedding, she was making new files and organizing all of the documents on her computer. This activity is considered a _____________ process.

automatic

Reading simple words is an example of a(n) ______ task, and saying the color of the ink in which that word is printed is an example of a(n) _______ task.

automatic; controlled

Action potentials occur in the

axon

A psychologist who adheres to the behaviorist school of thought would most likely attribute someone reaching for a slice of pie to a) an interaction between memory and desire. b) a learned behavior in response to specific environmental triggers. c) a chemical imbalance produced by a deficit in nutrients. d) inadequate maternal supervision and love during infancy.

If stimulating an area of the brain does not cause a behavior but disabling it with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) prevents the behavior, then that area is _______ for that behavior. a) necessary and sufficient b) necessary but not sufficient c) sufficient but not necessary d) correlated with, but neither necessary nor sufficient

If the corpus callosum is cut, what will happen to the two hemispheres of the brain? a) The two hemispheres will become completely independent. b) Some information will be exchanged by other commissures. c) One hemisphere will become dominant and take over the former responsibilities of the other. d) The two hemispheres will begin to develop different personalities.

In this drawing, parts A, B, C, and D are: a) the frontal lobe, the occipital lobe, the parietal lobe, and the temporal lobe. b) the parietal lobe, the frontal lobe, the temporal lobe, and the occipital lobe. c) the occipital lobe, the temporal lobe, the parietal lobe, and the frontal lobe. d) the temporal lobe, the frontal lobe, the occipital lobe, and the parietal lobe.

What is the process that leads to a stronger response from cells detecting the edge of a surface than from cells detecting the middle of a surface? a) single-cell recording b) lateral inhibition c) acuity d) postsynaptic capture

When someone asks you to pass the salt at the dinner table, you are able to understand the request even if it is asked in a variety of different ways. This illustrates that a) learned associations between stimuli and responses require that the stimulus be exactly the same every time. b) the meaning of an utterance, not the physical stimulus, is most important for predicting behavior. c) introspection is an essential component to understanding human cognition. d) language is a highly reflexive behavior, requiring fast and automatic responses.

Which of the following claims about working memory is NOT accurate? a) Individuals often confuse similar-sounding words in working-memory tasks. b) Performance in working-memory tasks does require some focus but is not disrupted by relatively mindless tasks such as saying "tah-tah-tah" aloud while holding items in working memory. c) Many amnesiacs (including the famous patient H.M.) appear to have relatively normal working memories, despite profound problems in other aspects of remembering. d) Much evidence suggests that working memory is not a single entity but is instead a system with separate components.

Which of the following is NOT part of how the binding problem is solved? a) Systems have their own spatial maps, which they can align together. b) Much of the information is combined in a separate area of the brain. c) Cells from the different systems oscillate together in the same rhythm. d) Attention directed toward the item being perceived aids binding.

Which of the following is a way that cognitive psychology is DIFFERENT from physics? a) Physicists test their theories using the scientific method. b) Psychologists must take into account the way participants interpret their study. c) Psychology does not allow for direct observation of the causes of phenomena. d) Physics bases its theories on objective, quantifiable data.

Which of the following is the LEAST accurate statement about behaviorism? a) Behaviorism rejected introspection on the grounds that objectivity is of paramount importance in the study of psychology. b) Behaviorism is primarily designed to explain why organisms believe their behavior is justified or reasonable. c) By focusing on the stimuli to which an organism is exposed and the responses an organism produces and then observing how these change over time, behaviorism can catalogue an individual's learning history. d) Behaviorism claims that behaviors are often best explained by the presence or absence of reinforcement or punishment.

You've met a researcher at a conference who says she is of the same school of thought as the famous nineteenth-century scholars Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener. You can gather from this statement that she feels the best way to study thoughts is to a) have every person freely introspect about his or her own thoughts. b) have only highly trained and qualified people introspect about their own thoughts. c) use the behaviors that people produce as a basis for inferring their thoughts. d) use simple animal models as a basis for theorizing about cognition in humans.

_______ is a brain-imaging technique that shows us precisely which areas of the brain are active at a particular moment in time; _______ is a technique that shows us the exact structure of each of the brain's parts. a) CT; PET b) functional MRI (fMRI); MRI c) PET; fMRI d) angiogram; MRI

What is the purpose of using a mask in word recognition tasks? a. It allows experimenters to change subjects' responses. b. It serves to stop participants from continuing to process the stimulus. c. It disguises the words so that a person cannot recognize them. d. It disrupts the word superiority effect.

b. It serves to stop participants from continuing to process the stimulus.

Which of the following statements about speed reading is FALSE? a. Speed reading involves reading fewer printed words. b. Speed reading is a good choice if you want to appreciate an author's style. c. Speed reading is not a good strategy for reading technical material. d. Speed reading relies on making more inferences about a text.

b. Speed reading is a good choice if you want to appreciate an author's style.

Which of the following offers the most support for the idea that object recognition is viewpoint dependent? a. Object recognition seems to involve a hierarchy of detectors, from feature detectors to whole object detectors. b. There are neurons in the "what" pathway that respond most to a certain type of object in a certain position relative to the eyes. c. When pieces of an object are missing, it is still fairly easy to recognize the object as long as the geons are still identifiable. d. Detection of objects employs both bottom-up and top-down processes.

b. There are neurons in the "what" pathway that respond most to a certain type of object in a certain position relative to the eyes.

What is the BEST example of top-down processing? a. Our processing often depends on our stimulus history, that is, what stimuli we have seen recently. b. We recognize the word "aardvark" more quickly if we were expecting to see an animal word. c. We begin processing a face at the hairline and move downward to the chin. d. When we perceive objects, we first detect basic features and then combine them into larger units.

b. We recognize the word "aardvark" more quickly if we were expecting to see an animal word.

When Betty (an English speaker) is shown a nonsense string of letters tachistoscopically, she misreads it in a way that follows the rules of common English spelling. This is because a. Betty is reluctant to give answers that she cannot easily pronounce. b. of a lifetime of strengthening of the bigram detectors for common English letter pairs. c. all humans are predisposed toward the visual configurations evident in "regular" bigrams; this is why English uses them. d. of the word superiority effect.

b. of a lifetime of strengthening of the bigram detectors for common English letter pairs.

A stimulus that is displayed for a very brief duration (perhaps 20 or 30 milliseconds) is said to be shown a. subconsciously. b. tachistoscopically. c. imperceptibly. d. via a feature net.

b. tachistoscopically.

The brainstem is involved with your _____. a. emotional behavior b. ability to move and maintain posture c. sense of touch and pain d. basic survival functions

basic survival functions

Decisions based on utility calculations should

be immune to framing effects.

It has been hypothesized that some mental resources (e.g., the response selector) are unitary and therefore are not divisible. If two tasks both require one of these unitary resources, divided attention between these two tasks will

be possible only by means of sharing of the resource between the two tasks.

Context has an effect on memory

because it influences how the person thinks of the material to be remembered.

amnesia

because of damage, someone has lost the ability to remember certain things

You are walking progressively closer to a tree. The image the tree casts on your retina will __________, while your perception of the size of the tree will __________. a. become larger; become larger b. remain unchanged; remain unchanged c. become larger; remain unchanged d. become smaller; become larger

become larger; remain unchanged

You are viewing a car that is moving progressively closer toward you. The image of the car that is cast on your retina will — a. begin to activate rods instead of cones. b. remain the same size. c. become progressively smaller. d. become progressively larger.

become progressively larger.

Tolman's rat maze study provided strong evidence against which of the following theoretical frameworks

behaviorism

All of the following are benefits of the neuronal workspace EXCEPT

being aware of all mental processes taking place at a given time.

semantic interference

being distracted by the meaning of words

This is NOT one of the similarities in themes of dreams across many cultures.

being naked in public

Which of the following illustrates a dissociation between form perception and object recognition?

being unable to identify objects by sight, despite having a visual impression of them

subcortical structures (pg 34)

beneath the surface Thalamus - acts as a relay station for nearly all the sensory information going to the cortex Underneath thalamus is hypothalamus, a structure that plays a crucial role in controlling behaviors that serve biological needs - eating, drinking, sex Surrounding thalamus and hypothalamus forms the limbic system - amygdala, hippocampus, under the cortex in the temporal lobe - essential for learning and memory

Flashbulb memories are extremely detailed, vivid memories usually associated with highly emotional events. The accuracy of these memories seems

best predicted by the consequentiality of the event to participants' lives.

Morina is influenced by major chemical hormones which are secreted into her ______ and her neurotransmitters which are released into the ______________. a. bloodstream;bloodstream b. synapses; synapses c. bloodstream; synapses d. synapses;bloodstream

bloodstream; synapses

Yogi Janaki told Sarah that meditation can create positive results in bodily function because: a. the hypothalamus shuts down the flight or fight response during meditation b. meditation engages the frontal lobe c. meditation activates the amydala d. both a & b are correct

both a & b are correct

Capturing attention by stimulus salience depends on:

bottom-up processing.

bottom-up; top-down

brain activity in these two regions depended on what the person was consciously perceiving and not just what the stimulus was.

why does overregulation occur?

brain is more set on being efficient than accurate; prone to an occasional error

neuropsychology

branch of psychology concerned with the relation between various forms of brain dysfunction and various aspects of mental functioning. They study, for example, amnesia, agnosia, and aphasia.

Which of the following is NOT associated with hypnosis? a. broad, unfocused attention b. a passive, receptive attitude c. decreased pain d. the use of imagination

broad, unfocused attention

All of the following are effective strategies for turning an ill-defined problem into a well-defined problem EXCEPT

broadening your set of options and operators.

A synapse is usually composed of: a) some dendrites, the cell body, and an axon ending in terminals. b) some dendrites, a space, and the receiving membrane on another neuron's axon. c) the end of an axon, a space, and the receiving membrane on another neuron's dendrites. d) a complete cell, a space, and another complete cell.

An individual suffering from Capgras syndrome would most likely show an inability to a) see subtle visual stimuli. b) remember childhood events. c) detect the familiarity of an often-viewed face. d) solve puzzles that require the use of flexible strategies.

Cognitive psychology is primarily concerned with which of the following? a) the relationship between environmental input and behavior b) the understanding and treatment of mental disorders c) what we know, what we remember, and how we think d) the physical structures of the mind

Data from people with anarthria, the inability to speak, suggest that a) actual vocal movements are needed for sound-alike confusions to emerge in working-memory tasks. b) examining brain dysfunctions cannot shed light on the workings of normal brains. c) inner speech relies on brain areas responsible for planning speech. d) learning to speak is intimately connected with hearing.

In one study, investigators monitored activity levels in a brain area (the fusiform face area, or FFA) that seems particularly responsive to pictures of faces, and also in another area (the parahippocampal place area, or PPA) that seems particularly responsive to pictures of places. Their data showed that a) the activity of these areas could be predicted based simply on what stimulus was in front of the person's eyes. b) if a picture of a face was put in front of one eye and a picture of a place in front of the other, both brain areas became highly activated. c) brain activity in these two regions depended on what the person was consciously perceiving and not just what the stimulus was. d) high levels of activation were detected in the FFA even when pictures of houses were shown, illustrating the flexibility of brain function.

Intellectual functions like making judgments, retrieving memories, and paying attention depend primarily on tissues specialized for these purposes, which are located in a) the hindbrain. b) the midbrain. c) the forebrain. d) all three parts of the brain.

Modern psychologists follow the lead of Immanuel Kant in arguing that the solution to the impasse between introspectionism and behaviorism lies in a method in which we begin with _______ and then proceed to _______. a) animal models; human models b) internal causes; likely behavioral outcomes c) observable facts; likely internal causes d) the computer as a metaphor; the human mind

Participants are presented with brief series of letters or numbers and must report them back, in order, immediately. In this situation, most people are able to remember a string of approximately _______ letters or numbers. This gives us some evidence that working memory is _______. a) 26; fairly large b) 7; expandable depending on context c) 7; limited in size d) 2-15; extremely variable between people

Performance on a span task is typically reduced when the participant has to perform concurrent articulation. This finding suggests that a) memory performance suffers when the person is distracted by an especially demanding task. b) memory performance suffers if the person is asked to make some sort of rhythmic movement while memorizing. c) memory performance suffers if the person is prevented from subvocalizing while memorizing. d) memory performance suffers if the person has suffered brain damage.

Research about the what and where pathways suggests that the _______ lobe is important for determining the _______ of an object, whereas the _______ lobe is important for determining the _______ of the object. a) frontal, identity; occipital, location b) temporal, location; parietal, identity c) parietal, location; temporal, identity d) occipital, identity; temporal, location

Researchers use various brain-imaging techniques to chart the structure of the brain and to measure the activation levels at any moment in time in each part of the brain. These imaging techniques include all of the following EXCEPT a) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). b) computerized axial tomography (CT). c) positron emission tomography (PET). d) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).

The response of a center-surround cell a) can be altered only by light falling into the center of the cell's receptive field. b) is not influenced by whether the light falls into the center of the cell's receptive field or the periphery. c) tends to be in one direction (e.g., increased firing) if the stimulation is in the center of the cell's receptive field and in the opposite direction (e.g., decreased firing) if the stimulation is in the periphery of the receptive field. d) is determined either by activation in the center of the cell's receptive field or by activation in the periphery, but not both.

The use of computers as a metaphor for how humans process information BEST typifies which approach? a) behaviorism b) introspection c) information-processing psychology d) transcendental psychology

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of parallel processing in the visual system? a) speed b) mutual influence among multiple systems c) a simple solution to the binding problem d) the "negotiation" of a solution that satisfies the requirements of each system

Which of the following is TRUE of the working-memory system? a) The central executive serves the same function as a piece of scrap paper, freeing the rest of the system to do other tasks. b) Working memory has an unlimited capacity. c) The assistants are responsible solely for storage of information. d) Working memory is a single entity with virtually no peripheral mechanisms.

Which of the following tasks has NOT been connected with the amygdala? a) remembering emotional events b) feeling familiarity when seeing a close friend c) discriminating between internal and external events d) making decisions based on hunches

Which of the following was NOT one of the problems associated with introspection as a research technique? a) Some thoughts are not available to the conscious mind. b) Many introspective claims cannot be tested in a rigorous fashion. c) How people react to a stimulus is heavily influenced by past experience. d) Thoughts and feelings cannot be meaningfully compared across individuals.

The existence of "bigram detectors" helps to explain which of the following? a. The fast presentation of a "crossbar" stimulus leads to the activation of the "A," "E," and "F" detectors. b. The network's knowledge is locally represented in the brain. c. People are more likely to recognize the letters "TICE" when they are briefly presented than the letters "EITC." d. The network cannot distinguish between "false alarms" and true recognition.

c. People are more likely to recognize the letters "TICE" when they are briefly presented than the letters "EITC."

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to serve as an effective prime for the word "bread"? a. thread b. butter c. pie d. whole wheat

c. pie

source misattribution

can happen with the time, place, people, or circumstances involved with a memory misremembering the time or place something happens

A broader understanding of a situation or story

can improve or hurt memory.

Eliora is diagnosed with prosopagnosia. This means that she

can perceive faces but cannot recognize them.

Eliora is diagnosed with prosopagnosia. This means that she a. can perceive objects but cannot say what they would be used for. b. can perceive faces but cannot recognize them. c. cannot perceive faces. d. cannot perceive objects.

can perceive faces but cannot recognize them.

Evidence from patients with blind sight following damage to the primary visual cortex or striate cortex indicates that they

can process some visual information unconsciously, without being aware of seeing.

According to the RBC model, geons are NOT

capable of identification if they are partially obstructed.

Research shows that children are willing to make suggestions about how to turn a toaster into a coffee pot but deny the possibility of turning a skunk into a raccoon. This is evidence that

category membership depends on decisions about which features are essential to the category.

The _____ integrates incoming information, absorbs nutrients, and provides necessary support for the functioning of the neuron. a. cell body b. myelin sheath c. axon d. synaptic gap

cell body

Which group is most likely to dream about large wild animals?

children

According to the language theory of Noam Chomsky, _____.

children are born "prewired" to learn language

When you hear any sound, the sound waves hit the tympanic membrane and it vibrates, thereby, causing the ossicles to vibrate also. The stirrup presses on the oval window causing it to vibrate. The movement of the oval window creates waves in the fluid that fills the ___________, which contains the basilar membrane. As the waves travel through the fluid, the hair cells bend, and the energy of the wave will then transduce into electro-chemical impulses that are carried by the _______ nerve to the brain.

cochlea; auditory

Capgras syndrome: cognitive appraisal system vs. emotional appraisal system

cognitive: underlies perceptual recognition is intact emotional: underlies the feeling of familiarity is disrupted

The integration of diverse elements in the neuronal workspace is NOT necessary for

color perception.

Patty is asked to find a red square among a display that also contains blue squares and red circles. This task requires what kind of search process?

combination

The task of saying, "tah, tah, tah," while taking a span test to assess working memory is known as

concurrent articulation

Benny uses his______ receptors more during the day to see fine detail; but at night uses his _______ more since they are the visual receptors responsible for dim light vision.

cones, rods

The photoreceptors that allow you to perceive colors are called __________, while the receptors that distinguish between intensities of light are called __________.

cones; rods

Jessie is convinced that he influenced Katherine to call him, with that homework question; because he had been having intense day dreams about her. This is an example of which form of faulty reasoning used to support ESP.

confirmation bias

In Stroop effect experiments, what is it called when the color named by the word was the same as the color of the test used for the word? Example: when the word BLUE was written in blue

congruent trials

Attention is necessary for

conscious perception.

Isabel's _____ is her awareness of herself and her surroundings.

consciousness

In lecture, I talked about how we have a "blind spot" in our visual field. Because of the way our eye is constructed there is a small patch of the visual scene (whatever you are looking at) that you don't actually see. I used the discussion of the blind spot to illustrate which principle?

construction

Mental activities that require focused attention are processes.

controlled

The ___________ wiring of rods leads to __________ sensitivity to light.

convergent; increased

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding brain organization?

convolutions, as found on the cortex, are meant to increase the amount of surface area of that part of the brain.

In class, I placed a dime in a students left hand student. I asked her to name the object. Based on our discussion, which of the following brain structures was critical for her ability to name the object?

corpus callosum

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

crucial in evaluating the two sources of information, ignoring the irrelevant one, and making a decision

Dr. Janie is a biologist and the director of a lab that contracts with the Federal Government to work on infectious diseases. Her knowledge and the skills she gained through experience and education are known as _____ intelligence.

crystallized

If a patient were to suffer amnesia similar to H.M.'s, which of the following would pose a particular problem? a) recalling the name of childhood pets. b) accessing the background knowledge necessary to understand simple stories. c) navigating streets he knew well before brain surgery. d) remembering her divorce after brain surgery.

Researchers in cognitive psychology rely on all of the following forms of data EXCEPT a) measurements of how long someone needs to make a response. b) the exact types of errors people make. c) which conditions lead to greater accuracy and which lead to poor accuracy. d) anecdotes and testimonials.

The left cerebral hemisphere receives its main input for vision from the a) left eye. b) right eye. c) left half of the visual field in both eyes. d) right half of the visual field in both eyes.

What is the most precise explanation for why many aspects of psychology (and most of cognitive psychology) rely on inferential methods? a) Language processing requires the ability to draw inferences. b) It is hard to know why the behavior of a particular individual changes. c) Psychology is an inaccurate science. d) Psychology often demands hypotheses about processes that cannot be observed directly in order to explain the capacities and the behaviors that we can observe.

When reading a story about a girl shaking a piggy bank because she wants to buy something, we understand the reasons for her action because a) our working memory fills in the background information. b) all the necessary information is already present in the story. c) the capacity of working memory is unlimited. d) we provide additional background knowledge based on our own experience.

Which is NOT a factor in explaining why the postsynaptic neuron's initial response may vary in size? a) the sensitivity of the postsynaptic membrane b) the quantity of neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic cell c) the accumulation of previous cell firings d) the width of the gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells

Which of the following concerns is NOT addressed by adopting a cognitive approach to the study of psychology? a) The study of psychology involves entities (like beliefs or desires) that cannot be directly observed. b) Many mental processes are unconscious. c) Many mental processes unfold so rapidly that it is difficult to observe them. d) Just because something happens in a laboratory experiment does not mean it necessarily happens that way in real-life settings.

Which of the following is the clinical term we use to describe a disturbance in the initiation or organization of voluntary action? a) aphasia b) neglect c) agnosia d) apraxia

Which of the following pieces of evidence would NOT be consistent with claims about the articulatory rehearsal loop? a) In working-memory tasks, when people hear "F" spoken, they sometimes remember "S" instead. b) In working-memory tasks, when people see the letter "F," they sometimes remember "S" instead. c) Repeating a nonsense syllable over and over interferes with the ability to hold a string of letters in working memory. d) Repeating a nonsense syllable over and over interferes with the ability to hold a sequence of abstract shapes in working memory.

Which of the following strategies might you suggest to a child who is having trouble remembering a list of things? a) Repeat a nonword over and over while memorizing, in order to prevent other real words from interfering with what he's trying to remember. b) It does not matter if she rehearses the words or not, because rehearsal has only minor and transient effects on memory. c) Insist on actually the saying the words out loud, since the words must actually be heard through the ears for the rehearsal loop to work. d) Repeat the list over and over either inside the head or out loud; either will be very effective.

With current neuroimaging techniques, all of the following things can be measured without in any way disturbing the participant EXCEPT a) blood flow. b) oxygen content. c) physical structures. d) neuronal firing rates.

Individuals with a lesion to the parietal lobe perform normally when asked to search for a single feature in a display (e.g., find the round shape) but have trouble when asked to find, for example, the "blue, round shape" among other shapes that are blue (but not round) and round (but not blue). What conclusion do these findings support? a. If you cannot detect a complex object, you cannot detect its constituent parts. b. Object identification takes place in the parietal lobe. c. Shapes are more difficult for the system to detect than colors. d. Detection of features is separate from the association of those features.

d. Detection of features is separate from the association of those features.

In a word recognition study, participants were briefly shown words that differed in frequency and familiarity. After each word was shown, participants were asked to report aloud what word they had seen. Their accuracy recognizing these words is represented in the graph. Which of the following is the BEST interpretation of the data? a. The words that are naturally easy to recognize are used more frequently. b. Low-frequency words are recognized about half the time, near the level that would be expected by chance. c. People only have difficulty with recognizing primed, high-frequency words. d. The results demonstrate both a priming effect and an effect of frequency.

d. The results demonstrate both a priming effect and an effect of frequency.

The Rumelhart and McClelland model is different from the simple feature model in all the following ways EXCEPT that it includes a. bidirectional activation. b. inhibition as well as excitation. c. top-down processing. d. activation from the feature level to the letter level.

d. activation from the feature level to the letter level.

Donovan looks in a mirror and perceives his own face, but thinks he is seeing a stranger. Donovan most likely has a. Capgras syndrome. b. change blindness. c. associative agnosia. d. prosopagnosia.

d. prosopagnosia.

Which effect CANNOT be explained by feature nets? a. the word-superiority effect b. the well-formedness effect c. the ability to read letter strings like PIRT but not ITPR d. the effects of sentence context

d. the effects of sentence context

Which of the following refers to the hypothesis that memories fade or erode with the passage of time?

decay

Which of the following methods is NOT considered evidence of an implicit memory?

declaring that George Washington was the first president of the United States

Which of the following most accurately represents the probability an item will be retained (most likely > least likely)?

deep elaborate > deep > shallow > maintenance

In an experiment, people were asked to memorize words in a way that focused either on meaning (deep-processing condition) or sound (shallow-processing condition). Then they were asked to recall the words, cued with hints that either matched their learning (e.g., cued with sound hints if sound was focused on during learning) or did not match (e.g., cued with meaning hints if they focused on sound during learning) . The results showed that recall was best for participants in the:

deep processing, matched cues condition.

The pattern of causal relationships within a problem is the problem's

deep structure.

Which of the following is NOT an attribute of the prototype theory?

defining features

Which is LEAST well established as a contributor to the forgetting of traumatic events?

deliberate forgetting, or repression, on the part of the traumatized individual

Information flows into and through the neuron in what order? a. terminal buttons, axon, soma, dendrites b. dendrites, axon, soma, terminal buttons c. dendrites, soma, axon, terminal buttons d. axon, dendrites, soma, terminal buttons

dendrites, soma, axon, terminal buttons

The role of the anterior cingulate cortex, with regard to the neuronal workspace, is to

detect and resolve conflicts among different brain systems.

Each of the following is evidence for a feature theory of perception, EXCEPT

detecting an embedded figure (including its features) is independent of the way the form is parsed.

The photoreceptors called rods are good for navigating in what kind of environment?

dimly lit

Which of the following tasks is LEAST appropriate as a means of testing implicit memory?

direct memory testing

transcranial magnetic stimulation

direct stimulation of the cerebral cortex induced by magnetic fields generated outside the skull; light up Utilized experimentally by producing a temporary lesion - allowing to identify what functions are compromised when a particular bit of brain tissue is briefly turned off.

Explicit memories are revealed by _______ memory tests, such as _______, whereas implicit memories are revealed by _______ memory tests, such as _______.

direct, recall; indirect, priming

As one of their main goals, the original behaviorists tried to

discover a set of principles concerned with how behavior changes in response to different configurations of stimuli.

Which of the following tasks has NOT been connected with the amygdala?

discriminating between internal and external events

Someone with a larger working memory capacity is likely to perform better than someone with a smaller working memory capacity on all of the following tasks EXCEPT

discriminating shapes

According to most current thinking, what process is impaired (in the affected half of space) in patients with unilateral neglect syndrome?

disengaging attention from its current focus

In a game where one chooses cards from either a high-risk or low-risk stack, participants with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex

displayed an emotional response only after turning over a card.

Ryan's neighbor asks him if he wants the bricks left over from building her garage. Ryan stacks the bricks onto his property but is unsure exactly what he will do with them. By the next day, he has generated a long list of possible uses. This is an example of:

divergent thinking

how to find the error rate?

divide the number of incorrect trails for a condition by the total number of trials for the condition

Laura and Joshua are twins so we know they are ___________. a. dizygotic b. identical c. monozygotic d. polygenic

dizygotic

According to McKays late selection model of attention, when a subject is presented with an ambiguous sentence to their attended ear, the biasing word presented simultaneously to their unattended ear _________ influence their processing, even though they are ________ of the word.

does; unaware

If the word "trum" is flashed quickly on a screen, people are most likely to recognize it as

drum

If the word "trum" is presented, people are most likely to recognize it as

drum.

feature analysis

each stimuli is processed by recognizing several distinctive features rather than a basic template. this is consistent with neurological studies in which different neurons in the visual cortex respond to different stimuli (vertical/horizontal lines). However, this theory is still too limited.

Cells detecting the boundary of a surface are subject to less lateral inhibition than cells detecting the center of the same surface. This leads to an effect called

edge enhancement.

Luria's research on the Gestalt Laws of Perception led him to believe that his subjects perceived the stimuli differently based on their experiences with:

education

Which effect CANNOT be explained by feature nets?

effects of sentence context

Mistakes in word reading occur under a feature-net model of recognition. This results because the feature net encourages ________ over ________.

efficiency; accuracy

Relating study material to things you know or your own life is known as...

elaboration

Which is of the following is MOST effective for long-term retention?

elaborative rehearsal.

The electroencephalogram (EEG) provides an estimate of brain activity by measuring

electrical signals produced by neurons.

A central problem in Capgras syndrome seems to be difficulty with

emotional analysis of faces.

In list-learning experiments, participants' performance in the pre-recency portion of the curve will be improved by

employing more common, familiar words.

Participants are asked to memorize a list of words. In addition to the words themselves, participants will remember some aspects of the context in which the words appeared. This tendency to remember a stimulus within its context is referred to as

encoding specificity.

For a procedure that relies on processing fluency, what matters most is _______ the test stimulus.

encountering

Which of Dayan's system of glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream? a. reticular activating b. lympathic c. hormonal d. endocrine

endocrine

If we overload attention by giving someone too much to do, we would expect to see what change in feature-binding abilities?

errors in feature binding

The creation of false memories in someone is possible

even for the creation of large-scale, entirely false events.

scripts

event schemas, such as a birthday party

Mark suffered a blow to the head many weeks ago, causing retrograde amnesia. Which of the following incidences is Mark LEAST likely to remember?

events that took place just prior to his injury

____ suggests that many behavioral commonalities, from eating to fighting, emerged and remain in human populations because they helped our ancestors survive. a. neurogenesis b. neuropsychology c. evolutionary Psychology d. socioanthropology

evolutionary Psychology

Martin is trying to understand why he's been forgetting things lately. As a well-trained cognitive psychologist, Martin is likely to investigate this puzzle by

examining the circumstances associated with his memory failures, including the complexity or familiarity of the material and how fully he paid attention to the material during learning.

The idea that we categorize objects based on their similarity to previously stored instances is known as

exemplar theory.

Which approach best explains knowledge of variability and distinctions within a category?

exemplars

Research suggests that you usually rely on _______ to aid in categorization of an unfamiliar concept. In contrast, for a highly familiar concept, you are more likely to rely on _______ to aid in categorization.

exemplars; both prototypes and exemplars

Which of the following provide(s) us with an understanding of cause and effect?

explanatory theories

When a person experiences familiarity but no accompanying source memory, the effect can be far-reaching but is unlikely to include

explicit recollection of a person's name or profession.

The dangers of source confusion are particularly relevant to which real-world situation?

eyewitness identification

Capgras syndrome suggests there are two parts to recognition. These parts are

factual and emotional.

mood congruency memory bias effects occur only when you are in a negative mood

false

In full report tasks, people correctly recall 50% of letters on average from the matrix, whereas in partial report tasks, people correctly recall 90% of letters on average from a given row

false - in full report tasks, people correctly recall 50% of the letters (4.5 letters) on average from matrix. In partial report tasks, however people correctly recall 75% of letters on average from a given row

The effect that time has on forgetting is not monotonic. Forgetting is ________ over the first few minutes and hours and then ________ over subsequent decades.

fast; slow

When engaged in a ________ search, set size does not matter. However, when engaged in a ________ search, set size has an impact on performance.

feature; combination

The constructive nature of human memory is advantageous insomuch that it:

fills in the blanks.

In a production task, the _______ category members that a person mentions are also the category members that produce the fastest reaction times in a sentence-verification task.

first

People are often selective in how they search memory for evidence. As a result, they usually search memory

for evidence that might confirm their current beliefs.

The cortex makes up the surface of what brain structure?

forebrain

When moving from her apartment, Cindy took one last look around and was surprised at how much larger the rooms looked now that they were completely empty. The perceptual factor that best explains her perception is:

frame of reference

Which lobe or cortex is farthest from the cerebellum?

frontal

functional MRI (fMRI); MRI

Lynn wanted a birdbath for her front yard but did not want the expense of buying a new one. She looked around the garage, found some old, chipped flowerpots, and came up with an idea. She turned the pots upside down and stacked them to form a column. She then placed a wide, shallow planter on top to hold the water. Lynn has overcome:

functional fixedness

What does the f in fMRI stand for and what makes it different from MRI?

functional; fMRI images changes in metabolism in the brain rather than structure.

Movements of attention are

functionally separate from eye movements.

Dmitri witnessed a bank robbery but now seems unable to remember what he saw. To improve Dmitri's recall, a friend hypnotizes him and asks him, while he is hypnotized, to recall the crime. Research indicates that if questioned while under hypnosis Dmitri will

give a more elaborate account (but not more accurate) of the crime than he has on other occasions.

Using converging methods when constructing a theoretical account is

good because it works to eliminate alternative hypotheses.

If Sheila says, "Pass the salt, please," you are likely to pass her the salt. You'll probably respond in the same way if Sheila (a chemistry major) instead asks, "Could you please hand me the sodium chloride crystals?" This observation seems to indicate that our behavior is

governed by what the stimuli we encounter mean to us.

Problem-solving heuristics do NOT

guarantee a feasible solution.

Herbert says, "I can't figure out where I've seen that person before, but I know that I have seen her before!" Herbert

has a sense of familiarity but no source memory.

Someone with anterograde amnesia

has no explicit memory for events after the onset of amnesia.

Compared to detectors that have not fired recently, a detector that has fired recently is likely to

have a higher activation level.

Compared with nonexperts, experts in a particular field will

have more complex explanatory theories.

have only highly trained and qualified people introspect about their own thoughts.

Memories that are not lost within a few years of their acquisition

have probably achieved a state of permastore.

Which event will affect working memory performance during a free-recall task?

having participants count backward by threes for 30 seconds before recalling the list

Which of the following is LEAST likely to promote misremembering?

having some involvement in an event rather than just witnessing it

Participants listen to a series of sentences played against a background of noise. Some of the sentences are identical to sentences heard earlier (without the noise), but other sentences heard in the noise are new. In this setting, participants will perceive

he noise as being less loud when it accompanies the familiar sentences.

Connections among our various memories do all of the following EXCEPT

help us to resist source confusion

When a particular trait (such as intelligence) can be attributed to genetic factors rather than environmental ones it is known as__________________. a. Mendelian factors b. heritability c. genetic determinism d. behavioral genetics

heritability

Lisa is seeking advice from friends about how to choose a major. Her friends suggest taking a variety of classes covering different subjects and doing volunteer work in the summer to see what academic and occupational areas she likes and dislikes. This method of problem solving uses:

heuristics

Which of the following best describes the serial position curve for an experiment conducted with a delay between the presentation of a list and participants' recall of that list?

high percentage of recall for the first few positions in the list and low recollection for all other items in the list - when there is a delay between the presentation of a list and recollection of that list, we still observe the primary effect, but we no longer observe the recency effect because at the end of a list are no longer in working memory at the time of recall

You live in western Massachusetts and need to get to San Francisco to close a business deal by the following night. Because the only flights that are available are in Boston, you drive east to Boston in order to catch the first flight to San Francisco that morning. This solution would NOT have been possible if you had exclusively employed a

hill-climbing strategy.

Damage to the _______ tends to result in _______.

hippocampus; anterograde amnesia

In a digit-span task, a person hears a series of items and has to repeat them back immediately in correct sequence. This task is often understood to measure the

holding capacity of working memory.

reaction time

how long it takes for psychological process to occur in our brains

Baddeley and Hitch asked rugby players to remember all of the rugby games they had played over the course of a single season. According to their data, which is the most important factor in determining whether the players will remember a particular game?

how many other games they have been in since the target game

top-down processing

how our conscious expectations affect perception Ex: Msispleld wodrs epaxmle; pig nose in fog

Practice Quizzes

https://wwnorton.com/college/psych/cognition5/ch/04/quiz.aspx

Qualitative vs. Quantitative

https://www.simplypsychology.org/qualitative-quantitative.html Emperical textual vs. numerical data gathering

Modern psychology turned away from behaviorism in its classic form because

human behavior is routinely determined by our understanding of stimuli.

Which of the following does NOT name a hypothesis concerning why we forget?

hypermnesia

Julie can remember what she wore, what she did, and what the weather was like on any day from 1999. She likely has

hyperthymesia.

Which of the following persons would be most likely to have similar IQ test scores?

identical twins raised together

Group 1 is shown a series of words ("down," "right," and "sad") and is then asked to read the words aloud. Group 2 is shown a series of words ("up," "left," and "happy") and is then asked to say aloud their antonyms (opposites). If we later test participants' memories for the words, we will expect better performance for Group 1 if the test involves

identification of the words

hierarchical structure

if an item is found under one concept, which is itself nested within another higher concept, the original item belongs to both higher-level concepts

People are MOST likely to use heuristics

if they are under time pressure.

People seem NOT to have pragmatic reasoning schemata that apply to situations involving

if-then relations in general.

Necker Cube

illustrates how features remain constant, but form shifts

Lindsie participated in an fMRI experiment. The researchers found high activity levels in visual areas when she was looking at an image and high activity in those same areas when she was ________.

imagining the image.

Misleading questions asked after participants have witnessed an event influence their

immediate reports of the event, as well as their recall of the event if they try to remember it sometime later.

gamma band oscillation

in neural synchrony, the cells are firing at roughly 40 times per second, a rate called gamma band oscillation

Shadowing can provide a cue for depth. For example, if a shadow appears on the bottom of a circle, the object appears convex. However, if the shadow appears on the top of the object, it appears concave. This happens because

in the real world, light comes from above more often than from below.

Which of the following would be considered the most significant "cost" of memory errors?

inaccurate eyewitness testimony

In Stroop effect experiments, what is it called when the color named by the word was a different color than the word itself? Example: when the word BLUE was written in red

incongruent trials

The use of computers as a metaphor for how humans process information BEST typifies which approach?

information-processing psychology

Broadbent's model of attention treats perception as flowing ______. Entering sensory memory and being _____ to allow only the selected perception to be passed to the ______.

information; filtered; detector

Some models of word recognition include detectors that ________ one another, so that activation of one detector decreases activation in another detector.

inhibit

Individuals with greater working-memory capacity will tend to show advantages over those with smaller working-memory capacity EXCEPT when

initiating routinized, automatic tasks.

Data from people with anarthria, the inability to speak, suggest that

inner speech relies on brain areas responsible for planning speech.

John has apperceptive agnosia. This means that he cannot

integrate perceptual information to perceive intact objects.

John has apperceptive agnosia. This means that he cannot a. recognize faces. b. perceive faces. c. perceive shapes, colors, or positions of objects. d. integrate perceptual information to perceive intact objects.

integrate perceptual information to perceive intact objects.

Kaitlin was looking for a word on Google that described, "the capacity to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, and adapt to changes in the environment." What term would you suggest based on the information you learned in Psychology?

intelligence

The existence of task-general resources is indicated by the fact that

interference between two tasks can sometimes be observed even if the two tasks have no elements in common.

Rugby players' recall of the names of their teammates suffered based on the number of intervening games, not based on the mere passage of time. This study demonstrates that

interference is a major contributor to forgetting.

A horse is blocking the front of a barn door, obstructing your view of the door. This configuration allows you to determine that the horse is closer to you than the barn door is. This is called

interposition.

A participant is asked to look within him- or herself and report on his or her own mental processes. This method is called

introspection

The famous psychologist Edward Titchener claimed to have identified and catalogued nearly 10,000 sensations that he observed within himself. What method best describes his approach?

introspection

Results of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure demonstrate

intrusion errors based on semantic knowledge.

Liz is trying to remember what she read in a text chapter, but she inadvertently mixes into her recall her own assumptions about the material covered in the chapter. This is an example of

intrusion errors.

According to Sternberg and Lubart, creative people are willing to champion ideas that they feel have potential but that most people think are worth little. They have the ability to build unpopular ideas into supported and high valued ideas and then often move onto other unpopular but promising projects. This theory is called the:

investment theory

Consciousness

is a state of awareness of sensation or ideas.

When listening intently to one message, you are likely to detect your name if it is spoken in a different message. This is likely to be because your name

is a stimulus for which you are well primed.

The parietal visual stream...

is associated with movement and representation of object locations.

Photoreceptors A and B are receiving the same high levels of stimulation. They in turn activate interneurons A' and B', respectively, by the same amount. However, interneuron A' shows a lower level of activity relative to interneuron B'. A likely explanation for this fact is that interneuron A'

is being laterally inhibited by other nearby cells

n a feature-net model, knowledge of spelling patterns

is distributed across the model, and therefore the knowledge is only detectable in the overall functioning of the network.

encoding specificity principle

is the idea that any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory for the experience

Mood congruency

is the tendency to remember emotionally charged information best when you are in a mood matching that emotion more likely to occur during free recall rather than recognition

According to some current theories, information that is consciously available is considered trustworthy enough to act upon whenever

it is confirmed by multiple systems.

which of the following statements is true of mood congruency?

it is the tendency to remember emotionally charged information best when you are in a mood matching that emotion

Evolutionary psychology's summarized view of research on brain sex differences suggests that _______________________. a. with gene therapy we can have superior males and females b. it should be viewed with caution c. there are really no significant difference documented d. it appears that biological differences maybe innate

it should be viewed with caution

Working memory acts to

keep relevant information active for a short period of time

Dawn is working on her ___________ sense when she takes yoga classes to improve her body posture and movement ability of her joints and muscles.

kinesthetic

temporal lobe

language (Wernicke's area- understanding speech), hearing

What is the process that leads to a stronger response from cells detecting the edge of a surface than from cells detecting the middle of a surface?

lateral inhibition

The intention to learn new material

leads participants to approach the material in the fashion they think best for memorization

example of cognitive function

learning to read and understand language

When an image is projected to the right visual field, the signal will be sent to the ________ hemisphere.

left

Damage to the brain can be caused in many ways, but in general the damage is referred to as a

lesion

Will has been to the zoo many times, usually with his family but also once on a school field trip. When Will tries to remember the field trip, his recollection is

likely to include elements imported from memories of other zoo trips.

An interconnected group of lower-level brain structures particularly responsible for emotions is known as the _____. a. master endocrine gland b. subcortical center c. homeostatic controller d. limbic system

limbic system

amygdala

limbic system component associated with emotion, particularly fear and anger

hippocampus

limbic system component associated with memory

hypothalamus

limbic system component that regulates hunger, body temperature and other functions

feature detectors

lines/shapes come together to make a letter, and then that is when the bigram detectors pick it up to make a word.

A synapse is

made up of the end of one neuron's axon, another neuron's receiving membrane, and the gap between these two

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging; light up

Intrusion errors are NOT typically caused by

maintenance rehearsal.

Lexical decision tasks require participants to

make "word" or "nonword" decisions when presented with letter strings.

By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to

make a decision about the stimulus

An important theme emerging from memory research is that memory connections

make memories easier to locate but can lead to intrusion errors.

Which of the following is likely to INCREASE the intrusion of schematic knowledge in later recall?

making an effort to fill in the gaps in one's memories

Which group is most likely to dream about strangers, achievement and outdoor activities.

males

Research on differences between the dreams of males and females indicate _______________

many common themes.

The strategy whereby one compares the current state to the goal state, often using this information to break a large problem into smaller subproblems, is called

means-end analysis.

Validity refers to the ability of a test to _____.

measure what it is designed to measure

EEG

measures electrical activity in the brain; light up

Performance on a span task is typically reduced when the participant has to perform concurrent articulation. This finding suggests that

memory performance suffers if the person is prevented from subvocalizing while memorizing.

long term memory

memory that you can access a few minutes later

limbic system

memory, emotion, and goal-directed behavior. Contains hippocampus and amygdala

cognition

mental activity that includes thinking and understanding gained from thinking, such as memory and intelligence

Converging Method

methods that allow you to test different aspects of a question, which will help with discounting possible alternative hypotheses.

Researchers found that globally dreams include more ____________ than _____________.

misfortune; good fortune

One way that we can perceive depth is through our awareness of the adjustment our lens is making. This cue would be

monocular depth cue

Interposition (pg94)

monocular depth cue; if one object partially blocks our view of another object, we perceive it as closer

Siblings who are __________________ are the most genetically similar. a. any sibling combination b. monozygotic twins c. ordinary same-sex sisters d. dizygotic twins

monozygotic twins

word-superiority effect

more accurate and more efficient in recognizing words than they are recognizing individual letters.

The visuospatial sketch pad has been shown to hold representations of space by asking subjects to compare objects that have been rotated or are not the same. In this experiment, objects that required ________ take ________ time to compare.

more rotation; more

Patient L.M. has a lesion in the MT area of the visual cortex and was diagnosed with akinetopsia. This means that she is unable to perceive

motion

Patient L.M. was diagnosed with akinetopsia. This means that she is unable to perceive

motion

As Tara is riding on a train, she notices that closer objects seem to be moving past the train window very rapidly while objects further away, such as houses, seem to be moving by much more slowly. This effect is known as:

motion parallax

The available data from patients with brain damage to circuits controlling attention indicate that

multiple brain mechanisms are responsible for the control of attention.

Which of the following models for object recognition emphasizes the role that rotation plays in object recognition?

multiple views

Samantha has been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. The loss of muscle coordination is due to the progressive deterioration of the ______________. a. parietal lobes b. dendrites c. myelin d. axons

myelin

Mitch has suffered a hearing loss from being exposed to loud noises at construction sites over the years. This type of hearing loss is called:

nerve deafness

The all-or-none law states that

neurons all fire at the same rate, and so a neuron is either firing at the standard rate or not at all.

Gunthar fell from a window when he was 2 years old, and though there was significant damage to 50% of his brain, due to its capacity to reorganize and change in both structure and function; he not only is graduating from college but also plays several sports recreationally. This phenomenon is known as __________. a. neuroplasticity b. localization of function c. neurogenesis d. lateralization of function

neuroplasticity

According to interference theory, most forgetting is attributable to the fact that

new learning disrupts or overwrites old learning.

Mia is five years old and often awakes during stage three or four sleep. She sits upright in her bed screaming and sweating. She talks incoherently as her parents desperately try to wake her, yet she seems to be almost impossible to awaken during these episodes. Which sleep disorder is she most likely experiencing?

night terrors

Utility theory seems implausible as a(n) _______ theory of decision making and, for many people, is morally unacceptable as a(n) _______ theory of decision making.

normative; descriptive

Correct Some false memories can be implanted in children, but not ones about major traumatic events.

nothing that we know of reliably distinguishes true and false memories

observable facts; likely internal causes

The primary visual cortex is located in the __________ lobe.

occipital

A patient with visual agnosia is most likely to show abnormalities in the pathway leading from the __________ to the __________.

occipital lobe; temporal lobe

During the soccer game Cameron received a hard direct blow to the head and he experienced flashes of light, most likely the blow activated cells in his _________. a. parietal lobes b. temporal lobes c. occipital lobes d. frontal lobes

occipital lobes

When Betty (an English speaker) is shown strings of letters tachistoscopically, she overregularizes them to follow the rules of common English spelling. This is because

of a lifetime of strengthening the bigram detectors for common English letter pairs.

Most participants in a dichotic listening task are

often able to notice personally relevant words like their names in the unattended channel.

When people are explicitly told that a particular instance is NOT representative of the larger group, they

often continue to reason as if the instance IS representative of the larger group.

All of the following are evidence that theories play an important role in conceptual knowledge EXCEPT

once people have theories, they largely abandon the use of typicality heuristics.

transcendental method

one first observes the effects or consequences of a process, and then asks what must the concept have been in order to bring about these effects?

articulatory rehearsal loop

one of the most important assistants, when trying to remember numbers while reading, you keep them in the rehearsal loop so you can keep reading with central executive

Scores on which task show the strongest correlation with reading comprehension and reasoning tasks?

operation span

Sage is fourteen months old. At the petting zoo, he points to a rabbit and yells, "Kitty!" This is an example of which of following?

overextension

"I goed to the zoo" and "I hurt my foots" are examples of _____.

overgeneralization

Which of the following responses is a result of a rigid Einstellung?

overlooking a simple response in favor of a practiced, more difficult one

common types of errors in word recognition

overregulation

A participant is asked, "In the list of words I showed you earlier, was there a word that rhymed with 'lake'?" The participant is likely to be well prepared for this sort of memory test if he or she

paid attention to the sounds of the words when trying to memorize them.

parallel processing vs serial processing

parallel: describes how various areas of the brain are involved simultaneously in processing memory serial processing: sequential processing by two or more processing units

parietal, location; temporal, identity

Research about the what and where pathways suggests that the __________ lobe is important for determining the __________ of an object, whereas the __________ lobe is important for determining the __________ of the object.

parietal, location; temporal, identity

during a stroop test, where is the meaning of words determined?

part of the brain's temporal lobe, called Wernicke's area

In an experiment performed by Jacoby in 1983, participants saw a word and had to "generate" (and remember) its antonym. In the "context" condition, participants saw both the word and its antonym and had to remember the latter. In the "no context" condition participants were just shown the word to remember. On a standard recognition test

participants from the "generate" condition performed best.

Kahneman and Tversky (1973) asked participants to make judgments about the likelihood that people with certain characteristics were lawyers or engineers. These participants were also told the proportion of people in the overall population who were lawyers or engineers. In this situation,

participants ignored base rate and relied only on diagnostic information.

Participants were presented with an example of a newly discovered bird, a newly discovered element, or a member of a newly discovered island culture. When asked to generalize about these categories,

participants required several examples of the bird, all of which were blue, before agreeing that all members of the new bird species were blue.

Participants viewed a series of slides depicting an automobile accident. Immediately afterward, half of the participants were asked, "How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?" The other participants were asked, "How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?" One week later, all participants were asked more questions about the slides, including whether they had seen any broken glass in the slides. A comparison of the two groups of participants is likely to show that

participants who were asked the "smashed" question gave higher estimates of speed and were more likely to remember seeing broken glass.

All of the following are problems for the prototype and exemplar accounts of categorization EXCEPT

participants' ratings of membership in a novel category change with experience.

In the "Hobbits and Orcs" problem, the ratio of Hobbits to Orcs traveling on the boat would be considered

path constraint.

recency effect

people also have a good memory for items at the end of a list

Which of the following is a key finding from research using memory tests like this one in this ZAPs lab?

people believe the lure word was present in the list just as frequently as other words that actually did appear in the list

anterograde amnesia

people can no longer for new long term memories

primacy effect

people have a good memory for items at the beginning of a list

Over and over, research shows us that

people's introspections are often wrong, even if they are extremely confident in them.

Suddenly Wendy heard a loud sound and realized that her daughter Kayla was crying for help. Thankfully ________ occurred and Wendy ran to assist.

perception

Expectation-based priming suggests that

perception works within a limited-capacity system.

The sensory and motor nerves that go to and from the central nervous system, body organs, and skeletal muscles make up the _____ nervous system. a. somatic b. fight or flight c. autonomic d. peripheral

peripheral

The hierarchy of linguistic units, from smallest to largest, is

phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases.

Baddeley's model of working memory consists of three components (phonological loop, visuospatial sketch pad, and central executive). If you were giving your friend directions to get to your house from the passenger seat, their__________ is taking in the verbal information while their_________ is helping them visualize the streets ahead.

phonological loop ; visuospatial sketch pad

Which of the following is an extralinguistic cue used for sentence parsing?

physical context

bigram detectors

pick up letters that go together, like RN. They pair off in two letters until a full word is made eventually.

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to serve as an effective prime for the word "bread"?

pie

Which of the following is considered the "master gland" of the endocrine system? a. hypothalamus b. thyroid gland c. thymus gland d. pituitary gland

pituitary gland

The only difference between the [p] and the [t] phonemes is

place of articulation.

frontal lobe

planning and organizing, socioemotional understanding, movement, Broca's area (producing speech)

In using the rehearsal loop, the central executive is directly involved in the step of

planning the end-goal of the rehearsal.

Maintenance rehearsal is:

poorly suited for delayed recall, even if you knew you would be tested.

PET scan

positron emission tomography scan; light up

An experimenter reads a list of 30 words to a group of participants at the rate of one word per second. This is immediately followed by a free-recall test. A second group of participants hears the same 30 words presented at the faster rate of two words per second. We should expect that the group hearing the slower presentation will show improved memory performance for the

pre-recency portion of the list, but there will be no impact on the recency effect.

Carrie is talking with her neighbor while simultaneously sweeping the porch and supervising her young daughter's play in the yard. Which area of the brain is MOST involved in such multi-tasking?

prefrontal cortex

Schemata do all of the following EXCEPT

prevent us from confusing an event with other, similar events.

What factor about a person will BEST predict ability to memorize complex information about biology?

previous related biology knowledge

In this graph for recall in a word-learning paradigm, "A" reflects the _______ effect and "B" reflects the _______effect.

primacy; recency

The term "introspection" refers to the

process of each person looking within, to observe his or her own thoughts and ideas

Late selection models would predict that during concerts with talkative seatmates, interested concertgoers:

process the meaning of the speakers' words even while attending to the musical stream.

Top-down mechanisms suggest that

processing can be driven by knowledge and expectations.

Which of the Gestalt principles states that we tend to perceive objects in groups?

proximity

binding problem

question of how the various pieces of info picked up by the various types of cells are integrated to form a single, organized perception. (the blue cup example)

Saccades

rapid voluntary movements of the eyes from one place to another

Patients who have suffered damage to the occipital-parietal or dorsal pathway (the "where" system) will have difficulties with which of the following tasks?

reaching in the correct direction to retrieve the toothbrush

typical results of the stroop test

reaction times in the incongruent trials are higher than reaction times in the congruent trials

Patients with unilateral neglect resulting from damage to the right hemisphere will

read only the right half of words shown to them.

In the Gick and Holyoak paradigm (1980), participants were required to solve the tumor problem. Those who demonstrated the fastest solution times were the participants who

read the "General and Fortress" solution and were told to apply it to the tumor problem.

A student wishes to memorize an essay so that he will be able to recall the essay's content later on. Which of the following is likely to be LEAST helpful to him?

reading the essay aloud over and over again

It's a rainy night on campus in the middle of finals week. You have a statistics exam the next day, and you study for it while listening to a playlist of sad music. The combination of the weather, finals, and the playlist put you in a gloomy mood you wake up the next morning feeling much more upbeat, but you can't remember everything you studied last night. what can you do to job your memory?

reading through your notes while listening to the playlist from last night

Theodore has suffered from Korsakoff's amnesia for the last decade. Theodore is LEAST likely to do which of the following actions?

recall events that occurred last month

Which testing method mainly targets explicit, rather than implicit, memory?

recall tasks

In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure, participants are asked to remember a list of words like "bed, snooze, awake, tired, dream, rest"—all words concerning the topic of sleep. However, the word "sleep" is not on the list. After this procedure, participants

recall the word "sleep" being on the list even if they were explicitly warned to be careful.

A question like, "What's the name of the waiter?" requires _______; a question like, "Isn't that the guy we usually see on the bus?" requires _______.

recall; recognition

Which behavior is LEAST likely to be demonstrated by a Korsakoff's patient?

recalling that a sentence was heard earlier in the test but feeling no sense of familiarity about the sentence

Sensory cortex

receives info from the senses (auditory, visual); made up of somatosensory, auditory, and visual

The form of brain damage identified as prosopagnosia is primarily characterized by an inability to

recognize faces.

The parasympathetic nervous system is dominant when a person is _____. a. relaxed b. frightened c. angry d. stressed

relaxed

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of glial cells?

release neurotransmitters

In a basic-recall task, participants read a story about a character named Nancy and her behavior at a party. During recall, participants

remembered more details and made inferences about the story if they received a prologue giving additional context.

When people reconstruct their thought processes, what does it most often feel like?

remembering

If a patient were to suffer amnesia similar to H.M.'s, which of the following would pose a particular problem?

remembering her divorce after brain surgery.

Which of the following is an example of recall?

remembering the name of your fifth-grade teacher when asked

Repression refers to the

removal of conscious memories.

Which of the following would help improve recall of a difficult-to-understand paragraph the LEAST?

repeating the paragraph aloud many times

repetition priming

hearing or reading a word frequently increases the ease and speed of its recognition because of this phenomenon in lexical decision

repetition priming

repetition priming.

Cognitive psychology often relies on the transcendental method in which?

researchers seek to infer the properties of unseen events on the basis of the observable effects of those events

Cognitive psychology often relies on the transcendental method, in which

researchers seek to infer the properties of unseen events on the basis of the observable effects of those events

Cognitive psychology often relies on the transcendental method, in which

researchers seek to infer the properties of unseen events on the basis of the observable effects of those events.

Lucy had a bike accident and because there was damage to her medulla, the doctors were concerned about loss of _______. a. hearing b. vision c. respiration d. smell

respiration

sentence verification tasks

response times (RT pg 18) of subjects on each sentence are measured and used as evidence for the existence of this type of network

A great deal of forgetting may reflect an (perhaps temporary) inability to locate the target information in storage. This sort of forgetting is called

retrieval failure.

Eli can remember what he did last week, but he cannot remember the birth of his cousin (which happened immediately before Eli received a head injury in a motorcycle accident). What is Eli's condition?

retrograde amnesia

Following hippocampal damage, if someone is unable to recall any memories before the injury , it is called __________. However, if the person fails to form new memories after the injury, they are experiencing ______.

retrograde amnesia; anterograde amnesia

The left cerebral hemisphere receives its main input for vision from the

right half of the visual field in both eyes.

The auditory cortex follows the principle of contralateral control. Thus, the

right temporal lobe receives most of its input from the left ear.

Which of the following is a function morpheme?

A cross-country decides to eat at a local restaurant she has never heard of. She walks in and sees a counter that contains cash register machines; a menu hangs above the counter. Behind the counter, employees wearing headsets and paper hats hustle to and fro, pulling food from a service window and placing it onto trays. These images will most likely trigger a ______ that will lead the traveler to believe she should _________

schema; order at the counter and then seat herself

cognitive psychology

scientific study of acquisition, retention, and use of knowledge helps us to understand capacities relevant to virtually every moment of our lives. Activities that don't appear to be intellectual would collapse without the support of our cognitive functioning. The same is true whether we're considering our physical movements through the world, our social lives, our emotions or any other domain = Scope of cognitive psychology.

cognitive psychology

scientific study of knowledge

When you make an overregularization error in visual perception, what is the subjective experience like?

seeing

All of the following are true with regard to the presentation of multiple analogues EXCEPT

seeing multiple analogues is helpful for experts, but for novices it is just confusing.

Children's overregularization production errors

seem to be caused by an understanding of rules.

Sam is at a party surrounded by music, dancing, and various conversations. Though he has been enjoying and listening to the music, suddenly he attends to his friend's voice as she mentions Sam's name in conversation. This process of filtering out some messages and attending to others is:

selective attention

Information that is perceived as relevant to the self is better remembered. This is referred to as the

self-reference effect.

The _____ provide the brain with information about balance, and in particular information about the rotation of the head.

semicircular canals

When a bug crawls on you and your receptors detect the impulse and then convert and transmit a neural message to the brain it is called _____. a. integration b. sensation c. perception d. detection

sensation

bottom-up processing

sensation and perception (shape, color, etc.); information processing that begins at the sensory receptors and works up to perception

iconic memory

sensory memory of visual information 1/3 second

Brad's doctor says that he must not be producing enough ______ since it is the neurotransmitter that affects mood, sleep, appetite, sensory perception, arousal, temperature regulation, pain suppression, impulsivity; and the low levels may be responsible for his depression. a. GABA b. epinephrine c. acetylcholine d. serotonin

serotonin

When you look at a chair from the back or front, it has a rectangle shape. However, when you see it from the side, it has an "h" shape, but still you recognize it as a chair because of _____.

shape constancy

As Katherine and Brian took their spelling test, according to the research on brain sex differences it is most likely that: a. he will use frontal and temporal lobes and perform best b. she will primarily use her parietal lobe and perform best c. she will primarily use her frontal and temporal lobes and perform best d. they will use the same brain lobes and perform equally well

she will primarily use her frontal and temporal lobes and perform best

she will think the leg continues behind the body of the dog.

According to the modal model, all of the following are true EXCEPT

short-term memory's size can be expanded with sufficient practice.

tachistoscope

shown a word or letter very quickly, such as DARK, followed by a mask, (TXVW), followed by the question did you see dare or dark? it shows how our brains more accurately remember words over letters

working memory: subvocalization

silently pronouncing words

Recognition by components

similar to feature analysis, but takes into account 3-D shapes ("geons")

Perceptual load theory suggests that side conversations during a concert might:

slow down processing of the auditory stream coming from the stage.

If given a list of the words "white," "winter," "cold," and "flake," which word will people be most likely to erroneously report on a later memory test?

snow

Patients with unilateral neglect ignore one side of their visual field. This problem illustrates the importance of

space-based perception.

On which of the following tests would we expect Paul to perform better than Megan? a. Mendelian factors b. verbal fluency c. spatial rotation of objects d. reading emotions from photos

spatial rotation of objects

parietal lobe

spatial skills, sensations

concurrent articulation

speak or mime speech while doing some other task (tah tah tah tah tah). this occupies the musceles and control mechanisms needed for speech, so they prevent the person from using these resources for subvocalization.

Andrew accidentally touches a very hot pan on the stove, and he automatically withdraws his hand. Which part(s) of the central nervous system is (are) involved in this automatic response? a. spinal cord and occipital lobes b. spinal cord only c. spinal cord and temporal lobes d. spinal cord and parietal lobes

spinal cord only

Dr. Hammett is developing a test to measure divergent thinking ability. He has developed uniform testing conditions and is currently administering the test to a representative sample in order to develop norms. This example illustrates which principle of psychological testing?

standardization

Precursor (or immature) cells that produce new specialized cells are called _____ cells. a. embryonic b. primordial c. stem d. maternal

stem

In the absence of attention

stimuli may not be consciously perceived but can still have an influence on the perceiver.

stimulus was in the part of the cell's receptive field that causes inhibition of firing rather than excitation.

B.F. Skinner, a behaviorist, proposed that children learn to use language through a series of ______ and _______ associations.

stimulus, response

The different forms of priming can be distinguished in several ways. For example, the effects of ________ priming can be observed almost immediately after the relevant cue is provided; in contrast, the effects of ________ priming require a half second or so to appear after the relevant cue.

stimulus-based; expectation-based

Regarding the use of analogies in problem solving,

students taught new information via analogy were better able to make inferences from that information than other students.

Phenomenal consciousness refers to

subjective experience.

In her research study, Meg presents the word "bread" so quickly that participants are not aware that they have seen it. Still, they are faster to respond to the word "butter" when it is presented a few moments later, compared to a control condition. In this case, "bread" acts as a

subliminal prime.

McClelland and Rumelhart's model of word recognition suggests detectors on separate levels can interact in a bidirectional manner. Biological evidence ________ this notion because ________.

supports; visual processing is bidirectional

Martin speaks English and place adjectives before the noun, as in "my precious love.", but Genaro speaks Italian and place the adjective before the noun and sometimes after. This is an example in the differences in __________ between English and Italian speakers.

syntax

An individual suffering with smaller working memory would be LEAST likely to exhibit which of the following behaviors?

taking an alternative route to school after learning about a traffic jam on the traditional route

Stroop test

task designed to measure conflicts between two sensory inputs that is perhaps the most widely used and important of all cognitive tests

Divided attention requires enough mental resources to attend to both tasks. These limited mental resources include all of the following EXCEPT

task-general storage space like long-term memory.

Keifer is being potty-trained. When he needs to use the bathroom, he says "Me go potty!" Which term most accurately describes this type of speech?

telegraphic speech

object recognition

template matching, feature analysis, recognition by components

The fusiform face area is housed within which of the following brain regions

temporal lobe

While under hypnosis, people

tend to talk more about the event they are being questioned about.

recency of use (including priming)

tendency to remember materials that occur late in a series. priming: a process through which one input or cue prepares a person for an upcoming input or cue.

The response of a center-surround cell

tends to be in one direction (e.g., increased firing) if the stimulation is in the center of the cell's receptive field and in the opposite direction (e.g., decreased firing) if the stimulation is in the periphery of the receptive field.

Unconscious influences on conscious thinking include all of the following EXCEPT

the "inner dialogue" we sometimes have.

which of the following best accounts for the textbook description of how European psychologists contributed to the cognitive revolution

the Europeans, in this case a particular group of thinkers, argued that behaviors and perceptions are organized in such a way that we must consider the whole of the picture

Form

the Gestalt totality of that which is being viewed

Sandra is a school psychologist. For making educational recommendations she typically prefers the Wechsler scales for evaluation of capabilities compared to the Stanford-Binet because __________.

the Wechsler scales have both a verbal scale and a performance scale

acuity

the ability to see fine detail, it is much higher for the cones than it is for the rods

repetition priming

the activation of a word after the first presentation takes some time to fade and then when it is presented again it takes less time for its threshold to be activated again

Which of the following would NOT be considered part of the fovea?

the area of the retina found far out in the periphery

When reasoning, it is important to consider the overall likelihood that an individual will be in one category or another, independent of diagnostic information. This overall likelihood is called

the base rate.

We often encounter ambiguous letters when reading handwritten words but can still interpret them. For example, the same shape can be interpreted as an A in CAT but an H in THE. At what level of analysis does the feature net resolve this issue?

the bigram level

cognitive neuroscience

the broad set of mental activities of which we are completely unaware that makes possible our ordinary thinking, remembering, reasoning, and so on.

memory bias

the changing of memories to fit current beliefs or attitudes

Facial recognition differs from recognition of other objects in all of the following ways EXCEPT

the component parts of a face have no influence on perception.

Facial recognition depends on recognition of

the configuration of the parts.

Which hypothesis about forgetting points to the fact that over time, relevant brain cells die off and connections between memories gradually weaken?

the decay hypothesis

suggestibility

the development of false memories from misleading information

According to the modal model of memory, words presented early in a list are easier to remember than words presented later because

the early words receive more of the participants' attention than the later words.

Which effect(s) CANNOT be explained by simple feature nets (i.e., feature nets without bigrams)?

the effect of sentence context

A synapse is usually composed of

the end of an axon, a space, and the receiving membrane on another neuron's dendrites.

A synapse is usually composed of:

the end of an axon, a space, and the receiving membrane on another neuron's dendrites.

principle of inheritance

the features are only stored once and as high as possible in the hierarchy

Broadbent's early selection model is referred to as a bottleneck model. According to the theory, __________.

the filter eliminates the unattended messages right at the beginning based on specific physical characteristics

The "cognitive revolution" is named as such because:

the focus changed from behaviors to the processes underlying those behaviors.

Intellectual functions like making judgments, retrieving memories, and paying attention depend primarily on tissues specialized for these purposes, which are located in

the forebrain.

brain localization speaks to ______ while brain lateralization speaks to

the idea that certain parts of the brain have certain functions: having a right and left half of the brain

Optical illusions, such as the Ponzo illusion in which line 1 appears to be longer than line 2 despite the opposite being true, have been useful in studying the dissociations between action and perception. Suppose participants were asked to estimate the length of line 2 with the aperture of the thumb and index finger. From what we know of the dorsal (where/action) and ventral (what) pathways, we should predict that

the illusions mainly affected the ventral stream processing

Features

the individual details of a stimulus: the angles, the curves, the parallel lines, the coloring etc.

retina

the light sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eyeball

Historically what was the relationship between behaviorism and cognitive psychology?

the limits of behaviorism gave rise to cognitive psychology

Errors in reasoning about conditional statements are LESS common when

the logical rule under question is modus ponens rather than modus tollens.

When someone asks you to pass the salt at the dinner table, you are able to understand the request even if it is asked in a variety of different ways. This illustrates that

the meaning of an utterance, not the physical stimulus, is most important for predicting behavior.

midbrain

the middle division of brain responsible for hearing and sight; location where pain is registered; includes temporal lobe, occipital lobe, and most of the parietal lobe

Evidence from anarthric (speechless) patients suggests that

the muscles needed for speech are not needed for subvocalization

Looking at an object from multiple angles results in more accurate information about the shape of an object, especially when...

the object is unfamiliar

Two parents are presented in a hypothetical child-custody case. One parent has moderate traits, while the other has some positive and some negative traits. When asked to whom they would award child custody, the majority of people choose

the parent with both positive and negative traits.

In this drawing, parts A, B, C, and D are:

the parietal lobe, the frontal lobe, the temporal lobe, and the occipital lobe.

The fact that new words in English very rarely start with sound combinations like "tl" or "ks" demonstrates

the phonological rules of English.

hindbrain

the posterior portion of the brain including cerebellum and brainstem

the precision of movement for the body part.

according to the network proposed by Collins and Quillian, common characteristics that different breeds of dogs share (fur, tail, sharp hearing) will appear once and as high up as possible in the network. What is this concept called?

the principle of inheritance

In an experiment performed by Melissa Vo and John Henderson, participants were shown two versions of the same image depicting a typical kitchen scene. The only difference between the two versions was that in one a pot that is sitting on the stove has been replaced by a printer. They found that participants looked at the printer for a longer period of time than at the pot. The reason participants looked at the printer longer was because...

the printer does not match the scene schema (what is normally found in the scene).

introspection

the process through which one "looks within," to observe and record the contents of one's own mental life

working memory

the processing system that keeps information available for current use, can only maintain 5-9 pieces of information for up to 20 to 30 seconds

The Collins and Quillian model proposes that categorical information is organized hierarchally what is one important difference between this model and a spreading activation model?

the relationship between concepts in a spreading activation model can strengthen or weaken depending on typicality and frequency of occurrence

Some researchers explain Capgras syndrome as

the result of a disconnection between a cognitive appraisal and a sense of familiarity.

echoic memory

the sensory memory store of auditory information the duration of echoic memory is substantially longer than that of iconic memory 4 seconds

The "all-or-none" law states that

the signal traveling down a neuron's axon does not vary in size.

morpheme

the smallest unit of language that carries meaning

the stimulus was in the part of the cell's receptive field that causes inhibition of firing rather than excitation.

Dr. Duez was doing linguistics research and found evidence to support Whorf's hypothesis, therefore his research must have confirmed that ___________.

the structure of language can influence people's thoughts

The existence of functional localization is supported in part by the fact that

the symptoms produced by brain damage depend on exactly where in the brain the damage is located.

Binding problem

the task of reuniting the various elements of a scene that are initially addressed by different systems in different parts of the brain

law of closure

the tendency for people to perceive complete figures even when the actual figures are not complete.

Size constancy

the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance

Shape constancy

the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina

Brightness constancy

the tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change

mood dependency

the tendency to remember information best in the same mood in which you learned it

The process of taking observable information and inferring a cause is known as

the transcendental method

cornea

the transparent tissue at the front of each eye that plays an important role in focusing the incoming light

lens

the transparent tissue located near the front of the eye, together with the cornea plays an important role in focusing the incoming light Muscles control the degree of curvature of the lens allowing the eye to form a sharp image on the retina

fovea

the very center of the retina

The specialization evident in visual processing shows that

the visual system relies on parallel processing.

The short-term storage of verbal materials is often supported by the rehearsal loop. The short-term storage of mental images is accomplished by _______.

the visuospatial buffer

Which is NOT a factor in explaining why the postsynaptic neuron's initial response may vary in size?

the width of the gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells

convolution

the wrinkles visible in the cortex that allow the enormous surface area of the brain to be stuffed into the small volume of the skull

All of the following contribute evidence for a dissociation between explicit and implicit memory EXCEPT

there is a dissociation between the primacy and recency effect in the serial position curve.

With regard to the "man who" arguments described by Nisbett and Ross (1980)

they reflect our willingness to take a small sample of data as seriously as a larger sample.

Commissures, including the corpus callosum, are

thick bundles of fibers that allow communication between the brain's hemispheres.

spreading activation model

this model explains not only the typicality effect but also many other effects that have been revealed through sentence verification tasks

how is the transcendental method relevant to a rejection of radical behaviorism and a move toward cognitive psychology?

though we can't actually see it, we see evidence it exists.

Lexi is describing a movie she recently saw. When it comes time to name the actors, she draws a blank and utters, "Ugh, I know his name. He has been in a bunch of stuff lately. Why can't I think of it?" Lexi is experiencing

tip-of-the-tongue phenomena.

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of attention as discussed by the textbook?

to consolidate newly acquired memories

Rafiq has used alcohol daily for several years. He enjoys the "buzz" from drinking and has noticed that it requires more alcohol to achieve the same effects. This describes:

tolerance

forebrain

top of the brain which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex; responsible for emotional regulation, complex thought, memory aspect of personality

Imagine you are putting together a puzzle. The lid of the box comes with a picture of the completed puzzle, and you reference that while you are working. The picture on the lid is acting as aImagine you are putting together a puzzle. The lid of the box comes with a picture of the completed puzzle, and you reference that while you are working. The picture on the lid is acting as a

top-down influence.

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).

what is the Stroop cognitive test based upon?

troop effect

During flue season, people are more likely to ask "Do you have any kleenex?" than "do you have tissues?" this is best explained as the typicality effect

true

words are most likely stored in the mental lexicon by semantics so that table would be closer to chair that it would be to tape

true

T/F: anarthic (people who can't use their muscles used in speech) can have subvocalization ability.

true. actual muscle movements are not needed for subvocalization. Instead, inner speech relies on the brain areas responsible for planning the muscle movements of speech.

Tasks involving dichotic listening are tasks in which

two different auditory messages are presented, one to each ear.

Evidence suggests that

unattended stimuli are more fully processed if the attended input is particularly simple.

A patient has suffered brain damage and, as a result, now seems to ignore all information on the left side of her world. If shown words, she reads only the right half of the word; if asked to copy a picture, she copies only the right half. This patient seems to be suffering from

unilateral neglect syndrome.

Clinical Neuropsychology (pg 18)

unites the areas of biopsychology and clinical psychology, focusing on the relationship between biological factors and psychological disorders Focuses on the origin of psychological disorders in biological factors

Which of the following is NOT an attribute of working memory (sometimes called short-term memory)?

unlimited storage capacity

Chess experts are better at remembering chess positions than novices because they

use chunking strategies.

working memory: span test

used for measuring working memory's holding capacity. list 4 letters, then 5, then 6, etc. until they make an error.

Although mnemonics can be helpful for remembering a small number of specific items (like a grocery list), they do have some drawbacks. One such problem is that

using a mnemonic involves a trade-off of attention so that less attention is available for making the many memory connections that can help one understand the material.

what/where system in the parietal cortex

various brain areas are responsible for shape, color, size, and motion. the blue color of the cup THERE, the cup shape THERE, the large thing THERE, and moving slightly THERE.

rhythm/neural synchrony

various cells fire in synchrony with each other, thus the brain notes that the stimuli are perceiving the same object.

Some resources are task specific and others are task general. Which of the following is a task-specific resource?

verbal resources for tasks involving words

Women and men in general are matched on IQ scores. However, women score higher on tests of _______ ability whereas men score higher on tests of _______ ability.

verbal; spatial

Concerning ESP (extrasensory perception), the research indicates that people should be __________________.

very skeptical of ESP claims

At the synapse, a neurotransmitter is released by the ________ and could bind to the ________.

vesicle; receptor site

Tight rope walkers rely on their __________ sense for survival when they are performing.

vestibular

Participants are asked to listen to a tape-recorded message and to shadow the message as they hear it. Which of the following tasks will be easiest to combine with this shadowing task?

viewing a series of pictures, followed by a test measuring memory for the pictures

during a troop test, where is the color of the text determined?

visual areas of the occipital lobe

occipital lobe

visual perception (man who mistook his wife for a hat)

Gestalt principle

ways that the brain can infer missing parts of an image when it is incomplete perception is guided by proximity and similarity when you see elements that are close to each other or resemble each other you assume these elements are parts of the same object

closure

we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object tendency to see incomplete figures as complete

template matching

we have patterns stored in memory. However, this process is too inflexible and only works for basic stimuli (letters, etc.)

continuity

we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones we tend to follow elements of something in the direction they appear to be going

When reading a story about a girl shaking a piggy bank because she wants to buy something, we understand the reasons for her action because

we provide additional background knowledge based on our own experience.

proximity

we see things as appearing close, as belonging together

In one study, participants saw a video of a car wreck and were then asked questions about what they had seen. Participants who heard the question, "How fast were the cars going when they hit each other"

were less likely than those individuals who had heard "smashed into each other" to recall that they had seen broken glass.

A participant is asked to memorize a series of word pairs, including the pair "heavy-light." The participant is asked later if any of the following words had been included in the list memorized earlier: "lamp," "candle," "spark," and "light." The participant denies having seen any of these words recently. This is probably because

what was memorized was the idea of "light" as a description of weight, not "light" as illumination.

Cognitive psychology is primarily concerned with which of the following?

what we know, what we remember, and how we think

which of the following statements illustrate obstacles to the use of introspection as a source of scientific evidence?

when facts are provided by introspection we have no way to assess the facts themselves, independent of the reporter's particular perspective on the facts.

The language we use and manner of speaking changes across situations. Imagine that you need executive control to facilitate the words you select. In which of the following situations might you most need executive control?

when presenting your work at a meeting with your boss

retrieval cues

when we learn information _____________ are encoded along with the information

overregulation errors

where one perceives or remembers a word or event as being closer to the norm than it really is. Ex: msispleld wodrs can be read normally with minimal effort

As part of a pronunciation task, you are presented with a list of made-up names. Later, during a second, unrelated task, some of the names appear again. Which factor will LEAST influence the likelihood that you will think the name belongs to a famous person?

whether the names are presented in the auditory or visual modality

You are at a cocktail party conversing with a friend. In this situation, you are LEAST likely to hear

whether the person behind you is speaking intelligently or foolishly.

Phrase-structure rules help explain all of the following EXCEPT why

why English-speaking children first learning to speak know more nouns than verbs.

Categorical perception can explain

why we more easily detect differences between two phonemic categories than variations within a single category.

Patients with blind sight

will reach toward targets and adjust their hand position appropriately.

Stroop interference demonstrates that

word reading is automatized.

congruent trials

words and colors match

Imagine a friend is giving you her new phone number. You have nothing with which to write the number down, so you try to remember it. Which cognitive process will you engage in to accomplish this task?

working memory

incongruent trials

worst and colors do not match

cerebral cortex

wrinkled outer portion of brain; center for higher order brain functions such as thinking, planning, judgment; processes sensory information and directs movement Include regions with it's own functions: MOTOR AREAS contain brain tissue crucical for organizing and controlling bodily movements SENSORY AREAS contain tissue crucial for organizing and analyzing the information received from the senses ASSOCIATION AREAS support many functions, including essential human activity we call "thinking"

CT scan

xray

familiarity of the word

you remember the word better the more familiar you are to it

What is the electrical potential of an axon at rest?

-70mV

You are recording from a neuron that sends action potentials when the animal is shown a line. With thinner lines it seems to respond less and with the thinnest lines, that can still be seen, not at all. Which of the following sets of results is most consistent with a rate code for line thickness? (results are shown as: line thickness = firing rate)

0.1 mm = 5 hz 50 mm = 0 hz 0.05 mm = 0 hz 0.2 mm = 10 hz 0.4 mm = 20 hz

If a cat casts a 5 millimeter image on your retina when it is 10 feet away from you, that same cat will cast an image that is ________ millimeters when it is 20 feet away from you

2.5

A structural model is:

A model of physical structure.

Pick the best description of a mind:

A representation of the external world, and actions that allow us to act on that representation.

Our minds build representations of the world in order to allow us to:

Act on those representations.

Which is NOT a principle of how visual elements are grouped according to Gestalt Psychology?

Experience, experience with a percept will always create that percept.

Neurons that respond to specific aspects of stimuli, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called:

Feature detectors

Which is the best description of how we use mental process models?

Simplify the problem at hand and make testable predictions.

Donders and Ebbinghaus worked in the 1800s, long before the cognitive revolution. Why could we still consider Donders and Ebbinghaus cognitive psychologists?

They both used measures of behavior to indirectly study mental processes.

Why do occlusion or blurring make object detection difficult?

They reduce the amount of information available to recognize an object.

Which of the following statements provides the most serious obstacle to the use of introspection as a source of scientific evidence?

When facts are provided by introspection, we have no way to assess the facts themselves, independent of the reporter's particular perspective on them.

Brad is able to read a clock, but is unable to see the arms of a clock move from position to position. He is suffering from

akinetopsia.

Neuron A communicates with neuron B. The ________ of neuron A forms a synapse with the ________ of neuron B.

axon terminal; dendrite

Human brains have a distinct division-of-labor strategy. Each task is achieved as a result of multiple brain areas working together. But the work of the various parts of the brain must be compiled into a finished whole. The issue of how this reassembly works is referred to as the

binding problem.

Neuron X sends a signal that is picked up and processed by Neuron Y. This between-cell communication occurs via

chemical transmission between Neuron X and Neuron Y.

Communication between neurons is ________, while communication within a neuron is ________.

chemical; electrical

The corpus callosum serves what major function?

communication between hemispheres

A distributed representation...

complements localization of function because specific events may activate many structures in the brain.

Despite the fact that sensory stimuli can change from moment to moment, we perceive the details (color, shape, etc.) of an image to be stable because of

constancy.

A researcher has identified the receptive field for a neuron and has determined that the receptive field has a center-surround organization. If the researcher were to shine light into the entire receptive field, including both the center and the surrounding areas, we would expect the neuron to

continue firing at its resting rate.

Most of the brain's structures are hidden deep inside the ________, which is the outer, visible layer.

cortex

Parvo cells are similar to magno cells in what way?

location in the visual system

Introspection CANNOT be used to study

mental events that are unconscious

Krista is sitting on a bench, watching the world go by. She notices the people who are near to her move across her retina more quickly than the cars in the distance move. This effect is called

motion parallax.

The term "introspection" refers to the

process of each person looking within, to observe his or her own thoughts and ideas.

Capgras syndrome and other cognitive disorders are useful because they

provide information about normal cognitive functioning.

Information is transmitted between neurons across a gap between neurons called a __________ through the release of __________.

synapse; neurotransmitters

Visual processing for perception takes place in the ________ lobe and visual processing for action takes place in the ____________ lobe.

Cognition & Memory Ch. 1-4

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