Cognitive Psych, chapter 9

according to the __ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain

semantic category

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks?

Cognitive economy

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is __ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

Learning the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

connection weights

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

A field sparrow is an animal

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A turtle is an animal

Which approach to categorizations can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

Exemplar

Exemplar theory

Exemplar theory is a proposal concerning the way humans categorize objects and ideas in psychology. It argues that individuals make category judgments by comparing new stimuli with instances already stored in memory. The instance stored in memory is the "exemplar".

__ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past

Exemplars

Which of the following is NOT associated with semantic network model?

Family resemblance

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Guitar

Based on the information in your textbook provided about two different category types, jumping from __ categories result in the largest gain of information.

Superordinate level to basic level

The typicality approach

Typicality is an idea often associated with exemplar theory, where the best fitting exemplars, or those sharing the most characteristics with other exemplars of the category, are considered typical and lead to quicker categorization of new stimuli that are similar to these typical exemplars.

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

Working units

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted from output units towards the input units.

back propagation

According to Rosch, the __ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience

basic

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property __ is stored at the __ node

can fly; bird

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past

Two different definitions of __ offered by your book include a. "the mental representation of a class or individual", and b. "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

concepts

One of the key properties of the __ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network

connectionist

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

the definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized

According to the typicality effect,

items that are high in prototypically are judged more rapidly as being in a group

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's.

Spreading activation

primes associated concepts.

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" and "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the ___________ approach to categorization.

prototype

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

prototype

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

semantic network

according to sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____.

sensory attributes; function

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of __ into their network model

spreading activation

Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances.

strong

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization within U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects, U.S. participants would answer __ and Itzaj participants would anwer ___

tree; oak

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

truck

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect.

typicality