Cognitive Psych Chapter 5

Funahashi and Stokes both focused on which concept relating to memory? a. delay b. rotation c. decay d. imagery

delay

working memory and the PFC

delayed-response task- a function in which information is provided, a time gap is imposed and then memory is tested oculomotor delayed-response task -neurons continue firing during the delay so information remains available in WM WM involves physiological processes that extend beyond the PFC

preservation

difficulty in switching from one behavior to another repeatedly preforming the same action or thought even if it is not achieving the desired goal -patients with frontal lobe damage

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as _____ is to _____. a. sound; vision b. vision; sound c. short-term memory; long-term memory d. long-term memory; short-term memory

vision; sound

When you're trying to understand what your professor is talking about in a lecture, which of the following is LEAST important to aid this process? a. phonological loop b. phonological store c. articulatory rehearsal d. visuospatial sketch pad

visuospatial sketch pad

Suppose someone has told you a phone number, and you're repeating it over and over again to yourself with the hope that you'll remember it before you dial the number. This example is a type of a ___ called ___. a. report method; rehearsal b. control process; rehearsal c. control process; chunking d. report method; chunking

control process; rehearsal

When you go to the movies, how many distinct stimuli are being registered by your sensory memory each second? a. 7 b. 12 c. 24 d. 96

24

Modal Model of Memory

(Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968) the theory that individuals process information through a series of stages structural features: sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory control processes

episodic buffer

(added in 2000) the "backup" store communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory. mechanism of memory that can store information, thereby increasing capacity holds information temporarily, responsible for our conscious awareness

Suppose you're shown five rows containing five letters each. You're then told to recall only one row of letters. In doing so, you're utilizing ___. a. persistence of vision b. the whole report method c. the delayed partial report method d. the partial report method

the partial report method

What is a key function of the phonological loop? a. to fire neurons b. to increase capacity c. to rotate images d. to prevent decay

to prevent decay

mental rotation

turning of an image of an object in the mind

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect Baddeley and Hitch's concept of working memory? a. visual b. unlimited c. temporary d. proactive

unlimited

Which of the following student names is least likely to be remembered by a substitute teacher? a. Prab Banerjee b. Carlos Ortiz c. James Fontana d. Ekaterina Kornikova

Ekaterina Kornikova

___ has helped to bolster the idea that the ___ is important for holding information for brief periods of time. a. Episodic buffering; parietal lobe b. Episodic buffering; prefrontal cortex c. The delayed-response task; parietal lobe d. The delayed-response task; prefrontal cortex

The delayed-response task; prefrontal cortex

phonological store

component that holds a limited amount of verbal and auditory information for a few seconds.

If memory can be seen as a crowded city, what is the central executive? a. a main street b. a bus dispatcher c. a taxi driver d. a subway car

a bus dispatcher

chunk

a collection of elements strongly associated with one another but weakly associated with elements of other chunks

Which of the following will likely NOT advance beyond sensory memory? a. a song lyric b. a shopping list c. a firefly's glow d. a friend's greeting

a firefly's glow

Currently, it is generally believed that the upper limit for short-term memory is ___. a. limitless b. 7 plus or minus 2 items c. between 10 and14 items d. about 4 items

about 4 items

Which of the following has the shortest rate of decay? a. an exit sign b. a finger snap c. a trumpet note d. an opera aria

an exit sign

According to the activity-silent working memory model, neurons fire ________. a. at remembering and the synaptic state b. only at stimulus input c. at stimulus input and remembering d. only at remembering

at stimulus input and remembering

According to Baddeley, the central executive controls ________. a. sensation b. attention c. rotation d. perseveration

attention

prefrontal cortex

attentional control, switching tasks, planning, personality, organization

Which of the following will most engage the visuospatial sketch pad? a. painting a wall b. doing a jigsaw puzzle c. building a birdhouse d. writing a sentence

building a birdhouse

long-term memory

can hold a large amount of information for years or even decades

Daneman and Carpenter's research on reading span looked at differences in memory ________ among individuals. a. structure b. capacity c. buffering d. rehearsal

capacity

activity-silent working memory

changes in connectivity which last only a few seconds

the effect of damage to the prefrontal cortex

changes in personality, planning, social skills, etc. -Phineas Cage- large iron rod straight through head damaging his PFC performance drops to chance level after removing the PFC -monkeys without a prefrontal cortex have difficulty holding information in working memory

By listing numbers as (212) 555-1234, telephone companies use which technique to help people remember their own and others' phone numbers? a. mental rotation b. chunking c. digit span d. phonological similarity

chunking

What distinguishes working memory from short-term memory? a. location b. stimuli c. speed d. complexity

complexity

Which of the following likely led early telephone companies to create phone numbers using the format 213-555-1234 rather than a format such as 21776-551873-0633295? a. phonological similarity b. digit span c. articulatory rehearsal d. chunking

digit span

Remembering a fun family trip to the beach when you were six years old requires recalling a(n) ________ memory from ________ memory. a. semantic; procedural b. procedural; episodic c. episodic; long-term d. semantic; working

episodic; long-term

If someone is showing perseveration, then they've likely had damage to the ___ lobe of the brain. a. frontal b. parietal c. temporal d. occipital

frontal

short-term memory

holds five to seven items for about 15 to 20 seconds includes both new information received from the sensory stores and information recalled from long-term memory capacity of STM up to 4 items

digit span

how many digits a person can remember george millers magic number (7 + or - 2) 5-9 items

change detection

identifying differences between pictures or displays that are presented one after another

articulatory suppression

inference wit memory by repetition of an irrelevant word during tasks requiring the phonological loop speaking prevents one from rehearsing items to be remembered -reduces memory span -eliminates word length effect

sensory memory

initial stage that holds information for seconds or fractions of a second -relatively high capacity but a fast-decaying store of sensory information George Sterling's experiment -iconic memory, echoic memory

working memory

limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning the entire brain is important for WM similar concept to STM (how they differ- STM holds info for a brief period of time, wm is concerned with the storage, processing, and manipulation of info and is active during complex cognition) set up to process different types of info simultaneously. has trouble when similar types of info are presented at the same time added component: episodic buffer

reading span

measure used to determine individual differences in working memory. it is the number if 13-16 word sentences that a person can read and then correctly remember the last words of all of the sentences reading span test-tests reading span

George Sterling's Experiment (1960)

measuring the capacity and duration of sensory memory -an array of letters flashed quickly on a screen (50 ms) -participants were asked to report as many as possible whole report method, partial report method, delayed partial report done on the properties of a visual icon: sensory memory of an image

control processes

mechanisms governable by a person and that may differ from one task to another -rehearsal (elaborative vs maintenance) -strategies used to make a stimulus more memorable -strategies of attention that help you focus on specific stimuli

word length effect

memory for lists of words is better for short words than for long words takes longer to rehearse long words and to produce them during recall

the central executive

part of the working memory that coordinates the activity if the other components acts as the attention controller/coordinator -focus, divide, switch attention preservation

visuospatial sketchpad

part of the working memory that holds and processes pictures and dimensions

phonological loop

part of the working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information

partial report method

participants heard tone which told them which row of letters to report (high tone-first row, medium tone-middle row, low tone-last row) average 3.3 out of 4 letters (82%) participants could report any of the rows

whole method report

participants were required to report all of the stimuli they saw in a brief presentation average 4.5 out of 12 letters (37.5%)

Which of the following will present the greatest challenge for storing in short-term memory? a. yellow cubes b. colored circles c. striped boxes d. plaid polygons

plaid polygons

delayed partial report method

presentation of a tone delayed for a fraction of a second after the letters were extinguished -performance decreases rapidly

articulatory rehearsal process

procedure involved in working memory that keeps items in the phonological store from decaying

decay

process by which information is lost from memory due to the passage of time

recall

process in which subjects are asked to report stimuli they have previously seen or heard

rehearsal

process of repeating a stimulus over and over, usually for the purpose of remembering it. takes place in short-term memory

memory

processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present active any time some past experience has an impact on how you think or behave now or in the future

phonological similarity affect

reaction that occurs when letters or words that sound similar are confused

visual imagery

the creation of visual images in the mind in the absence of a physical visual stimulus

While taking this quiz, you are relying on which of the following? a. iconic memory b. sensory memory c. executive memory d. semantic memory

semantic memory

The trail left by a moving sparkler is an example of the ___ at work. a. short-term memory b. long-term memory c. sensory memory d. visuospatial sketch pad

sensory memory

According to Broadbent, where does the process of rehearsal take place? a. central executive b. short-term memory c. working memory d. sensory memory

short-term memory

chunking

small units can be combined into larger meaningful units

According to the phonological similarity effect, we're more likely to confuse words or letters that ___ similar. For example, "F" is more likely to be misidentified as ___. a. sound; "E" b. sound; "S" c. look; "E" d. look; "P"

sound; "S"

echoic memory

stage of processing auditory stimuli lasting for a short time after a stimulus is extinguished responsible for persistence of sound about 2-3 seconds (longer than iconic)

iconic memory

stage of processing visual stimuli lasting for a short time after a stimulus is extinguished responsible for the persistence of vision- continued perception of light about 1/2-1 second example: sparkler

At this point in time, what is considered the primary function of the episodic buffer? a. controlling processes b. accelerating processes c. storing information d. sorting information

storing information

According to Stokes's model of activity-silent working memory, where is energy being directed during the silent state? a. axons b. synapses c. dendrites d. neurons

synapses