Cognitive PSY Exam One

which of the following terms is correct in context with "conception within the rat's mind of the maze's layout"?: a. behaviorism b. paradigm shift c. classical conditioning d. cognitive mapping

cognitive mapping

the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called: a. introspection b. behaviorism c. cognitive psychology d. memory consolidation

cognitive psychology

the relationship between the _____ is NOT measured directly by cognitive psychologists: a. physiological response and the behavioral outcome b. cognitive task and the behavioral outcome c. cognitive task and mental response d. cognitive task and the physicological response

cognitive task and the mental response

your text describes the occurence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. this so called revolution occurred parallel to the introduction of a. cognitive psychology textbooks b. skinner boxes c. computers d. analytic inspection

computers

Determining the sequence of DNA in humans was a major scientific advance that opened the door to new ideas about illness and approaches to treatment. An individual's unique DNA sequence is similar to which of the following? a. salience b. aphasia c. voxel d. connectome

connectome

which of the following terms does NOT reflect functional network activity in the brain? a. responsive b. consistent c. variable d. conditional

consistent

Donald Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following: a. computer program for solving logic problems b. the first textbook of cognitive psychology c. experimental procedure for studying the way people process information d. flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages

flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages

the use of the term artificial intelligence was coined by: a. edward tolman b. john mccarthy c. b.f. skinner d. colin cherry

john mccarthy

Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as: a. Potentiated somas b. Spreading activations c. Neural circuits d. Myelin sheaths

neural circuits

john watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of: a. mental processes b. observable behavior c. consciousness d. attention

observable behavior

in which year was positron emission tomography (PET) introduced and made it possible to see which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity? a. 1984 b. 1969 c. 1991 d. 1976

1976

neuroimage a journal devoted solely to reporting neuroimaging research was founded in which year: a. 1992 b. 2000 c. 1975 d. 1984

1992

who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement? a. noam chomsky b. keller breland c. john watson d. b.f. skinner

B.F Skinner

which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning? a. john watson b. franciscus donders c. wilhelm wundt d. BF skinner

B.F. Skinner

reaction time refers to the time between the ____ of a stimulus and a person's response to it: a. transduction b. sensation c. presentation d. change in intensity

presentation

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with a. Alzheimer's disease b. Prosopagnosia c. Wernicke's aphasia d. Broca's aphasia

prosopagnosia

_____was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades

"cognitive revolution"

as a result of gaps in the behaviorist paradigm, the new cognitive paradigm began to emerge in which decade? a. 1940s b. 1950s c. 1930s d. 1920s

1950s

which of the following is similar to early ideas scientists had about the brain's physical properties?: a. a web b. a river c. a pipe d. a tree

a web

which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?: a. specific areas of the brain serve different functions b. neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli c. brain areas are specialized for special functions d. all of these are correct

all are correct

wundt's procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as: a. behavioral analysis b. functional analysis c. analytic introspection d. information processing

analytic introspection

action potentials occur in the____

axon

which parts of neurons are also known as "nerve fiber": a. receptor b. touch receptor c. axons d. dendrites

axons

verbal behavior was written by: a. watson b. b.f. skinner c. tolman d. noam chomsky

b.f. skinner

Your author points out that studying the mind requires both___ and ___ experiments: a. behavioral; physiological b. brain; body c. nomothetic; idiographic d. observational; correlational

behavioral; physiological

which organ is unique in that it appears to be static tissue?: a. heart b. brain c. lungs d. kidney

brain

the key structural components of neurons are the: a. cell body, cellular membrane, and transmitters b. axon, dendrites, and glands c. transmitters, dendrites, and nodes of ranvier d. cell body, dendrites, and axons

cell body, dendrites, and axons

which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?: a. action potentials travel across the synapse b. electrical process takes place in the receptors c. dendrites make direct contact with each other d. chemical process takes place in the synapse

chemical process takes place in the synapse

in donder's experiement on decision making, when participants were asked to press on button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a _____

choice reaction time task

Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early standings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be a. Composed of neurotransmitters rather than neurons b. Continuous c. Composed of cell bodies, axons, and dendrites d. Composed of discrete individuals units

continous

Brain imaging has made it possible to a. View propagation of action potentials b. Show how environmental energy is transformed into neural energy c. View individual neurons in the brain d. Determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes

determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes

brain imaging has made it possible to____: a. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes b. view propagation of action potentials c. view individual neurons in the brain d. show how environmental energy is transformed into neural energy

determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes

The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as a. Aphasia b. Distributed representation c. Modularity d. Localization of function

distributed representation

Ramon is looking at photos of athletes in a sports magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of ramon's brain is activated by this viewing? a. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) b. Fusiform face area (FFA) c. Extrastriate body area (EBA) d. Functional magnetic area (FMA)

extrastriate body area (EBA)

neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects such as orientation, movement, and lengths are called: a. dendrites b. features detectors c. receptors d. retinal cells

feature detectors

the mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. which element of the mind does this definition emphasize?: a. attention b. cognition c. functioning and survival d. routine

functioning and survival

taking clay and sand to create bricks, which are the used to build modular wall panels, which are then assembled to construct tall buildings is similar to which of the following neural concepts?: a. distributed representation b. specificity coding c. hierarchical processing d. localization of function

hierarchical processing

you are walking down the street and see a nice car drive by. you notice its color, movement, and shape, all of these features are processed: a. in different parts of the brain b. in one localized area of the brain c. by a specific object neuron d. through fMRI potentials

in different parts of the brain

regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by: a. cultural influences b. inborn biological program c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning

inborn biological program

which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection: a. it infers mental processes based on objective data b. it requires no training c. it produces variable results from person to person d. it produces results that are to easy to verify

it produces variables results from person to person

which of the following is NOT true of positron emission tomography (PET)? a. it provides a lower-resolution image than fMRI b. it replaced fMRI because it was less expensive c. it involved injecting radioactive tracers into a person's bloodstream d. it shows which areas of the human brain activated during cognitive activity

it replaced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) because it was less expensive

Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for: a. neural net theory b. localization of function c. prosopagnoisa d. distributed processing

localization of function

By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to: a. make a decision about the stimulus b. process the stimulus c. attend to the stimulus d. perceive the stimulus

make a decision about the stimulus

what is the key difference between dendrites and axons?: a. One sends information and the other receives information b. One has physical form and the other lacks physical form c. One is internally activated and the other is externally activated d. One has a positive charge and the other has a negative charge

one sends information and the other receives information

sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?: a. extrastriate body area (EBA) b. parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. functional magnetic area (FMA) d. fusiform face area (FFA)

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found all but which of the following? a. people can focus on one message and ignore the other one b. people take in very little information about the ignored message c. people who are deaf process auditory information on a nonconscious level d. people can focus on the message they were repeating

people who are deaf process auditory info on a nonconscious level

If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a: a. Solid wall b. Chain link fence c. Picket fence d. Brick wall

picket fence

behaviorists believe that the presentation of ____ increases the frequency of behavior: a. discriminative stimuli b. positive reinforcers c. inhibitory neurotransmitters d. backward conditioning

positive reinforcers

behaviorists believe that the presentation of ____ increases the frequency of behavior: a. inhibitory neurotransmitters b. positive reinforcers c. discriminative stimuli d. backward conditioning

positive reinforcers

Reaction time refers to the time between the ________ of a stimulus and a person's response to it.

presentation

if the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase___ in the receptor's axon: a. all of these b. speed of nerve conduction c. rate of nerve firing d. size of the nerve impulses

rate of nerve firing

which part of the nervous system picks up information from the outside environment? a. receptors b. axons c. dendrites d. synapes

receptors

The value that stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron is known as: a. Resting potential b. Nerve transmission c. Nerve impulse d. Action potential

resting potential

When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support____coding.

sparse

Before the advent of intercoms, old mansions had a sash in each room. Each sash was connected to a bell on a master board in the servants' office. When someone pulled a sash in a particular room, a bell corresponding to the room would ring on the master board, informing a servant where to go to provide assistance.

specificity coding

the idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object is called_________. a. Specificity coding b. Hierarchical coding c. Sparse coding d. Population coding

specificity coding

What is the gap between the end of a neuron's axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron known as? a. Dendrites b. Synapse c. Doctrine d. Axon

synapse

A synapse is: a. The structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive b. The gap that separates two different neurons c. A tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals The structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons

the gap that separates two different neurons

when the axon is at rest the inside of the neuron has a charge that is 70 millivolts more negative than the outside. the difference will continue as long as:

the neuron is at rest

which book was written by thomas kuhn: a. sensory memory b. cognitive psychology c. the structure of scientific revolutions d. verbal behavior

the structure of scientific revolutions

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Symposium on information theory, george miller presented a paper suggesting that: a. the human ability to process information is unlimited b. memory consolidation is enhanced by REM sleep c. there are limits to the human ability to process information d. intelligent machines can be successfully created

there are limits to the human ability to process information

who developed the concept of the "cognitive map?" a. raynor b. tolman c. james d. sanders

tolman