Cognitive Psych test
Atkinson and shiffrin (1968)
-modal model of memory: 1. Sensory memory 2. Short Term Memory 3. Longterm Memory -Control processes (Rehearsal
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?
Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
___________ is the principle that we encode information along with its context and conditions.
encoding specificity principle
What kind of memory involves remembering being really excited two years ago, when you were able to meet your favorite rapper at a concert?
episodic
Clive Wearing suffered damage in his ________ and the _________ due to a virus
hippocampus, amygdala
Visuospatial sketch pad
holds visual and spatial information
Which of the following components are part of the modal model of memory?
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
The capacity of short-term memory is ______.
seven plus or minus two bits of information
Digit span is one measure of capacity of
short-term memory; sensory memory
According to Gais et al. (2006), which of these seems to be important in aiding the consolidation memories?
sleep
icon memory
memory for visual stimuli
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if
one is processed by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is processed by the phonological loop.
The capacity of short-term memory is about
somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.
Primacy effect
subjects are more likely to remember words in the beginning of a sequence
Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.
retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?
Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.
Baddeley s 1975
Best recall occurred when encoding retrieval occurred in the same place
The process of acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is called ____________.
Encoding
Explicit (Conscious)
Episodic (personal events), Semantic (facts, knowledge)
Short Term Memory
Holds five to seven items for about 15 to 20 seconds
Bransford and Johnson (1972)
How does organizing information effect coding?• Passage presented was too difficult to remember
Implicit (Not Conscious)
Procedural Memory, Priming, Conditioning
Baddeley's Working Memory Model
a more complex model than just passive STM; includes a phonological loop, visuospatial working memory, and the central executive
Slamecka and Graf (1978)
active learning is more effective than passive learning
Anterograde Amnesia
amnesia that occurs for events after an injury
Sensory memory
an initial stage that holds all incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second
One of the experiments we discussed asked participants to read a list of words while while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, and then write down the words they could remember. This study was most likely be studying
articulatory suppression
Recency effect
beter memory for stimuli presented at the end of a sequence
Clive Wearing lost his ability to form new memories when he contracted viral encephalitis, which destroyed _________.
hippocampus
Longterm memory
can hold a large amount of information for years or even decades
Episodic buffer
can store information and is connected to LTM. It represents a way of increasing storage capacity and communicating with LTM
Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories are probably
caused by different mechanisms that act somewhat independently.
Miller
chunking
The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that
chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.
The phonological loop
consists of the phonological store and the articulatory rehearsal process
The results of the the serial position curve shows that delaying the memory test for 30 seconds
decreases the recency effect.
Control Processes
dynamic processes associated with the structural features that can be controlled by the person and may differ from one task to another
What's one of the reason why people use chunking?
increase the efficiency of short-term memory.
Donald Hebb (1948) proposed that synaptic consolidation is one of the mechanisms that allows the brain to have physical changes that reflect the learning of new memories. These changes occur over time and include _______________.
increased firing in the neurons and greater number of identations at the axon terminals.
Sperling's experiment he showed participants a display with rows of letters. In one of the variations of his study, he delayed the partial report. This provided evidence showing that
information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds.
Lili wants to learn to ride her bike without training wheels. Her father takes her to a parking lot and explain how to keep her balance and pedal fast enough to safely ride her bike. Lili tries a few times and within 45 minutes, she learns how to ride the bike almost effortlessly. These learned skills that Lili has acquired are an example of ___________.
procedural
central executive
pulls information from long-term memory and coordinates the activity of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad by focusing on specific parts of a task and deciding how to divide attention between different tasks
The duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is about
15-20 seconds or less.
Longterm memory timespan
30 seconds ago to your earliest memories
Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?
Episodic memory
Sperling's experiment
How much information people can take in briefly from presented stimuli whole report method- subjects were asked to report as many letters from the 12 letter display average 4.5 letters recallwd Partial report method- same row 3.3 letters out of 4 reported Partial report delayed- 1 letter out of 4 remembered
Which of the following is true about episodic memory?
It involves mental time travel.
Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?
Kim performs better because of consolidation.
H.M. could not form _______, but his _____ remained intact
LTM, STM
K.F. could form _______, but his ______was poor
LTM, STM
What is an example of sensory memory?
Persistence of vision
What are some of the main conclusions of Keppel & Underwood (1962) study in which they replicated Peterson & Peterson (1959) study?
Poor memory performance after an 18-second delay was not due to decay but to retroactive and proactive interference
___________damage is associated with certain issues with attention (central executive)
Prefrontal cortex
Roediger and Karpicke 2006
Re-reading vs being tested on information• Being tested --> "testing effect"
Which of the following can explain the primacy effect?
Rehearsal can improve short-term memory.
What is the difference between short term and working memory?
Short term memory is concerned mainly with storing information for a brief amount of time. Whereas working memory is concerned with the manipulation of information that occurs during complex cognition
Imagine yourself walking from your dorm to your first class on a Monday. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?
The visuospatial sketch pad
What was one of the ways in which researchers measured the limited capacity of patient KF's short-term memory?
They tested his digit span.
The capacity of long-term memory appears to be ______.
Unlimited
What are the types of encoding?
Visual, auditory and semantic
• Murdock (1962)
Wanted to know if the order in which items on a list were presented mattered Serial Position Graph: Showed the percentage of words recalled
Leshikar et al. s 1025
Wondered if memory would improve if you were asked to relate a word yourself • Self-reference effect: memory is better if you are asked to relate a word/stimulus/concept to yourself
Explicit memory is acquired and used ___________ while implicit memory is used ___________.
consciously; unconsciously
________ is believed to be a neural process in which long-term memories are strengthened and more permanently stored in the brain.
consolidation
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as
echoic memory
proactive interference
interference that occurs when information that was learned previously interferes with new information
Craik and Tulving (1975) asked participants to focus on whether letters of words were upper cases or lower to promote ______ while they asked others to focus on the meaning of the words to promote ______ .
shallow processing; deep processing
Keeping in mind the strategies we discussed in class for studying, it is most effective if your study sessions are
short and across several days
Luck and Vogel (1997)
• Flashed a stimulus (colorful blocks against a black screen) to see how much participants could remember • Almost perfect memory performance where there were 4 squares or less • ~4 items = short term memory
What kind of memory involves knowing the date and time when your favorite music video premiered?
semantic
Which of these is NOT an example of implicit memory?
semantic memory
Conrad (1964)
Participants were asked to write down letters as they were flashed on a screen • "F" often seen as "S" or "X"
Baddeley et al. (1984)
Participants were given 2 tasks1. Read words and recall as many as possible2. Read words, repeat "the", recall as many as possible • Word Length Effect: Short items are remembered more easily than longer items • Articulatory Suppression: Rehearsal is prevented by having the participant repeat an unrelated word • Results: Having the person rehearse the, the, the reducedrehearsal advantage
Alverez and Cavanaugh (2004)
Similar experiment to Luck and Vogel (1997) Wanted to measure shot term memory capacity • The greater the amount of information, the fewer the number of items that can be stored in (visual) short-term memory
We discussed the case of a patient who had difficulty remembering facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and details of her daily tasks. This implies that the patient has
intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?
location
Being able to recall what you had for breakfast yesterday is an example of ______.
longterm memory
Retrograde Amnesia
loss of memory for events that happened before an injury
Chunking
meaningful units are lumped together
echoic memory
memory for sounds
When your friend moves a flashlight left to right across a wall in a darkened room, it appears to leave a trail of light. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of
persistence of vision.
Which of the following factors do NOT affect encoding?
phonological discourse
Old information interfering with the storage or retrieval of new information is to ______ as new information interfering with the storage of retrieval of old information is to ______.
proactive interference; retroactive interference
Systems Consolidation
reorganization of neural circuit (slow)
articulatory rehearsal process
responsible for rehearsal that can keep items in the phonological store from decaying
__________ process of transferring information from LTM back into working memory.
retrieval
___________ help us remember information that has been stored in memory regardless of whether they are remote or recent.
retrieval cues
Mantyla (1986)
retrieval cues are most effective when self generated
In general, most of our failures of memory are due to __________.
retrieval errors
Jen is studying for her upcoming Cognitive Psychology exam by reading the textbook and answering the relevant questions at the end of the chapter without looking at her notes or book. Jen is most likely going to be able to __________ to take advantage of ______ .
retrieve the information; the testing effect
The duration of sensory memory is about ________________
seconds or a fraction of a second.
Digit span
the number of digits a person can remember. The typical span is between 5 and 9 digits
Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?
the propaganda effect
sensory memory
the retention for brief periods of time, of the effects of stimulation
In Wickens et al. (1976)'s experiment, they ask participants to memorize list of words in the categoty of fruits and professions. The experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because
the stimulus category remained the same
Mantyla's (1986) experiment to remember a list of words. In the experimental conditions, some of the subjects were provided retrieval cues, others were asked to write them and others did not have any retrieval cues. The results of the study showed that memory was best when ________________
when the cues were written by the person whose memory will be tested.
As we age, our memories of past experiences tend to go through semanticization, which mean there is an emphasis on ________.
facts
Godden and Baddeley (1975)
found that when people test under the same conditions they perform better
In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the
generation effect
Phonological store
has limited capacity and only holds information for a few seconds
Rehearsal can help memorization, which are important for transferring information from
short-term memory to long-term memory.
Peterson and Peterson Experiments
Participants were shown a series of meaningless 3-letter "words" To prevent rehearsal they were asked to count down the longer the delay the less letters they would get correct
Patient H.M. had surgery to reduce seizures from epilepsy, which entailed removal of the ___________ that is known to be crucial for the formation of long-term memories.
The hippocampus
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's ___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.
Prefrontal cortex
Petrican et. al (2010)
Presented descriptions of events that had happened over a 50-year period to older adults (average age of 63 years) and asking them to respond with the remember/know procedure • Showed that forgetting increases with time; memories fade
The double dissociation in patient HM and KF shows that
Short-term memory can operate somewhat normally while long-term memory can be impaired.
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?
The central executive and long-term memory
What happens to language related information that is in the phonological loop when new language related information comes in?
The new information replaces the old.
Remembering how you felt in your 16th birthday party and the details of what you spoke about with your friends and family is an example of ______.
episodic memory
Your friend Joe was playing football and during one of the plays he hurt his head and had a mild brain injury. When his parents were able to talk to him, they asked his how he was hurt but he said he remembers everything, except the incident. This is an example of __________.
graded amnesia
Synaptic Consolidation
physiological changes at the synapse
Keppel and Underwood
similar experiments to Peterson and Peterson noticed participants usually noticed the first group of letters
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that
working memory is engaged in processing and manipulating information.
Ericsson et al 1980
• Flashed a stimulus (colorful blocks against a black screen) to see how much participants could remember • Almost perfect memory performance where there were 4 squares or less • ~4 items = short term memory
