Cognitive Psych Exam 2
Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about ____ percent of the 12 letters in the display.
10
Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?
1492 911 1776
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?
Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they...
May differ from one task to another
STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two)...
Meaningful units
Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the...
Neurotransmitters
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if...
One is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop
Observations that participants could do two tasks at once, such as focusing on a digit-span task while comprehending a paragraph, challenged the conceptualization of...
Short-term memory
The primary effect of chunking is to...
Stretch the capacity of STM
One function of the ______ is controlling the suppression of irrelevant information
The central executive
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddley's model of memory?
The central executive and LTM
The author of your text makes a suggestion that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by...
The encoding specificity principle
Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,
The knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory
A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying...
The phonological loop
The word-length effect reveals that...
The phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity
Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?
The propaganda effect
Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the fruit group because...
The stimulus category remained the same
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of...
The test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on...
The visuospatial sketch pad
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?
autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content
The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."
semantic
The predominant type of coding in LTM is
semantic
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?
semantic memory
Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "T" will be misidentified as...
"D"
An item on an implicit memory test would most likely resemble which of the following?
"Fill in the following with the first word that comes to mind: T _ _ E."
If you remember something in terms of its meaning, the type of encoding you are using is...
semantic
Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?
I remember that the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.
Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory?
I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability
The effective duration of STM, when rehearsal is prevented, is...
15-20 seconds
According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?
50 First Dates
which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task?
80%; 40%; 30% correct
Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect...
A failure of memory consolidation
The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember..
A list of long words than a list of short words
A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR?
APPLE
The misinformation effect can be explained by...
All of these (the memory-trace replacement hypothesis, retroactive interference, source monitoring.)
The medial temporal lobe (MTL), involved in memory consolidation, includes all of the following structures EXCEPT the...
Amygdala
Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably...
Are caused by different mechanisms that act independently
Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as...
Articulatory suppression
Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using a(n)...
Auditory code in LTM
Recalling the sound of a song you heard on the radio yesterday would be an example of...
Auditory coding the LTM
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?
Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it
The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with...
Both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation
Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?
Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
Mantyla's banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created...
By the person whose memory memory will be tested
The conclusion from the experiment in which a chess master and a chess novice were asked to remember the positions of chess pieces on a chess board was that...
Chess masters use chunking to help them remember actual game arrangements
Chase and Simon's research compared memory of chess masters and beginners for the position of game pieces on sample chess boards. They found that the chess master remembered positions better when the arrangement of the pieces was consistent with a real game but not when the pieces were randomly placed. The significance of this finding was that...
Chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts
Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?
Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied
Jocelyn is in an experiment where she is presented words representing categories. She is presented the word "furniture" in an earlier trial, which makes it easier for her later to recall the word "chair" because of the similarity of meaning. Jocelyn's memory enhancement for "chair" due to seeing the word "furniture" illustrates..
Conceptual priming
Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence...
Creates more connections
Sensory memory is believed by many cognitive psychologists to be responsible for all of the following EXCEPT...
Deciding which incoming sensory information will be the focus of attention
Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?
Deep processing takes longer than shallow processing and results in better processing
Elementary school students in the U.S. are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over, which provides an example of...
Elaborative rehearsal
People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of...
Encoding specificity
The principle that we learn information together with its context is known as...
Encoding specificity
Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of...
Enhanced firing in the neurons
Knowing the capital of California, but not being able to remember when you first learned it, is an example of how...
Episodic memory can be a "gateway" to semantic memory.
Two types of declarative memory are ____ and _____ memory.
Episodic; Semantic
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for the ____ of a list.
First five and the last five words
If basketball legend Shaquille O'Neal wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend?
He should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics.
A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?
Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
According to your text, imagery enhances memory because...
Imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered
Work with brain-injured patients reveals that _____ memory does not depend on conscious memory
Implicit and procedural
When investigating the serial position curve, presenting the word list at a slower pace...
Increases the primacy effect
Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty re-membering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects...
Intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory
K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests...
Intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory
Articulatory suppression does all of the following EXCEPT it...
Interferes with semantic coding
One of the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that
It involves mental time travel
Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?
Kim performs better because of reactivation
which of the following is not a conclusion from the case of HM who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?
LTMs are stored in the hippocampus
Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple choice test. Which student's behavior best describes an example of implicit memory?
One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems familiar so he decides that it must be right.
The misinformation effect does not occur when...
People are told explicitly that the postevent information may be incorrect false
Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task is an example of the...
Physiological approach to coding
Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some or-anges" in your mind AND...
Pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.
Prefrontal cortex
Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill does not realize that she is demonstrating a natural mechanism of memory known as...
Proactive interference
which of the following involves procedural memory?
Reading a sentence in a book
Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories.
Recent and remote episodic memories
Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing...
Release from proactive interference
A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in...
Remembering where a best friend had moved
According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of...
Remote, episodic memories
Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by...
Repeating it over and over
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?
Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory
____ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.
Retrieval
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with...
STM
Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that...
STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired
Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because...
Saying "the the the" fills up the phonological loop
Which task should be easier? Keeping an image of a block letter "F" in your mind AND...
Saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner
What are the three structural components of the modal model of memory?
Sensory, STM, LTM
The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that...
We are not conscious we are using it
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that...
Working memory is concerned with the manipulation of information
Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates
a build-up and release of proactive interferences
You've now learned about the serial position curve. The relevant research in your text describes this curve using a free recall task (participants are free to recall words in any order they choose). Imagine that you conducted a "remembering a list" experiment using a serial recall task (participants must recall words in the same order they were presented). What would you predict for the results with the serial recall task?
a diminished recency effect, relative to free recall
Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting...
a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories
what is the main difference between the span of "absolute judgment" and the span of "immediate memory"?
absolute judgment is limited by the amount of information, immediate memory is limited by the number of items
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented...
after the event
Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
although emily doesn't very often think about her first love, steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio
false memories
arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories
Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had...
attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend
According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual en-codes _____ and is tested _____.
auditorially; auditorially
You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.
calm
The elaborative rehearsal task of learning a word by using it in a sentence is generally most effective if the generated sentence is...
complex
recent memories are more fragile because they have not been __________ yet
consolidated
According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
constructive
in the "word list" false memory experiment where several student incorrectly remembered hearing the word "sleep", false memory occurs because of
constructive memory processes
Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear?
counting backwards for 30 seconds before recall
peterson and peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. they found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. they hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ______, but later research showed that it was actually due to _______.
decay; interference
Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during...
delay
According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is...
encoded
Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is...
encoding
"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of _____ memory.
episodic
Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with ____ memory.
episodic
_________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts
episodic; semantic
an example of a single dissociation is evidenced by a brain-injured patient who
exhibits a recency effect but no primacy effect
Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.
highlighting
with his still pictures of moving creatures muybridge proved that, thanks to the existence of ________, cinematography was technically possible
iconic sensory memory
"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____ efficiently than normal.
less
the primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with _________ memory
long-term
The story in the text about balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of ____ in memory.
organization
Information remains in sensory memory for
seconds or a fraction of a second
____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.
pragmatic inference
Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the...
prefrontal cortex
This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test.
recognition
a patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in
remembering graduating from college
In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of
repetition priming
Coding refers to the way information is..
represented
Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.
retrieval cues
Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen
schema
which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM
serena's keys were stolen from her purse. she cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years
Observations that participants could do two tasks at once, such as focusing on a digit-span task while comprehending a paragraph, challenged the conceptualization of...
short-term memory
The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true...
simply because we have been exposed to them before
loftus and palme's "car-crash films" experiment shows how a seemingly minor word change in a question can produce a change in a person's memory report. in this study, the word change involved the word
smashed
Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy any over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?
source monitoring
what is a bit of information?
the amount of information we need to make a decision between two equally likely alternatives
The dramatic case of the patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ____ is crucial for the formation of LTMs.
the hippocampus
The word-length effect reveals that
the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.
what is the most customary recoding people do all the time?
translating into a verbal code
Consider an experiment in which participants were asked to remember Chinese symbols called radicals (which have no sound) and symbols called characters (which consist of a radical plus another symbol). The fact that the participants were able to remember some of the radicals provides evidence for the operation of _____ coding.
visual
the memory span for welsh speakers is smaller than for english speakers because
welsh numbers take longer to say then english numbers
recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was formed
