Cognitive Exam 3

chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. when his grandma says, "it seemed like the song would play forever," chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. this understanding requires chaz use a(n)

instrument inference

imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a german shepherd. on her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

is a bread of dog that is hairless and teacup sized

if human speech is represented as a string of taffy on a candy-making assembly line, then what function does speech segmentation serve at the candy factory?

it cuts the taffy into pieces

which of the following is not true about divergent thinking?

It has a single correct answer.

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

a task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title

according to collins and quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

a turtle is an animal

The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer

Dr. Chan is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Chan is studying the effect of _________________ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache?

analogies

the radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of ____ in problem solving

analogy

which of the following is NOT commonly associated with people who are considered highly creative?

analysis

which term best describes the task of factoring the equation 9x^2+5x-7=4x^2-2x+8

analytical

consider the following sentences: "captain ahab wanted to kill the whale. he cursed at it." these two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)

anaphoric inference

which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

before the police stopped, the toyota disappeared into the night.

in kaplan and simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. participants in the ____ group had the fastest response time.

bread and butter

which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks?

cognitive economy

the given-new contract is a method for creating

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation

learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

connection weights

intermediate states can be created by

creating subgoals

it may be difficult for young matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the kindle that his brother uses, and the galaxy tablet his sister uses. after all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. these similarities remind us of the concept of ____, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

crowding

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking

tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "put the apple on the towel in the box." their results showed the importance of ____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.

environmental context

if you say that a "labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ____ approach to categorization

exemplar

which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds

exemplar

priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time

which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

family resemblance

the process of analogical encoding is focused on ____

finding similarity

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that _____ may be more important than _____ in creative thinking.

flexibility; experience

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates

group brainstorming

which of the following represents a basic level item?

guitar

in new guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that they

had a large number of sophisticated language systems

noam chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of ____ research.

in vivo problem-solving

____ occurs when a person gives up trying to solve a tough problem and then suddenly comes up with the answer while doing something else

incubation

most of the coherence in text is created by

inference

finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for pre-inventive objects if they

made the objects themselves

in the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

node

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

noticing, mapping, and applying

functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

novel object

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators

spreading activation

primes associated concepts

which of the following correctly pairs a problem-solving stage with a process under Basadur's model?

problem solving: planning

one of chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard

rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" and "light green." the result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the ____ approach to categorization.

prototype

which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

prototype

B. F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement

gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

reorganization or restructuring

which of the following is a core concept underlying the gestalt perspective on problems?

representation

the circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate

representation and restructuring

the radiation problem can be solved using

representation and restructuring.

coherence refers to the

representation of the text in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text

in the context of language, another term for "heuristics" is ____

rules

according to the _____ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

semantic category

which of the following statements is NOT accurate?

semantics and lexicons are equal in scope

the word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words

collins and quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model.

spreading activation

the concept of language can best be thought of as a ____

system

Experts _____ than novices.

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

in analogical problem solving, the ____ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ____ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution.

target, source

research conducted by chi and snyder demonstrated that the gestalt-style perceptual grouping of items occurs in which region of the brain?

temporal lobe

the connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned

which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

words "pizza, history" and nonwords "pibble, girk"

brain imagining studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex?

the frontal and temporal lobes

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

the solution is immediately obvious

insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problem's solution

for the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi

which term best reflects a musical composer who writes a film score in the key of E

tonic

which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?

using a juice glass as a container for orange juice