Cognitive Exam 5-7
what role does working memory play in the processing of information
limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning
semantic memory
memory for facts (our knowledge) not where info is stored, what type of info is being remembered *meaning
primary-recency effect
refers to the fact that we are better able to recall information presented at the beginning and end of a list primary- first few words recency- last few words
encoding
Acquiring information and transferring it into memory
memory
the process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, and ideas 1.structure view (file cabinet, storage) 2.collection of interdependent processes (process view)
Retrieval
the process of outputting information from memory, can be intentional or unintentional
Which of the following is MOST closely associated with implicit memory?
the propaganda effect
implicit memory
unconscious/non-declarative memory
iconic memory
visual memory
Know what the propaganda effect is and that it is associated with implicit memory.
when we are more likely to rate something that we have heard before as true, simply because we have been exposed to it before
Sperlings partial and whole report method
whole report- participants asked to report as many as could be seen partial report- participants heard tone that told them which row of letters to report (scores were better) conclusion: sensory memory has a large capacity but is limited in the amount of time the information is held for
If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following BEST describes the members of Baddeley's model?
workers and manager
Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will MOST likely yield which of these response patterns?
"Apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"
What is procedural memory?
(skill memory) memory for doing things that usually involved learned skills (why teaching someone how to ride a bike is so hard)
Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. The results of their study led to the conclusion that short-term memory is effective for a maximum of around
15-20 seconds
Which of the following statements is the MOST accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?
Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.
According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is
encoded
levels-of-processing theory.
Craik & Lockheart: memory depends upon how it was encoded 2 types of processing: shallow & deep processing Shallow: little attention is paid to the meaning/semantics, most of ur focus is on what it looks like (physical) leads to poor memory Deep processing retains to meaning, better memory, less attention to physical
What is the difference between distributed learning and massed learning?
Distributed learning: not cramming. When u practice a number of times across a time period for multiple shorter practice intervals. Studying every day is better than the night before Mass practice is cramming . fewer practice sessions for longer periods of time.
When studying which of the following supports the use of self-testing with questions you created as an effective studying technique?
Generation and self-testing indicates what you know and increases your ability to remember this information later
what case demonstrated the importance of the hippocampus in the formation of long term memories
H.M. surgery for epilepsy
What did we learn about retrieval cues based on Mantyla's experiment?
Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created by the person whose memory will be tested.
episodic memory
Memory for experiences(think about episodes or events in our lives) *experiences
Your best friend who you would describe as happy, talkative, friendly, and outgoing took a memory task test in class today. Task presented a list of words that included lazy, talkative, hostile, shy, friendly, aggressive, and happy. Your best friend easily remembered happy, talkative, and friendly from the list. Which of the following explains why your best friend easily remembers these words?
Self-reference effect
Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?
Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?
Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
what is double dissociation
When damage to one part of the brain causes function A to be absent while function B is present, and damage to another area causes function B to be absent while function A is present
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for
both the first and last words of the list
information remains in LONG term memory for how long ? and is stored where?
can hold a large amount of information for years or decades, stored in cerebral cortex
explicit memory
conscious/declarative
phonological loop
consist of two components: the phonological store and the articulately rehearsal process
What transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption?
consolidation
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as
echoic memory
information remains in SHORT TERM memory for how long? and is stored where?
holds 5 to 7 items (pieces of info) for about 15-20 seconds, stored in hippocampus/lower part of temporal lobe
visuospatial sketchpad
holds visual and spatial information
Which of the following memories are those that we are not aware of?
implicit memory
The primary effect of chunking is to
increase the efficiency of short-term memory
What is state-dependent learning?
learning with an internal state (sad/happy)
what is the phonological similarity effect
letters or words that sound similar are confused
phonological store
limited capacity and holds information for only a few seconds 9verbal and auditory information)
the factors that aid in encoding
organizing to-be-remembered info, relating words to survival value, retrieval,Visual imagery,Self-reference effect,Generation effect
What is transfer appropriate processing?
phenomenon where by the results of a memory task will be better if the type of processing used during encoding is the same as the type during retrieval
experiments conducted by wickens et.al and the difference between proactive and retroactive interference
proactive interference - occurs when information learned previously interferes with learning new information retroactive interference - occurs when new learning interferes with remembering old learning
Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of
procedural memory
an essay exam is a type of what task
recall
what is perseverant behavior ( can occur because of damage to the frontal lobe)
repeatedly performing the same action or thought even if its not to achieving the desired goal
Information remains in SENSORY memory for how long? and is stored where?
seconds or a fraction of a second, stored in temporal&occipital lobes
The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is
semantic
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
short and across several days.
A person with a reduced digit span would MOST likely have a problem with
short term memory
Which of the following functions to pull information out of long-term memory?
the central executive
executive function
the component that makes working memory (WM) work.
what is visual imagery
the creation of visual images in the mind in the absence of physical visual stimulus
storage
the process by which information is kept in memory (connect with one's preexisting knowledge)
What is the danger of highlighting while reading?
Highlighters should be banned because they lead students to the illusion that students are reading/learning, but they are really just highlighting
Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?
I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.
What did we learn from the experiments conducted Bransford and Johnson?
Presented participants with difficult-to-comprehend information, experimental group 1 saw a picture to help explain info, experimental group2 saw the pic after the passage, control group got screwed, just got the narrative and not the pic. Experimental group 1 had the best retention with the control group having the least.
What is the difference between elaborative and maintenance rehearsal?
Rehearsal maintenance: repetition of stimuli that maintains the info. But does not transfer it to LTM. elaborative: using meanings and connections to transfer the information into LTM (anchor it to something u already know rlly well)
articulatory rehearsal process
Responsible for rehearsal that keeps items in the phonological store from decaying
encoding specificity
When we encode information along with its context
Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he is escorted by his boss and introduced to small groups. As he is introduced to people in groups 1, 2, and 3, he is told only their first names. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of them is the company accountant. Later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group and the profession of the last person he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates
a build-up and release of proactive interference.
Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is
encoding
autobiographical memory
memory of specific experiences: can involve both episodic and semantic content
Know what the case of K.C. taught us about the semantic and episodic memory.
no episodic memory, cannot relive any events of his past. Semantic memory intact, can remember general information about the past. Knew his brother died two years later but couldnt remember how he died/funeral. Remembered the event but not the episodes associated with the event(Dont ride a motorcycle !) double dissociation example.
What is consolidation?
process that transforms new memories from a fragile state to a more permanent state. It is very easy for them to be messed with. Less likely to be transformed into a permanent memory Once they are in this permanent state they are sturdier
a multiple choice test is an example of what task
recognition
Rehearsal is important for transferring information from
short term memory to long term memory (rehearsal is a control process)
Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report method involves a
smaller response set
