cognitive exam chapter 11 | visual knowledge

5. One group of participants is instructed to imagine a cat and the participants are then asked several yes/no questions about their image. A second group of participants is instructed simply to think about cats, with no mention of imagery, and the participants are then asked the same yes/no questions. We expect that participants responding on the basis of the image will respond more quickly to which of the following questions? A.Does the cat have a head? B.Does the cat have whiskers? C.Is the cat a mammal? D.Does the cat have claws?

A.Does the cat have a head?

57. With respect to the storage of images, how are images different from other mental representations? A.They are different in working memory, but not in long-term memory. B.They are not different. C.They are not susceptible to encoding specificity effects. D.Memory for images is more complete relative to memory for other representations.

A.They are different in working memory, but not in long-term memory.

34. When imagining an object, it is often difficult to reimagine that object as something else. For example, an ambiguous picture could be interpreted as a duck or a rabbit, but when imagining it, people will see only the duck or the rabbit, not both. Hints such as, "Try thinking about the form from the right," can help people to see both aspects of the image. Why would this hint help? A.This hint alters the image's reference frame. B.This hint encourages rotating the object. C.This hint facilitates understanding of the object. D.This hint acts like a new retrieval pathway for the object.

A.This hint alters the image's reference frame.

26. Participants' self-reports about their imagery vividness A.are correlated with their performances on visual tasks but not with their performances on spatial tasks. B.are generally uncorrelated with their performances on imagery tasks. C.seem to represent only the manner in which participants describe their imagery and do not represent actual differences in the imagery experience. D.are correlated with the ease with which participants can do mental rotation tasks.

A.are correlated with their performances on visual tasks but not with their performances on spatial tasks.

3. Chronometric studies A.are time-measuring techniques used to record how long it takes to fulfill a mental process. B.have been relatively uninformative for the study of complex mental events. C.have documented the descriptive (language-like) properties of mental imagery. D.require an understanding of the brain events underlying a particular mental function.

A.are time-measuring techniques used to record how long it takes to fulfill a mental process.

30. If you are asked to imagine a three-dimensional cube, like a Necker cube, that is ambiguous with respect to depth, your mental image will be A.based on one configuration or the other. B.able to be viewed from several angles, just as the picture would be. C.indeterminate with regard to depth. D.static and incapable of being altered.

A.based on one configuration or the other.

15. In some cases, participants (often unknowingly) change their responses to what they think that the experimenter is looking for. Here participants are said to be sensitive to the ________ of the experiment. A.demand character B.imagined response C.implicit hypothesis D.mental weightings

A.demand character

14. Bobby wants to be a "good participant," so he tries to perform in a way that will impress the experimenter. Bobby is sensitive to the A.demand character. B.external validity. C.internal validity. D.experimental demands.

A.demand character.

33. Evidence indicates that A.discoveries flow easily from mental imagery provided that the discoveries are compatible with both the image's depiction and its reference frame. B.mental imagery rarely serves as a source for creative discovery. C.participants are not able to find new forms in their own mental images. D.participants have an easier time making discoveries from their own mental images if the discoveries require a shift in the image's reference frame.

A.discoveries flow easily from mental imagery provided that the discoveries are compatible with both the image's depiction and its reference frame.

13. Segal and Fusella asked their participants to visualize one stimulus while attempting to detect a different, rather faint, signal. The data indicate that the activity of visualization A.disrupted the detection of a visual signal but had much less impact on the detection of an auditory signal. B.served to prime the visual system and the auditory system, promoting the detection of both signals. C.served as a general distracter, thereby disrupting the detection of either a visual or an auditory signal. D.had no impact on the detection of the signal.

A.disrupted the detection of a visual signal but had much less impact on the detection of an auditory signal.

44. According to Paivio, a word like "chair" is ________ than a word like "faith." A.easier to memorize B.more difficult to memorize C.more easily confused with another word D.easier to identify

A.easier to memorize

43. In memorizing new material, it is consistently helpful if one imagines the items A.interacting with each other in some way. B.in a typical situation. C.close to each other but separated so that each is easily visible. D.one by one so that the items do not blur together.

A.interacting with each other in some way.

25. Brian is a person with brain damage who has lost the ability to do most visual tasks, including tasks requiring him to think about an object's color. On the basis of other evidence, it is likely that Brian A.may still be able to perform normally on spatial tasks. B.will also be unable to do auditory tasks, including tasks requiring him to think about pitch. C.will also be unable to do image scanning. D.will also be unable to perform mental rotation tasks.

A.may still be able to perform normally on spatial tasks.

45. Words that easily evoke imagery, like "ball," are ________ relative to words like "hope." A.more easily remembered B.less easily remembered C.remembered equally as well D.unlikely to be remembered

A.more easily remembered

54. The concept of boundary extension illustrates that A.people understand a picture by means of a perceptual schema. B.schemas influence memory for images, but not as much as they influence memory for verbal information. C.people remember pictures in a "zoomed-in" manner. D.semantic knowledge has no influence on memory for images.

A.people understand a picture by means of a perceptual schema.

56. Boundary extension suggests that, if given a picture of a classroom with a chalkboard, desks, and students, people are likely to A.remember it as less of a close-up than it actually was, adding bookshelves on the side of the room. B.include objects that were not part of the original scene, such as a teacher. C.remember the salient objects, such as desks, but neglect the background, such as the chalkboard. D.remember it with great accuracy.

A.remember it as less of a close-up than it actually was, adding bookshelves on the side of the room.

59. Taken together, the evidence about memory for images suggests that A.representations in working memory are different than those in long-term memory. B.we cannot store visual imagery in long-term memory. C.schemas influence images in working memory more than long-term memory. D.we can experience familiarity for imagery, but not source memory.

A.representations in working memory are different than those in long-term memory.

4. Participants are given a task that requires them to zoom in on a mental image in order to inspect a detail. Evidence indicates that A.the greater the distance to be zoomed, the more time is required. B.the shorter the distance to be zoomed, the more time is required. C.zooming in on an image is a virtually instantaneous process. D.there is no regular relationship between the amount of zoom and the time required.

A.the greater the distance to be zoomed, the more time is required.

20. Evidence from fMRI studies indicates that people show similar patterns of activity in the brain when viewing objects as they do when ________ the objects. A.visualizing B.talking about C.interacting with D.avoiding thinking about

A.visualizing

49. Lisa and Katie are both using imagery mnemonics to try to remember the words "dog" and "Ferris wheel." Lisa imagines a dog riding a Ferris wheel, while Katie remembers a person at a theme park walking her dog. Lisa's strategy will A.provide no benefit over Katie's strategy. B. improve her memory for both words because the mnemonic is bizarre. C.hinder her ability to remember compared to Katie's, because Lisa's mnemonic makes no sense. D.improve her ability to remember "Ferris wheel" but not "dog."

B. improve her memory for both words because the mnemonic is bizarre.

55. Which of the following phrases would best describe the notion of boundary extension? A."Think outside the box." B."Think about the big picture." C."Don't believe everything you see." D."Seeing is believing."

B."Think about the big picture."

41. In this chapter, it was suggested that putting your thoughts into imagery can literally shape the flow and sequence of your ideas. What piece of evidence leads to this claim? A.Images are stored in an organized fashion. B.Creating an image in your mind causes some objects to be more prominent and other objects less prominent. C.Visual and spatial imagery are separate. D.Images are not pictures.

B.Creating an image in your mind causes some objects to be more prominent and other objects less prominent.

24. Mona has been blind since birth. Which of the following is most likely true about her visual abilities? A.Her imagery abilities, like her other senses, are superior to those of sighted individuals. B.Her performance on imagery tasks is similar to the performance of sighted individuals. C.She will be unable to perform most tasks requiring mental imagery. D.She will be unable to perform mental imagery tasks, unlike participants who lost their sight gradually over time.

B.Her performance on imagery tasks is similar to the performance of sighted individuals.

48. Visual information may be stored in memory via a verbal description of the previously viewed object. Memory can be improved when an appropriate label of description is available. This is consistent with which of the following themes about memory? A. Memory is relatively robust to decay. B.Memory benefits from understanding. C.Memory varies across individuals. D.Retrieval is key to successful memory.

B.Memory benefits from understanding.

22. ________ imagery is associated with how things look, while ________ imagery is associated with an abstract form or arrangement. A.Spatial; visual B.Visual; spatial C.Spatial; eidetic D.Sensory; perceptual

B.Visual; spatial

29. Hank is an eidetic imager. This means that after viewing an image for a very short amount of time, he will A.be able to describe the image pretty well. B.draw the image in amazing detail, as if it were a photograph. C.use mnemonic techniques to describe the gist of the image. D.not be able to remember the image at all.

B.draw the image in amazing detail, as if it were a photograph.

35. Researchers have argued that visual images are created by A.activating large-scale "templates" in long-term memory. B.following "recipes" for the image construction, with the recipes drawn from image files in long-term memory. C.activating the relevant neurons on the retina. D.activating nodes within long-term memory that happen to be associated with sensory information.

B.following "recipes" for the image construction, with the recipes drawn from image files in long-term memory.

21. The ________ face area of the visual cortex is highly active for faces, while the ________ place area is highly active for places. A.fusiform; fusiform B.fusiform; parahippocampal C.parahippocampal; fusiform D.ventral; dorsal

B.fusiform; parahippocampal

40. Homer, Lisa, and Moe are asked to remember pairs of words. Homer tries to accomplish this task by rehearsing the words over and over again. Lisa decides to create a narrative combining the words together. Finally, Moe decides to imagine the objects interacting in some way. Who is likely to remember the items best? A. Homer B. Lisa C. Moe D.They will remember them equally well.

C. Moe

32. The text considers various arguments concerning pictures and percepts. According to the text, pictures are A.depictions and percepts are descriptions. B.descriptions and percepts are depictions. C.ambiguous and percepts are organized and thus unambiguous. D.organized and thus unambiguous and percepts are ambiguous.

C.ambiguous and percepts are organized and thus unambiguous.

52. In one study on picture memory, researchers showed participants pictures of typical scenes, such as a bedroom. In each typical scene there were some unexpected objects (e.g., a washing machine). During the test, participants were shown the same scene with a few changes. Results from this study indicate that A.participants rarely notice any changes in the scene. B.only changes to the largest objects (the bed) were noticed. C.changes to the unexpected objects were often noticed. D.changes to the typical objects were usually noticed.

C.changes to the unexpected objects were often noticed.

37. The text argues that image files in long-term memory A.are distinctive because special processes (like scanning or zooming) operate on them. B.hold large-scale "templates" indicating how the imaged form looks. C.contain the instructions needed to create a mental image. D.usually contain a picture-like representation of an image.

C.contain the instructions needed to create a mental image.

8. If participants are asked to imagine an object, such as a dog, information that will be prominent in the mental image A.tends to concern aspects that are strongly associated with, or distinctive for, the imaged object. B.matches the pattern of information prominent in a description of the imaged object. C.corresponds well with the information that is prominent in an actual picture. D.is similar to the information prominent in other forms of mental representation.

C.corresponds well with the information that is prominent in an actual picture.

19. Bradley has visual neglect. He is asked to imagine he is looking at the front of his home and to describe everything that he can see. His response will be A.very detailed for the entire scene. B.very detailed for the left side of the scene. C.detailed for the right half of the scene. D.based on his schema of a house, not his own house.

C.detailed for the right half of the scene.

23. Participants are asked to perform an imagery task while simultaneously keeping track of a visual target (a light that varies in brightness). The visual task will A.disrupt the imagery task. B.have no effect on the imagery task. C.disrupt the imagery task if it requires visual imagery but not if the task can be done with spatial imagery. D.cause the images to be less vivid but will have no other effects.

C.disrupt the imagery task if it requires visual imagery but not if the task can be done with spatial imagery.

2.When participants are asked to report on their imagery experience, we discover that A.imagery is employed less often than researchers have proposed. B.many individuals prefer not to use mental imagery. C.participants differ widely in how they describe the experience. D.visual imagery is a skill shared by all people.

C.participants differ widely in how they describe the experience.

46. In memorizing new material, the pattern of "dual coding" refers to A.the strategy of encoding the material from two separate visual perspectives. B.the process of encoding the material on two separate occasions. C.steps that lead to both a verbal memory and a visual memory. D.the formation of a mental image in which the target item is in two separate relationships with its surrounding context.

C.steps that lead to both a verbal memory and a visual memory.

16. Studies of moment-by-moment brain activity indicate that A.the activity of visualization produces widespread activation of the brain, particularly in the left hemisphere. B.the brain regions needed for visualization are distinct from the brain regions needed for actual vision. C.when participants are visualizing, activity levels are high in brain regions also crucial for visual perception. D.different people employ different brain areas to support their visualizing.

C.when participants are visualizing, activity levels are high in brain regions also crucial for visual perception.

Mentally zooming in and out of an image requires A.working memory. B.long-term memory. C.working memory for zooming and long-term memory for representation of the image. D.sensory memory for zooming and working memory for keeping the memory trace active.

C.working memory for zooming and long-term memory for representation of the image.

50. Gertrude is shown a picture of a backyard and later asked to replicate the image by drawing it. When compared to the original, her drawing has a "zoomed out" perspective. This tendency is called A.wide-angle memory. B.larger context. C.eidetic imagery. D.boundary extension.

D.boundary extension.

36. "Image file" refers to A.the information that can be derived from a close inspection of a mental image. B.the portion of long-term storage that contains all of one's knowledge about visual appearances. C.the memory representation of a basic element of visual appearance, such as the representation for "red" or "circular." D.descriptive information in long-term memory used as the basis for creating an active image.

D.descriptive information in long-term memory used as the basis for creating an active image

27. Studies of individual differences in mental imagery ability indicate that A.women tend to be poorer in visual skills than men. B.individuals seem not to differ with regard to their imagery skills. C."good" imagers do well on all imagery tasks, while "less good" imagers have a consistent disadvantage in every imagery task. D.each individual has his or her own profile of imagery skills that he or she can do well and skills that he or she does poorly.

D.each individual has his or her own profile of imagery skills that he or she can do well and skills that he or she does poorly

28. Truly photographic memory is called A.long-term memory. B.perfect pitch. C.perfect perception. D.eidetic imagery.

D.eidetic imagery

47.Paivio and others have proposed that some types of knowledge are encoded in image-based representations and that other types of knowledge are stored in verbal form. In addition, they claim that A.both forms of representation are more efficiently accessed with words as the memory cues. B.the knowledge expressed in image-based representations cannot be expressed in verbal form. C.information about semantic associations is more easily represented in the image-based format. D.image-based knowledge is more efficiently accessed with a picture as the memory cue.

D.image-based knowledge is more efficiently accessed with a picture as the memory cue

17. Damage to brain areas needed for vision A.usually has little impact on visualizing. B.generally has opposite effects on visualizing and on vision. C.is likely to destroy altogether the patient's ability to visualize. D.often has disruptive effects for visualizing similar to the disruption observed for visual perception.

D.often has disruptive effects for visualizing similar to the disruption observed for visual perception

12. In some studies, participants have been asked to visualize a particular stimulus (e.g., the letter A). If the same stimulus is then presented at low contrast, visualization A.has no effect on the perception of the stimulus. B.primes perception, but no more than when participants were asked to visualize a different letter (e.g., the letter B). C.disrupts perception of the stimulus. D.serves to prime perception of the stimulus.

D.serves to prime perception of the stimulus.

Which of the following statements is true regarding how visual imagery affects the perception of other objects?

Visual imagery can either improve or interfere with your ability to perceive visual information, depending on the relationship between what you're visualizing and what you're trying to perceive.

57. Which of the following findings is most consistent with the propositional theory of knowledge?

When asked to draw an ambiguous image from memory, the ambiguity will disappear and will look more like whatever semantic label was given to the image during the original presentation.

Which of the following is true regarding presentation of two different inputs, one to each eye, that cannot be combined by the visual system (also known as binocular-rivalry presentation)?

You can be influenced as to which input you will likely see first if you are asked to visualize one of the two inputs beforehand.

In image-scanning procedures, evidence suggests that demand characteristics are

not the likely the cause of why participants show the pattern of longer response times.

One technique researchers have used to directly test whether demand characteristics are influencing the results of mental scanning tasks is

to ask participants to make judgments about spatial layout without ever mentioning the idea of "imagery."

39. In a memory experiment, participants were shown a form that could be interpreted in more than one way. Half the participants were told, "Here is a picture of the sun." The other participants were told, "Here is a picture of a ship's steering wheel." Sometime later, participants were asked to draw the exact form they had seen earlier. The data indicate that A.participants' visual memories were distinct from their verbal memories, so participants were uninfluenced by the labels. B.participants' drawings were biased in a fashion that reflected the labels that they had been given earlier. C.the labels had called attention to the ambiguity of the figures, leading to improved memory accuracy. D.participants were able to remember only the labels, not the drawings.

B.participants' drawings were biased in a fashion that reflected the labels that they had been given earlier.

1.A psychologist asks her experimental participants to describe their experiences in using mental imagery. The psychologist is collecting A.sentence-verification results. B.self-report data. C.chronometric evidence. D.converging evidence.

B.self-report data.

51. Memory for pictures A.tends to be poor, and participants have difficulty remembering series of pictures that contain more than a dozen presentations. B.shows an influence of schematic knowledge, just like memories of other sorts. C.is not influenced by rehearsal. D.is accurate even for elements of the picture that were not closely attended during the initial encoding.

B.shows an influence of schematic knowledge, just like memories of other sorts.

38. When asked to determine which city is farther south, Seattle or Montreal, people are likely to mistakenly say "Seattle." This is probably because A.people depend on their "gut feelings" when they don't know an answer. B.some spatial information is stored in memory in a propositional form rather than an image form. C.people are great at reading visual images and can discover surprising facts in them. D.people are miserably bad at reading visual images, and so images are no help in this type of problem.

B.some spatial information is stored in memory in a propositional form rather than an image form.

31. Information about an image is stored as a "package" made up of both the perceptual frame of reference and A.information on the relative size of the image. B.the depiction of the image. C.information as to whether the item is ambiguous. D.verbal labels of the image.

B.the depiction of the image.

11. Studies of mental rotation indicate that A.participants are able to imagine the rotation of a two-dimensional display but are unable to imagine rotation in depth. B.the greater the degree of rotation required, the more time is needed to complete the rotation. C.participants seem able to compare objects in mental imagery without bothering to imagine these objects rotated into alignment. D.imagined rotation in depth is appreciably faster than imagined rotation in two dimensions.

B.the greater the degree of rotation required, the more time is needed to complete the rotation.

6. Studies of image scanning indicate that A.participants' scanning rate is slow for short distances but is faster for greater distances. B.there is a linear function linking scanning distances and scanning times. C.the fastest scanning times tend to be obtained with moderate scanning distances. D.participants are able to scan across their images virtually instantaneously.

B.there is a linear function linking scanning distances and scanning times.

10. A researcher asks a participant to memorize a city map. On the map, the library and the school are 2 inches apart; the school and the hospital are 4 inches apart. The researcher now instructs the participant to form an image of the map and to scan from the library to the school. The researcher then asks the participant to scan from the school to the hospital. It is most likely true that the scanning time from the school to the hospital is ________ the scanning time between the library and the school. A. half B. triple C.the same as D. double

D. double

42. It has been suggested that nodes in long-term memory can represent complete pictures, but this claim is no longer accepted. Which of the following pieces of evidence related to this claim is FALSE? A.Images can be quite sketchy or very elaborate. B.Images containing more parts take longer to create. C.Images are stored in a piecemeal fashion. D.Images containing more detail take less time to create.

D.Images containing more detail take less time to create.

53. Which of following statements is FALSE about memory for pictures? A.Picture memory benefits from rehearsal. B.Picture memory is affected by schematic knowledge. C.Picture memory can be affected by intrusion errors. D.Picture memory does not show the primacy or recency effect.

D.Picture memory does not show the primacy or recency effect

9. Which of the following claims is true for a depiction of a cat but NOT for a description of a cat? A.Properties strongly associated with the cat (e.g., whiskers) will be particularly prominent. B.The distinctive features of the cat (e.g., claws) will be particularly prominent. C.Aspects of the cat that are obvious (e.g., the fact that the cat has a body) are likely not to be prominent. D.The cat's head will probably be prominent, but the cat's claws are likely not to be.

D.The cat's head will probably be prominent, but the cat's claws are likely not to be

7. Matt is shown two complex three-dimensional images (A and B) and asked to determine if the images are identical. The images are aligned in different planes, so answering the question requires mentally rotating one of the images. Which of the following statements about Matt's task is true? A.The larger the required the rotation, the faster responding will be. B.The smaller the required rotation, the slower responding will be. C.The time it takes will be the same, regardless of the required rotation. D.There is a systematic correlation between the required rotation and reaction time.

D.There is a systematic correlation between the required rotation and reaction time

18. The technique of transcranial magnetic stimulation employs strong magnetic pulses at a particular site on the scalp. When it is used on the scalp near Area V1, the effect is A.to give the participant rich and detailed hallucinations. B.a temporary disruption of vision but not visual imagery. C.a permanent disruption of visual imagery, and therefore use of the technique is unethical. D.a temporary disruption of vision and visual imagery.

D.a temporary disruption of vision and visual imagery

56. Which of the following statements best describes what is known about spatial imagery in blind individuals?

Individuals who have been blind since birth have intact spatial memory, represented by series of imagined movements or some broader cognitive ability about spatial arrangements.

55. Which of the following is true regarding spatial imagery and its relationship to visual imagery?

Spatial imagery does not rely on the same areas of the brain as visual imagery, so damage to visual areas will not interfere with spatial imagery.

An individual suffering from unilateral neglect experiences an impaired ability to do which of the following?

report the details on the left side of space when describing both what they see in the real world and what they visualize