Cognitive Psy quizzes Ch 5,6,8

According to the feature comparison model of knowledge organization, verifying that a penguin is a bird would require- a. A one-stage process b. A two-stage process c. Traveling to the basic node d. Traveling to the superordinate node

A two-stage process

Conrad's (1964) study demonstrated that visually presented letters are represented as ___ in STM- a. Visual codes b. Kinesthetic codes c. Semantic codes d. Acoustic codes

Acoustic codes

Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model? a. The phonological loop b. The icon c. The central executive d. The visuospatial sketch pad e. All of the above parts of working memory

All of the above are parts of working memory

Which of the following poses a problem for the prototype view of concepts?- a. An inability to explain the typicality effect b. An inability to explain why people have a hard time providing strict definitions of their concepts c. An inability to explain why some classifications are easy to make and others are unclear d. An inability to explain why the typicality of a particular instance can depend up context

An inability to explain why the typicality of a particular instance can depend upon context

The primacy and recency effect in memory- a. Are thought to be due to the action of short term memory b. Are thought to be due to the action of long term memory c. Are thought to be due to the action of sensory memory d. Are used to argue for the existence of at least two types of memory e. Have recently been discredited in cognitive psychology

Are used to argue for the existence of at least two types of memory

In an experiment by Rosch, subjects were asked to quickly verify whether an object was a member of either a subordinate, a basic, or a superordinate category. Fastest verification times occurred for- a. Subordinate categories b. Basic categories c. Superordinate categories d. Verification times did not differ across categories

Basic categories

Rosch has argued that categories are most differentiated at the- a. Subordinate level b. Basic level c. Superordinate level d. None of the above

Basic level

Bartlett's research on the retelling of stories shows that over time, the same person's recall a. is remarkably consistent. b. actually improves. c. becomes more distorted. d. loses a few details but retains most accurately.

Becomes more distorted

During the first stage of the feature comparison model, people evaluate- a. Defining features b. Characteristic features c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b

Both a and b

A __________ can be defined as a class of similar things.- a. Category b. Concept c. Script d. memory

Category

Pausing in the letter string FBITWACIAIBM to form a familiar groups allows people to take advantage of- a. Absolute judgment b. Chunking c. Acoustic codes d. Paraphrases

Chunking

The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of- a. Directing the flow of information b. Controlling an unlimited amount of resources and capacity c. Carrying out subvocal rehearsal to maintain verbal material in memory d. Maintaining visual material in memory through visualization e. All of the above

Directing the flow of information

The __________ view of concepts argues that concepts include representations of at least some individual instances and not only abstract summaries.- a. Classical b. Prototype c. Exemplar d. Knowledge-based

Exemplar

Anterograde amnesia victims a. often cannot learn new skills such as playing the clarinet. b. learn new skills more rapidly than people who do not have amnesia. c. can learn new skills but cannot remember old skills. d. express newly learned skills only in exactly the same context in which the skills were learned.

Express newly learned skills only in exactly the same context in which the skills were learned

Currently, cognitive psychologists are more likely to believe that- a. Only decay causes one to lose information from STM b. Only interference causes one to lose information from STM c. Neither decay nor interference in involved in STM forgetting d. Forgetting in STM is due more to interference than decay e. None of the above

Forgetting in STM is due more to interference than decay

Schema is to___ as node is to___ a. Idea; concept b. Concept; idea c. General knowledge structure; concept d. General knowledge structure; category

General knowledge structure; concept

Semantic memory is ___while procedural memory is ____. a. general knowledge; memory for skills b. general knowledge; memory for temporally linked information c. memory for skills; memory for temporally linked information d. memory for temporally linked information; general knowledge

General knowledge; memory for skills

One distinction between direct and indirect tests of memory is that indirect tests measure a. explicit memory b. implicit memory c. episodic memory d. eyewitness memory

Implicit memory

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the spreading activation model? Spreading activation- a. Increases in strength over time b. Decreases in strength as it travels outward c. Reaches more typical category members before less typical members d. Causes semantic priming

Increases in strength over time

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, which of the following is not a characteristic of LTM? a. the rate of forgetting is slow b. the capacity of LTM is unlimited c. control processes determine what information is acquired d. information is acquired only through repetition

Information is acquired only through repetition

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of the classical view of concepts?- a. It proposes that concepts are mentally represented by lists of features b. It assumes that membership in a category is clear-cut c. It accurately predicts the typicality effect d. "Necessary" and "sufficient" features play an important role in the theory

It accurately predicts the typicality effect.

The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a. It hold information in relatively unprocessed form b. It lasts about 20 seconds c. It can be "erased" by stimuli that are presented immediately afterward d. It can hold more information than can be reported e. It contains only visual information, not auditory

It lasts about 20 seconds

Which of the following was problematic for the levels of processing theory? a. it does not have cognitive economy b. memory performance is not always determined by depth of processing c. structural processing always yields better recall than semantic processing d. all of the above

Memory performance is not always determined by depth of processing

According to the ____ approach to memory, information is received, processed, and stored differently by different memory systems- a. Connectionist b. Modal c. Working memory d. Interactive

Modal

Which is an example of semantic memory? a. tying your shoe b. naming capitals of states c. recalling your 5th birthday d. riding a bike

Naming capitals of states

In a semantic network model concept is to relation as __________ is to_________- a. Link; node b. Node; link c. Feature; link d. Link; feature

Node; link

Which of the following is a good example of a basic level of categorization?- a. Musical instrument b. Piano c. Grand piano d. Electronic keyboard

Piano

Proactive interference refers to the fact that- a. Previously learned material can disrupt the learning of new material b. New material can disrupt the recall of previously learned material c. The passage of time leads to memory decay d. All of the above e. None of the above

Previously learned material can disrupt the learning of new material

Words at the beginning of a list are remembered better than words in the middle of the list; this phenomenon is referred to as the- a. Recency effect b. Primacy effect c. Rehearsal effect d. Proactive effect e. Retroactive effect

Primacy Effect

According to Squires' taxonomy, non-declarative memory includes a. episodic and semantic memory b. semantic and procedural memory c. procedural memory only d. semantic memory only

Procedural memory only

A(n)____ is an abstraction that includes all of the characteristic features of a category.- a. Artifact b. Prototype c. Hierarchy d. Template

Prototype

Which of the following is an example of mood dependent memory? People who are in a sad mood at the time of recall should a. recall more sad events than happy events b. recall more happy events than sad events c. recall more if they were in a sad mood when they learned the material d. recall more if they were in a happy mood when they learned the material

Recall more if they were in a sad mood when they learned the material

Patients with severe amnesia generally perform worse than control subjects on a. recall tests b. word-fragment tests c. stem-completion tests d. all of the above

Recall tests

Encoding specificity is to __________ as transfer-appropriate processing is to __________. a. retrieval strategies; encoding strategies b. encoding strategies; retrieval strategies c. fact-oriented; problem oriented d. problem oriented; fact-oriented

Retrieval strategies; encoding strategies

A type schema that represents details for performing routine activities is referred to as a(n)- a. Script b. Subnode c. Autobiographical memory d. Implicit memory

Script

The results of Craik and Tulving's experiments supported the prediction that retention would progressively decrease as levels of processing changed from the ____ to the ____ to the ____ level a. structural, phonemic, semantic b. semantic, phonemic, structural c. phonemic, semantic, structural d. structural, semantic, phonemic

Semantic, phonemic, structural

Release from proactive interference shows that recall can be improved by- a. Giving more practice trials b. Presenting items at a slower rate c. Shifting to a new class of words d. Encouraging more rehearsal

Shifting to a new class of words

Information is held in ___ for 20 to 30 seconds- a. Sensory memory b. Short term memory c. Long term memory d. Secondary memory e. None of the above

Short term memory

The typicality effect is successfully explained by which model(s) of knowledge organization?- a. Collins & Quillian hierarchical network model b. Smith, Shoben & Rips feature comparison model c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b

Smith, Shoben & Rips feature comparison model

Which of the following is NOT true with regard to levels of processing? a. structural analysis yields codes subject to quick decay b. structural analysis yields codes that are resistant to decay c. semantic analysis yields codes that are resistant to decay d. none of the above

Structural analysis yields codes that are resistant to decay

The recency effect found in a serial position curve can be eliminated if- a. Subjects rehearse all words equally often, suggesting that the recency effect is caused by retrieval from STM b. Subjects rehearse words equally often, suggesting that the recency effect is caused by retrieval from LTM c. Subjects perform another task for 30 seconds, suggesting that the recency effect is caused by retrieval from the STM d. Subjects perform another task for 30 seconds, suggesting that the recency effect is caused by retrieval from LTM

Subjects perform another task for 30 seconds, suggesting that the recency effect is caused by retrieval from STM

Siamese is to cat as __________ category is to __________ category.- a. Superordinate; basic b. Basic; superordinate c. Subordinate; basic d. Basic; subordinate

Subordinate; basic

If "shirt" represents a basic level category, then "clothing" would represent a __________ level category.- a. Subordinate b. Basic c. Superordinate d. Polyordinate

Superordinate

In encoding specificity experiments, when participants studied words in the context of cues, recall was best for words a. paired with highly associated cues at study time. b. paired with unrelated cues at study time. c. tested with highly associated cues, regardless of whether they had been studied together. d. tested with the same cues with which they had been paired at study time, regardless of association.

Tested with the same cues with which they had been paired at study time, regardless of association

In a spreading activation model, longer links between apple and green and shorter links between apple and red would indicate- a. That the semantic relatedness is closer for apple and green b. That the semantic relatedness is closer for red and green than for red and apple c. That the semantic relatedness is closer for red and green than green and apple d. That the semantic relatedness is closer for apple and red

That the semantic relatedness is closer for apple and red

'The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two' refers to- a. The capacity of short-term memory b. Our perceptual encoding capacity c. The rate of transfer of information into long-term memory d. None of the above e. None of the above

The capacity of short-term memory

The main distinction between "short-term memory" and "working memory" hinges on- a. The kind of storage (short vs. longer term) b. The kind of coding used (acoustic vs. imaginal) c. The capacity (limited to 7+2 items vs. interference) d. The type of forgetting (decay vs. interference) e. The emphasis on static structure vs. active processing

The emphasis on static structure vs. active processing

Baddeley revised his working memory model by adding an episodic buffer to account for- a. The integration of visual and verbal codes b. Decisions that manage the use of working memory c. The control of attention d. The rapid rate of forgetting

The integration of visual and verbal codes

The term "anterograde amnesia" refers to a. the loss of the ability to form new memories b. the loss of the ability to recall old events c. the loss of sensory memory d. the loss of all memory ability

The loss of the ability to form new memories

Waugh and Norman found that the probability recalling the test digit was determined by- a. The rate of presentation, supporting an interference theory b. The rate of presentation, supporting a decay theory c. The number of interfering items, supporting an interference theory d. The number of interfering items, supporting a decay theory

The number of interfering items, supporting an interference theory.

Waugh and Norman's Short-Term Memory (STM) study separated the effects of decay from the effects of interference by independently manipulating- a. The number of intervening digits independently of the amount of time that elapsed between the digits b. The intensity of the stimulus independently of its duration c. The phonetic similarity of the digits independently of rehearsal time d. The amount of study time independently of the retention interval e. All of the above

The number of intervening digits independently of the amount of time that elapsed between the digits

The part of Baddeley's working memory that processes verbal material is called- a. The central executive b. The visuospatial sketchpad c. The episodic buffer d. The phonological loop

The phonological loop

The hierarchical network model had difficulty explaining- a. Why verifying a statement about a concept facilitates subsequent verification of a related concept b. The category size effect c. The reversal of the category size effect d. The slower verification of features than of categories

The reversal of the category size effect

A subject was told to study the following words: book ,char, calendar, alarm, phone, lamp, pencil, and desk. Later he recalled: book, chair, pencil, and desk. This result is best explained as- a. The primacy effect b. The recency effect c. The serial position effect d. The proactive interference effect

The serial position effect

Encoding specificity and transfer appropriate processing both emphasize a. decisions at the encoding stage b. decisions at the retrieval stage c. the similarity between encoding and retrieval conditions d. the dissimilarity between encoding and retrieval conditions

The similarity between encoding and retrieval conditions

You are shown a series of photographs of different people. Later, your memory for the photographs will be best if, during the time you first see the photographs, you are asked to make judgments about a. the sincerity of each person b. the gender of each person c. the hair color of each person d. the eye color of each person

The sincerity of each person

According to the fan effect, the more links emanating from a concept- a. The stronger the strength of the activation spreading from it to connected nodes b. The weaker the strength of the activation spreading from it to connected nodes c. The faster the spread of activation d. The slower the spread of activation

The weaker the strength of the activation spreading from it to connected nodes

According to research on how elaboration influences recall, which sentence should provide the best retrieval cue for the word 'worried'? a. The worried man read the article. b. The worried man read the article in Time magazine. c. The worried man read the article about the approaching storm. d. The worried man read the article about the weather.

The worried man read the article about the approaching storm

The finding that students generally do better on an exam when the exam format (multiple choice, essay) matches their expectations is an example of a. elaboration b. levels-of-processing c. transfer-appropriate processing d. distinctiveness

Transfer-appropriate processing

You are studying for an important exam. According to the context effect, a. you should attempt to link important theories to events in your own life in order to better remember them b. you should study in several short intervals rather than one long study period c. you should try to chunk information into meaningful units in order to remember more effectively d. you should try to study in the same room in which you will take your exam

You should try to study in the same room in which you will take your exam