Cognitive Psych Exam 2

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment showed the impact of misleading post-event information (MPI). In this study, the MPI was/were the word/s A."fast" B."smashed" C."stop" D."car crash"

"smashed"

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the misleading postevent information (MPI) that dramatically changed participant's report of a car accident was/were the word(s) - "smashed." - "car crash." - "miles per hour." - "fast."

"smashed."

How long does information in short-term memory last, when rehearsal is prevented? A.90 minutes B.1 hour or more C.Less than 1 second D.15-20 seconds

15-20 seconds

A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR? -APPLE - PAIR - BEAR - REAR

APPLE

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory? - Because you have to make an effort to learn the association between the neutral and conditioned stimulus. - Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it. - Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred. - Because it is based on motor skills like procedural memory is.

Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory? - Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied - Recognizing words that had been presented in an earlier list - Recalling the names of popular fairy tales - Matching Spanish vocabulary words with their English translations

Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied

Which phenomenon holds that we encode information along with its physical context? A.Elaborative rehearsal B.Testing effect C.State-dependent learning D.Encoding specificity

Encoding specificity

Let's say you want to make use of levels-of-processing theory to remember a list of terms. Which of the following strategies should produce the best recall? A.Make a connection between each word and something you've previously learned B.Determine how many consonants each word has C.Pair a rhyming word with each of the words D.Repeat the words over and over in your mind

Make a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? - Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered - Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned - Repeating the words over and over in your mind - Deciding how many vowels each word has

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. - Pragmatic inference - Automatic narrative - Prospective memory - Observer perspectiv

Pragmatic inference

______ is the process of taking information from LTM and putting it back into WM. A.Encoding B.Deep processing C.Elaborative rehearsal D.Retrieval

Retrieval

_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. - Processing - Retrograde - Encoding - Retrieval

Retrieval

Which type of memory can hold a very large amount of information, but only for a fraction of a second? A.Long-term memory B.Short-term memory C.Working memory D.Sensory memory

Sensory memory

____ memory is a limited-capacity system for temporary storage and can hold information from both sensory and long term memory. A.Sensory B.Short-term C.Long-term D.Working

Short-term

The task of mental rotation is performed by which component of working memory? A.Episodic buffer B.Visuospatial sketch pad C.Central executive D.Phonological loop

Visuospatial sketch pad

What is the primary difference between short-term memory and working memory? A.STM is made of many components B.WM has unlimited capacity C.STM can manipulate information for complex tasks. D.WM can manipulate information for complex tasks.

WM can manipulate information for complex tasks.

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember - a long list of words than a short list of words. - a list of words that are all the same length than a list of words that are of different lengths. - a list of words that are of different lengths than a list of words that are all the same length. - a list of long words than a list of short words.

a list of long words than a list of short words.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for - young adulthood and middle age. - adolescence and young adulthood. - childhood and adolescence. - childhood and middle age.

adolescence and young adulthood.

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" demonstrates echoic memory. the visuospatial sketch pad. the central executive. articulatory suppression.

articulatory suppression

Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using an - iconic code in short-term memory. - auditory code in short-term memory. - auditory code in long-term memory. - iconic code in long-term memory.

auditory code in long-term memory.

Explicit memory is to _____ as implicit memory is to _____. - self; others - aware; unaware - episodic; semantic - primacy; recency

aware; unaware

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ____ of a list. - both the first and last words - the first words - the last words - the middle words

both the first and last words

According to Baddeley's WM model, the major work of coordinating working memory occurs in the A.central executive B.visuospatial sketch pad C.phonological loop D.articulatory rehearsal process

central executive

In the "two groups of immigrants" study, researchers found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the - self-image hypothesis. - cognitive hypothesis. - autobiographical hypothesis. - narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

cognitive hypothesis.

According to the definition of the _____ nature of memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations. - misinformation - source - event-specific - constructive

constructive

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from Canadian Indigenous culture illustrated the - misinformation effect. - constructive nature of memory. - familiarity effect. - reminiscence bump.

constructive nature of memory.

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in STM. coding iconic automatic control

control

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on A.cultural expectations. B.narrative rehearsal. C.source misattributions. D.shallow processing.

cultural expectations

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _____, but later research showed that it was actually due to _____. decay; lack of rehearsal priming; interference interference; decay decay; interference

decay; interference

When older adults say they long for the "good old days", this might reflect the self-image hypothesis, which states that memory is enhanced A.because life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass. B.during the time we assume our life identities. C.for positive events rather than negative events. D.during periods of rapid change.

during the time we assume our life identities.

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of - levels of processing theory. - the self-reference effect. - maintenance rehearsal. - encoding specificity.

encoding specificity

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is - transfer-appropriate processing. - memory consolidation. - state-dependent learning. - encoding.

encoding.

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the - generation effect. - cued recall effect. - multiple trace hypothesis. - spacing effect.

generation effect

In Stanny and Johnson's (2000) "weapons focus" experiment, they found that the presence of a weapon in a scene A.can help participants remember the face of the victim. B.increases memory for all details of the event. C.has no effect on memory for the event. D.hurts memory for other details of the event.

hurts memory for other details of the event.

The primary effect of chunking is to - develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. - maximize the recency effect. - increase the efficiency of short-term memory. - increase memory for items by grouping them together only based on sound.

increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects - intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory. - intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. - intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory. - intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests - intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. - intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory. - intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. - intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

All of the following provide evidence of a phonological loop except A.Phonological similarity effect B.Primacy effect C.Word length effect D.Articulatory suppression

primacy effect

The inability to recall the fourth list of fruits after learning three previous lists of fruits is most likely a result of A.retroactive interference B.proactive interference C.articulatory suppression D.word length effect

proactive interference

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ________ memory. - semantic - procedural - autobiographical - working

procedural

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories. - remote semantic - recent episodic - recent and remote semantic - recent and remote episodic

recent and remote episodic

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in - remembering graduating from college. - recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen. - recognizing famous people. - remembering the meaning of some words.

remembering graduating from college.

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories. - anterograde - remote (distant) - recent (near) - emotional

remote (distant)

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of - remote procedural memories. - remote, episodic memories. - state-dependent memories. - remote, semantic memories.

remote, episodic memories.

Now that the American Heart Assn. has changed their cutoffs for what is considered dangerously high blood pressure, Monica cannot remember the old cutoffs. This is an example of ____ interference. A.retroactive B.proactive

retroactive

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that while remembers the names of the people in the fourth group, he can no longer recall the names of anyone he met earlier in the party. Lamar's experience demonstrates - retroactive interference. - the cocktail party phenomenon. - the phonological similarity effect. - a partial-report procedure.

retroactive interference.

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen - source memory. - scan technique. - schema. - script.

schema.

You conduct an experiment in which you have participants sit in an office and then ask them to remember what they saw in the office. You find that participants "remembered" some objects that weren't actually there. Your experiment demonstrates the effect of _____ on memory. A.schemas B.scripts C.post-identification feedback D.bias

schemas

The trail left by a moving sparkler is an example of A.short-term memory B.sensory memory C.long-term memory D.rehearsal

sensory memory

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of - the physiological approach to coding. - the persistence of vision. - short-term memory. - the phonological similarity effect.

short-term memory.

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a(n) ____ presentation of photos is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified. - simultaneous - sequential - precued - immediate

simultaneous

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a/n ____ lineup has a high chance of wrongly identifying an innocent person as the perpetrator. A.sequential B.simultaneous C.immediate D.precued

simultaneous

In Talarico and Rubin (2003)'s experiment, they measured people's memories of 9/11 and of everyday events. They found that people showed ____ belief in their memories of 9/11, and _____ belief in their memories of everyday events. A.weak; weak B.strong; strong C.weak; strong D.strong; weak

strong; weak

Think back to Murdoch's experiment on word lists. Results showed a serial position curve, demonstrating that memory is best for ____ of a list. A.the middle words B.the first words C.the last words D.the first and last words

the first and last words

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because - the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about a fraction of a second. - due to its differing wavelengths, the light from the sparkler continues to radiate for about a second after it goes out. - the trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler. - Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds.

the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about a fraction of a second.

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that - the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event. - the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event. - the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself. - the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event.

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Suppose you do a memory test and hear the words "shy", "kind", "intelligent"—which coincidentally, also describe your personality. Due to _______, you would predict that you would have good recall for these words. A.paired-associate learning B.the self-reference effect C.deep processing D.the generation effect

the self-reference effect

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on - semantic memory. - a mass practice effect. - the integrative experience effect. - the self-reference effect.

the self-reference effect.

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory? the phonological loop the visuospatial sketch pad the recency effect delayed response coding

the visuospatial sketch pad

Cabeza et al.'s (2004) research on autobiographical memory shows that a more extensive network of brain areas light up in a person when they look at photographs A.they have seen before B.of familiar places C.they took themselves D.that other people took

they took themselves

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called - transfer-appropriate processing. - personal semantic memory. - episodic-based processing. - elaborative rehearsal.

transfer-appropriate processing.

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable. - the freshman year - transition points - trauma-based experiences - family-centered challenges

transition points

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that - short-term memory consists of a number of components. - working memory has unlimited capacity. - working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information. - short-term memory has unlimited capacity.

working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information.