cognitive psychology chapter 5

____ memory stores personally experienced events or episodes. a. Episodic b. Semantic c. Time-bound d. Personal

a. Episodic

____ are persons who use memory-enhancing techniques for greatly improving their memory or who have a distinctive sensory or cognitive ability to remember information. a. Mnemonists b. Geniuses c. Parallel-processors d. Photographic thinkers

a. Mnemonists

____ knowledge refers to the understanding and awareness of how to perform particular tasks or skills (i.e., "knowing how"). a. Procedural b. Declarative c. Episodic d. Semantic

a. Procedural

____ refers to a process of memory often employed in memory tasks, in which the person is asked to produce a fact, a word, or other item from memory. a. Recall b. Recognition c. Identification d. Production

a. Recall

Aricept® may slow the progression of Alzheimer's because it slows destruction of the neurotransmitter ____ in the brain. a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. serotonin d. GABA

a. acetylcholine

At present, the only definitive test for Alzheimer's disease involves ____. a. an analysis of brain tissue after death b. a series of neuropsychological tests c. use fMRI during simple memory tests d. a battery of laboratory tests

a. an analysis of brain tissue after death

A person with isolated brain damage affecting only the hippocampus is most likely to have ____. a. anterograde amnesia b. hypermnesia c. retrograde amnesia d. synesthesia

a. anterograde amnesia

Which component of the working memory model is responsible for coordinating attentional activities and regulating the flow of information? a. central executive b. episodic buffer c. phonological loop d. visuospatial sketchpad

a. central executive

According to Endel Tulving, if you need to remember that you saw a friend yesterday at the library, you will draw upon a(n) ____ memory. a. episodic b. semantic c. time-bound d. working

a. episodic

In retrograde amnesia, the memories that return typically do so starting ____. a. from the more distant past and progressing up to the time of the trauma. b. from the time of the trauma and progressing back to the more distant past. c. with the more meaningful experiences, regardless of their chronological time. d. with the less meaningful experiences, regardless of their chronological time.

a. from the more distant past and progressing up to the time of the trauma.

Which process involves using a number of different retrieval cues in order to retrieve memories that appear to have been forgotten? a. hypermnesia b. retroactive recall c. proactive recall d. double dissociations

a. hypermnesia

The ____ suggests that memory does not comprise three, or even any specific number of separate stores, but rather it varies along a continuous dimension in terms of depth of encoding. a. levels-of-processing framework b. working-memory framework c. parallel-processing model d. continuous-dimension model

a. levels-of-processing framework

As applied to a model of memory, a ____ is a set of labeled relations between nodes. a. network b. prime c. schema d. concept

a. network

Which memory system is often called implicit memory and includes memory for how to do various tasks or operations? a. nondeclarative memory b. episodic memory c. semantic memory d. episodic buffer

a. nondeclarative memory

Participants in an experiment read over a list of words. A second unrelated task (a filler task) is then completed. For the final task, participants rate letter strings as words or non-words. The results indicate that participants in general were faster at identifying words from the first list. The faster response is best described as being a result of ____. a. priming b. synesthesia c. levels of processing d. phonological processing

a. priming

Jimmy knows how to ride a bicycle. This is an example of a task that involves ____ knowledge. a. procedural b. declarative c. episodic d. semantic

a. procedural

The ____ suggests that both implicit and explicit memory play a role in every response. a. process-dissociation model. b. memory synthesis model. c. levels of processing model. d. multi-store model of memory.

a. process-dissociation model.

Fill-in-the-blank tests can be memory tasks, which require that students employ primarily the memory process of ____. a. recall b. recognition c. access d. production

a. recall

After a test, Jill identified and then learned the information that she had forgotten for the test. She noted that there was a "saving" in that the information was learned faster the second time. Jill has discovered the concept of ____. a. relearning b. partial-report method c. subsequent refinement d. permastore

a. relearning

H.M. underwent experimental brain surgery in hopes of treating severe epilepsy. Following damage to his hippocampus, he was unable to ____. a. remember events occurring after the surgery b. remember events occurring before the surgery c. remember previously learned information d. remember a sense of unique and individual selfhood

a. remember events occurring after the surgery

According to the original levels-of-processing framework, if you were shown lists of semantically related words (e.g., dog and animal), rhyming words (e.g., dog and log), and unrelated words (e.g., dog and sun), the words most easily recalled would be ____. a. semantically related words b. words concretely connected c. unrelated words d. whichever was presented first

a. semantically related words

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), the ____ store refers to the memory store characterized as having the shortest duration for memory storage. a. sensory b. short-term c. fleeting d. episodic

a. sensory

Melissa volunteered to participate in a psychological experiment. She has been instructed to listen carefully to a list of words, because later she will have to remember as many of these words as possible in the exact order in which they were presented. Melissa is participating in a ____ recall task. a. serial- b. free- c. paired-associates d. structured-

a. serial-

Verifying whether a sentence is true or not and having to remember the last word for each sentence is most likely testing ____. a. working memory b. componential analysis c. choice reaction time d. means-ends analysis

a. working memory

____ knowledge involves "knowing that" and taps factual information, such as the terms in a psychology textbook. a. Procedural b. Declarative c. Episodic d. Semantic

b. Declarative

____ amnesia refers to the inability to recall events that happened when we were very young. a. Developmental b. Infantile c. Anterograde d. Retrograde

b. Infantile

____ refers to a process of memory often employed in memory tasks, in which the person may be asked to identify from among several choices a fact, a word, or other item from memory. a. Recall b. Recognition c. Retrieval d. Assimilation

b. Recognition

____ memory refers to memory for facts that are not unique to us and that are not recalled in any particular temporal context. a. Episodic b. Semantic c. Factual d. Declarative

b. Semantic

____ recall refers to a type of recall task used in experiments in which the participant recalls items in the exact order in which they were presented. a. Ordered b. Serial c. Ordinal d. Free

b. Serial

____ memory refers to a form of memory retrieval in which a person consciously acts to recall or recognize particular information. a. Episodic b. Semantic c. Explicit d. Implicit

c. Explicit

Jennifer has an excellent understanding of geography. This is an example of ____ knowledge. a. procedural b. declarative c. episodic d. artificial

b. declarative

Which part of the working memory model allows for an interface that can integrate different types of information from various systems? a. central executive b. episodic buffer c. phonological loop d. visuospatial sketchpad

b. episodic buffer

Researchers should consider culture when developing tests of memory because _____ a. it is simply courteous to do so b. familiarity with an object an affect recall for it c. it is an expectation in today's research d. most models of memory address culture

b. familiarity with an object an affect recall for it

Max is a volunteer for a psychological experiment. He has been asked to listen carefully to a list of words. He has been instructed to try to remember as many of these words as possible in any order and to write them down after a signal. Max is participating in a ____ recall task. a. serial- b. free- c. paired-associates d. structured-

b. free-

Patients who have sustained damage to the ____ have difficulty in storing new information or retrieving old memories from their long-term store. a. basal ganglia b. hippocampus c. cerebellum d. amygdala

b. hippocampus

People's names, where we keep things, and humorous incidents from our childhood are all examples of information held in our ____ store. a. short-term b. long-term c. working d. stable

b. long-term

A ____ refers to a juncture within a memory network. a. prime b. node c. schema d. dyad

b. node

The ____ refers to a conceptual model of memory in which the cognitive manipulation of multiple operations occurs simultaneously. a. levels-of-processing framework b. parallel-distributed processing model c. three-store model d. working-memory model

b. parallel-distributed processing model

Patients whose ____ has been damaged can perform well on long-term memory tasks but have trouble keeping information in their short-term memory. a. basal ganglia b. perisylvian cortex c. cerebellum d. cerebral cortex

b. perisylvian cortex

Very long-term storage of information, such as knowledge of a foreign language, is called ____. a. permanent store b. permastore c. longest-term store d. infinite store

b. permastore

Some cognitive psychologists have asserted that the ____ effect refers to the activation of a node by another node in the same network, due to the process of spreading activation. a. activating b. priming c. recall d. recognition

b. priming

Multiple-choice exams can be memory tasks, which require that students employ primarily the memory process of ____. a. recall b. recognition c. access d. production

b. recognition

Retrograde amnesia may be viewed as a problem in ____ information in/from memory. a. encoding new b. retrieving old c. storing new d. integrating

b. retrieving old

According to Endel Tulving, if you need to remember the name of the friend that you saw yesterday at the library, you will draw on a(n) ____ memory. a. episodic b. semantic c. time-bound d. working

b. semantic

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), the ____ store has a modest capacity a duration of only a few seconds. a. sensory b. short-term c. fleeting d. episodic

b. short-term

How long does unrehearsed material typically remain in the short-term store? a. 1 second b. 5 seconds c. 30 seconds d. 60 seconds

c. 30 seconds

The capacity of our immediate, short-term store for a wide range of items appears to be ____, plus or minus two items. a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 9

c. 7

____ refers to a concept that cannot be directly measured or observed but that may be used as a mental representation for understanding the workings of a psychological phenomenon. a. Declarative knowledge b. A node c. A hypothetical construct d. A prime

c. A hypothetical construct

____ refers to the severe loss of explicit memory, usually affecting semantic memory more than procedural memory. a. Aphasia b. Dyslexia c. Amnesia d. Agnosia

c. Amnesia

____ amnesia refers to an inability to recall events that occur after whatever trauma caused a memory loss. a. Semantic b. Infantile c. Anterograde d. Retrograde

c. Anterograde

Which model, based on neuroscientific research, suggests that episodic and semantic memories are distinct from one another and that they activate different parts of the brain? a. Hemispheric Specialization Model b. Asymmetrical Hemispheric Specialization (AHS Model) c. Hemispheric Encoding/Retrieval Asymmetry (HERA Model) d. Intrahemispheric Activation Model

c. Hemispheric Encoding/Retrieval Asymmetry (HERA Model)

____ refers to the means by which people draw on past knowledge in order to use such knowledge in the present; it refers to the dynamic mechanisms associated with the retention and retrieval of information. a. Implicit store b. A network c. Memory d. Sensory store

c. Memory

____ memory refers to a memory system for knowledge of how to perform particular tasks or skills. a. Episodic b. Semantic c. Procedural d. Declarative

c. Procedural

____ refers to the experiencing of a sensation in a sensory modality different from the sense that is physically stimulated. a. Episensation b. Metasensation c. Synesthesia d. Metaesthesia

c. Synesthesia

____ memory refers to a portion of memory that may be viewed as a specialized part of long-term memory, which holds only the most recently activated portion of long-term memory, and which moves these activated elements into and out of short-term memory. a. Moving b. Activated c. Working d. Utility

c. Working

As tested by a psychologist, the capacity of Jerry's short-term store appears to be 11 items. Jerry's short-term memory capacity is ____. a. below average b. average c. above average d. much below

c. above average

Procedural memory seems to depend most on the ____. a. basal ganglia b. hypothalamus c. cerebellum. d. striatum

c. cerebellum.

Raphael has amnesia. When specifically asked to remember particular information, Raphael does poorly. When indirectly measured on the same information he shows signs of learning. This shows that his ____ is impaired by amnesia while ____ is not impaired. a. implicit memory; explicit memory b. recognition memory, recall memory c. explicit memory; implicit memory d. recall memory, recognition memory

c. explicit memory; implicit memory

Recall memory is to ____ as recognition memory is to ____. a. receptive knowledge; expressive knowledge b. implicit memory; explicit memory c. expressive knowledge; receptive knowledge d. explicit memory; implicit memory

c. expressive knowledge; receptive knowledge

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), the ____ store refers to the memory store characterized as having the greatest capacity for storing information and the longest duration for memory storage. a. secondary b. short-term c. long-term d. lasting

c. long-term

Debbie participates in a memory experiment and performs exceptionally well. When asked how she could recall long strings of material such as rows and columns of numbers, she says that she memorized numbers by transforming them into dates, and then thinking about what she had done that day. Debbie seems to be a ____. a. photographic thinker b. parallel processor c. mnemonist d. genius

c. mnemonist

John participates in an experiment in which he is presented with letters on a screen. Every time he sees an "X", he is supposed to report the letter that appeared three letters earlier. This is an example of a(n) ____ task. a. temporal order b. retention-delay c. n-back d. serial

c. n-back

During his experiments studying iconic store, Sperling would flash an array of stimuli (e.g., letters and/or numbers) for approximately 50 milliseconds on a screen. If participants are then asked to recall symbols presented on the third row, they would be performing a(n) ____ procedure. a. backward masking b. forward masking c. partial-report d. whole-report

c. partial-report

Which part of the working memory model is well suited for handling verbal information and for rehearsing information? a. central executive b. episodic buffer c. phonological loop d. visuospatial sketchpad

c. phonological loop

A person with damage to the cerebellum might have problems with ____. a. memory consolidation b. emotionally-based memories c. procedural memories d. episodic memories

c. procedural memories

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), ____ is/are structures and ____ is/are the information stored in the structures. a. network; nodes b. nodes; network c. stores; memory d. memories; store

c. stores; memory

Allison is a peculiar thinker. She can remember a great amount of information, in large part because she converts sounds and words into visual impressions and because she experiences a word's taste and weight. Allison seems to make use of ____. a. episensation b. metasensation c. synesthesia d. metaesthesia

c. synesthesia

A(n) ____ refers to a node that activates a connected node in a network. a. schema b. dyad c. activating locus d. prime

d. prime

____ recall refers to a type of recall task used in experiments in which items are presented in pairs, and during recall, the participant is cued with one member of each pair and is asked to recall the mate of each cued item. a. Serial b. Free c. Dyadic d. Cued

d. Cued

____ recall refers to a type of recall task used in experiments in which the participant recalls items in any order he or she chooses. a. Arbitrary b. Serial c. Disordered d. Free

d. Free

The initial discovery of the existence of the iconic store is credited to ____. a. Donald Norman b. Richard Shiffrin c. Richard Atkinson d. George Sperling

d. George Sperling

____ memory refers to a form of memory retrieval in which a person uses recalled or recognized information without consciously being aware of doing so. a. Episodic b. Semantic c. Explicit d. Implicit

d. Implicit

___ amnesia refers to an inability to recall events that occur before the trauma that causes a memory loss. a. Semantic b. Infantile c. Anterograde d. Retrograde

d. Retrograde

Suppose you are participating in a study, in which stimuli are flashed on a screen. Following the presentation of the first stimulus, a second stimulus is presented in the same location on the screen and it effectively "erases" the original stimulus. This is called ____. a. stimulus blocking b. synesthesia c. sketchpad clearing d. backward visual masking

d. backward visual masking

The long-term storage declarative information is governed by the ____. a. basal ganglia b. amygdala c. cerebellum d. cerebral cortex

d. cerebral cortex

Which model of memory consists of nodes and links between the nodes, and suggests that knowledge is represented in the connections between the nodes? a. correspondence model of memory b. HERA model of memory c. permastore d. connectionist model of memory

d. connectionist model of memory

Suppose you were researching memory function in an isolated group of individuals that eschews contemporary culture and technology. You need to create a memory task that is appropriate for 12- to 16-year-olds and wonder what words you should include. You would be well-advised to ____. a. use a test that has been standardized for the general population of the U.S. b. create a "vocabulary list" and give it to the youth to study prior to the memory test c. be prepared to provide definitions of any terms the youth do not recognize d. consider items and concepts with which they are already familiar in creating the list

d. consider items and concepts with which they are already familiar in creating the list

In evaluating the causes of neuropathologies, scientists look for ____ or situations in which people with different kinds of neuropathological conditions show opposite patterns of deficits. a. hypermnesia b. intrahemispheric activation c. paired-associates d. double dissociations

d. double dissociations

Sophie's working memory is having difficulty integrating information so that the information makes sense to Sophie. What component is most likely to be causing this problem? a. her visuospatial sketchpad b. her phonological loop c. her working memory d. her episodic buffer

d. her episodic buffer

Louise put a light bulb on a lamp, turned it on, and looked at it directly. Immediately after that, she looked away and she could still "see" the bulb shining brightly. This visual persistence is an example of the type of information held in the ____ store. a. echoic b. visual c. episodic d. iconic

d. iconic

The ____ store refers to a sensory register for the fleeting storage of discrete visual images, usually resembling whatever is being represented. a. echoic b. visual c. episodic d. iconic

d. iconic

Anytime we read, we unconsciously and effortlessly remember the meanings of particular words and even how to read. These are examples of everyday tasks that primarily involve ____ memory. a. episodic b. semantic c. explicit d. implicit

d. implicit

Participants were shown a list of words and asked to judge whether each word described them or not. Recall was highest for the items that reportedly described the individual. This demonstrates ___. a. self-induced schema b. personal word identification c. partial-report procedure d. self-reference effect

d. self-reference effect

The difference between semantic and episodic knowledge is that a. semantic knowledge includes all "general truths," whereas episodic knowledge must be gained from experience. b. semantic knowledge must be gained from experience, whereas episodic knowledge includes all "general truths." c. semantic knowledge is what we know about experiences linked to particular time referents, whereas episodic knowledge is what we know in the way of facts. d. semantic knowledge is what we know in the way of facts, whereas episodic knowledge is what we know about experiences linked to particular time referents.

d. semantic knowledge is what we know in the way of facts, whereas episodic knowledge is what we know about experiences linked to particular time referents.

According to the levels-of-processing framework, the deeper the level of processing of information, ____. a. the more that recall of the information depends on other cognitive events b. the less that recall of the information depends on other cognitive events c. the lower the probability that the information will be retrieved d. the higher the probability that the information will be retrieved

d. the higher the probability that the information will be retrieved

Which component of the working memory model is important for processing both spatial information and images? a. central executive b. episodic buffer c. phonological loop d. visuospatial sketchpad

d. visuospatial sketchpad

During his experiments studying iconic store, Sperling flashed an array of stimuli (e.g., letters and/or numbers) for approximately 50 milliseconds on a screen. If participants are then asked to recall all symbols presented, they would be performing a(n) ____ procedure. a. backward masking b. forward masking c. partial-report d. whole-report

d. whole-report

Which model of memory consists of four main elements: central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer? a. interactive memory b. three-store model c. levels-of-processing framework d. working memory

d. working memory