Cognitive psych final exam

the ____ states that the nature of a culture's language can affect the way people think

Sapir- Whorf hypothesis

which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems

being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field

the tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the ____

belief bias

in the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in: the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT

a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words

which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence

before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night

in Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the ___ group had the fastest response time

bread and butter

the typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to

buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip

intermediate states can be created by

creating subgoals

Lilo can't wait for school to start. this year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language acquisition

premise 1: if i don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight premise 2: i ate lunch today conclusion: therefore, i wasn't hungry tonight

invalid

evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language they

invent a sign language themselves

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

reorganization or restructuring

the circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate

representation and restructuring

the radiation problem can be solved using

representation and restructuring

Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people to make the ____ decision of ____

irrational; accepting only high offers

when we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech in a person's native language. we see that speech signal

is continuous

which of the following is not true about divergent thinking

it has a single correct answer

the validity of a syllogism depends on

its form

the analogical paradox refers to problem solving differences between

laboratory and real-world settings

Coherence refers to the

representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text

warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ___ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ___prior to the solution of a non-insight problem

rise suddenly just; gradually rise

people are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on

structural features

Gentner and Goldinmeadow (2003) illustrated that analogical causes problem solvers to pay attention to ___ features that ___ their ability to solve other problems

structural; enhance

the fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. therefore the two problems have very different

surface features

A ____ string led to a restructured representation in the two-string problem

swinging

when two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as

syntactic priming

the idea that the rules governing the grouping of words in a sentence is the primary determinant of he way a sentence is parsed is part of the ___ approach to parsing

syntax-first

experts ____ than novices

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

consider the sentence, 'because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him". the principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases

"because he always jogs a mile"

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors... There is a ____ chance that Sarah is a science major

40%

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations, they could identify

50% of the words spoken by their own voices

the rule of the Wason Four Card problem is, ' if there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side" lets say you are presented with A,8,M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. to see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing

A and 13

____ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving

Gestalt psychologist

the solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the

Match box can be used as shelf

the analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ____ problem

Russian marriage

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. she asked the groups to describe the bands of color they say in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. these results

Support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. she usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

a mental set

"you can't have any pudding unless you eat your meat" says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of

a permission schema

if p then q

abstract conditional

an experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include

an extraneous cough

Jonas bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. on the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Jonas's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of

an illusory correlation

Mia has lived in New York City all her life. she has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast , but people fro lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using

an illusory correlation

the ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a simuilar problem is known as

analogical transfer

in the two string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a ___ state

intermediate

Dr. Curious is doing a follow up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this Dr. Curious is studying the effect of ___ on problem solving. the shoe problem: A first0grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, iss leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. in his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. will the remaining students be able to shoe--up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache

analogies

the text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ___ plays and important role in solving problems

analogies

the radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of ___ in problem solving

analogy

being champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement "at our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. and then of course, we grill them". that a reader understands "them" appropriately

anaphoric

consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it". These two sentences taken together provided an example of a

anaphoric inference

Derrick purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. while sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend "mustangs must be the best selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Derrick's judgment is most likely biased by a

availability heuristic

Wally and Sharon are out on a date. When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says, my coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of an

availability heuristic

the finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the

availability heuristic

of the following real world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but not for the opposing side

imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentence such as "the sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down", the kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a ____inference

causal

which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that make human language unique

communication

the given new contract is a method for creating

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation

if its a robin then it is a bird it is a bird therefore it is a robin

conclusion; conditional

if a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are biased by the operation of the

confirmation bias

when the process of analogical problem solving was applied to fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process

connecting the fortress with the tumor

Premise 1: If I study, then i'll get a good grade Premise 2: i got a good grade Conclusion: therefore, I studied

invalid

in the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non word

an experiment measures participants; performance in judging syllogisms. two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli and participants are asked to indicate if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. this experiment studies ___reasoning

deductive

if you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using ____reasoning

deductive

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth: judgements every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems

greg was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away; "I had a huge ahi tuna on my line. I fought for it for a few minutes then my line snapped. the tuna swam away across the pond" Greg's friend, Matt didn't believe Matt knew that tuna are salt-water fish and aren't found in ponds. Greg's account contains

descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information

Donovan volunteers his time to campaign for Joel Goodman. He spent all afternoon putting up "Goodman for Congress" signs around his town and arrived back at Goodman headquarters just in time to watch the Goodman debate on TV. Donovan was eager to watch the candidates debate each other, even though he was 100% sure he was going to vote for Goodman. Donovan's first response to thee debate will most likely be

did you hear how well Goodman answered that question on job creation

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a large story.

hierarchical

in the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. if they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. the fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the ___ approach developed by Ronald Finke

diergent thinking

ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sals of their calcium-enhances OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. his factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. with the cartons, Ali made several bird feeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year old soon. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking

Tannenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "put the apple on the towel in the box". their results showed the importance of ___ in how we understand sentences in real-life situation

environmental context

Glinda is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will fell elation. This is an example of an

expected emotion

josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. He is worried that if he takes the jib and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. this is an example of

expected emotion

Cosmides and Tooby tested participants' ability to solve variations of the Wason problem, including one containing stories about a particular culture. Their results showed that ___ is not always necessary for conditional reasoning

familiarity

in an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word. For example the sentence "sam wore that horrid coat though his ___ girlfriend complained", contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure:. results showed the participants ' ___ was shorter for the target word ___

fixation; pretty

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. their particular discussion suggests that ___may be more important than ___ in creative thinking

flexibility; experience

Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. They found the ___ version to be more effective, because it had ___ features. in common with the radiation problem

fragile-glass; structural

Holly was in her mother in law kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother in law returned to ask where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. her mother in law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles

functional fixedness

Juanita is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. she recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for free soda. If Juanita decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of ____, she will use a ____strategy

gains; risk-aversion

experts categorize problems based on

general principles that problems share

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. for each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. after a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. this process demonstrates

group brainstorming

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that

had a large number of sophisticated language systems

which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem

has one correct answer

there are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one small machine....

he should use his coin in the small machine

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language

which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema

if i get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night

one reason that most people do not easily solve the original version of the Watson four card problem is that they

ignore the falsification principle

aa researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. this research is an example of ____ research

in vivo problem solving

Kirk is a generally anxious person. his anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. the anxiety Kirk feels in an example of an ___ emotion

incidental

making probable conclusion based on evidence involves ___reasoning

inductive

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicibes through the mail for the past five years. except fir one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her oder tomorrow. Bonnie is using

inductive reasoning

most of the coherence in text is created by

inference

in the Tower of Hanoi problem, the ___state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty

initial

Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the

initial state

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. when his grandma says, "it seemed like the song would play forever", Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a

instrument inference

Yoda a central character if the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "afraid you will be" violates which property of the English language

language has a structure that is governed by rules

your textbook suggests that a trait that appears to be common to both mental illness and creativity is ___

latent inhibition

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel". the process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

lexicon

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. as a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. which of the following alternatives is most probable

lydia is a U.S. congresswoman

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they

made the objects themselves your themselves

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult sep to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving

noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

noticing, mapping, and applying

functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a

novel object

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combing parts. once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the

novel objects before a function was described

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators

the elements of the problem space include all of the following expect

operators

by using a ____ a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be an organ donor dramatically

opt-out procedure

Utility refers to

outcomes that achieve a person's goal

according to the situation model of text processing

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events

when the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem

performance is better for the concrete task

the application of a ____makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem

permission schema

research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the ___ may be to deal with the cognitive demands of a given task, while the ___ is responsible for handling emotional goals such as resenting an unfair outcome

prefrontal cortex; insula

one of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard

ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. he studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. it is most likely that Ty;s work will be presented in a conference session on

psycholinguistics

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says "George Burns smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100" You might point out that a major problem with his "George Burns" argument involves

sample size

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves

search

the information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving

search

Mr. Huff always passes back exams to his algebra class in descending order... to figure out if this was true, Maddelyn should

search in memory for instances when she did get her exam back first and for instances when she did not

the water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

the interactionist approach to parsing states that

semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence

according to the idea of ___, when we read a sentence like "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a simulation of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment

situation models

as participants heard the word "bugs", they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. to which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to

sky

the word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high frequency words

which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four-card problem

social- exchange theory

considering the fortress and the radiation problems together the fortress problem represents the ____ problem

source

when the front part of a sentence can be interpreted ore than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

speech segmentation

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. this is an example of the ___bias

status quo

in analogical problem solving, the ___ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ___ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution

target; source

the evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's

tendency to detect when others are cheating

Consider the following argument; Observation: here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: the sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow

the argument is strong because there are a large number of observations

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

the box is empty

a syllogism is valid if

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises

premise 1; all dogs are cats premise 2; all cats say "meow" conclusion; therefore, all dogs say "meow"

the conclusion is valid

according to your text, the key to solving the Watson four card problem is

the falsification principle

stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following except

the falsification principle

Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she drives home by the abandoned shacks, but she hates her home when driving past the fancy mansions with their large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by

the framing effect

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex

the frontal and temporal lobes

you are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of english classes and the other with 10 years. all of your stimuli are in English. Wo would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect

the group with 10 years of english instruction

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "put the apple on the towel in the box". their results support

the interactionist approach to parsing

lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word

at a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls.... Given your texts discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representation because

the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross section of the u.s population

within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to

the previously understood information that we bring into the conversation

The conjunction rule states that

the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone

Gabrielle is blond, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model we are using

the representativeness heuristic

failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning

the representativeness heuristic

syntax is

the rules for combining words into sentences

which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task

words "pizza, history" and non words "pibble, girk"

in an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, PFC activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money. PFC activation was

the same for accepted and rejected offers

a phoneme refers to

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. she attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

the solution is immediately obvious

insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problem's solution

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that

the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving

"Kitchen tables" consists of ___morphemes

three

the word "bad" has ____ phoneme

three

the participants' response times were longer for ___ because of the ___effect

trial 1; word frequency

which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem

two string problem

which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness

using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

all cats are birds all birds have wings all cats have wings

valid

the best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem

people tend to overestimate

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings

the crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approach to parsing is ____ is involved

when semantics

which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning

word frequency effect